Pub Date : 2022-02-23DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2044891
R. Tamakloe, Dongjoo Park, Hyunho Chang
Abstract Research interest in COVID-19 in the transportation field has increased sporadically since its outbreak in 2019. This has led to an unprecedented increase in the number of publications in academic journals, rendering it difficult to clearly capture and understand the themes being discussed in the entire literature. This study employs a Structural Topic Model, a robust probabilistic topic model that incorporates document-level metadata to extract hidden topics in unstructured textual big data that focuses on COVID-19 and transportation. To understand the topics identified, the study examined the topical trends over time and compared them to provide insights into authors’ perspectives based on their country’s economic status. In total, abstracts from 421 research articles published in top transportation/transportation science journals were collected and analysed. The results reveal that the major academic concerns in the area of COVID-19 and transportation are related to the changing travel behaviour, airport financial performance, and supply chain optimisation. Overall, research trends seem to be shifting towards shipping emissions, air transport recovery, travel behaviour, and the performance of airports. In addition, authors from both high-income and middle-and low-income countries were found to have different perspectives regarding the topics identified. The findings from this study contribute to understanding topical trends and perspectives in the literature on COVID-19 and transportation and can be used by researchers, policymakers, and fund providers to recognise current research issues to guide future research direction and for making more informed policy decisions.
{"title":"Discovering research topics, trends, and perspectives in COVID-19-related transportation journal articles","authors":"R. Tamakloe, Dongjoo Park, Hyunho Chang","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2044891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2044891","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research interest in COVID-19 in the transportation field has increased sporadically since its outbreak in 2019. This has led to an unprecedented increase in the number of publications in academic journals, rendering it difficult to clearly capture and understand the themes being discussed in the entire literature. This study employs a Structural Topic Model, a robust probabilistic topic model that incorporates document-level metadata to extract hidden topics in unstructured textual big data that focuses on COVID-19 and transportation. To understand the topics identified, the study examined the topical trends over time and compared them to provide insights into authors’ perspectives based on their country’s economic status. In total, abstracts from 421 research articles published in top transportation/transportation science journals were collected and analysed. The results reveal that the major academic concerns in the area of COVID-19 and transportation are related to the changing travel behaviour, airport financial performance, and supply chain optimisation. Overall, research trends seem to be shifting towards shipping emissions, air transport recovery, travel behaviour, and the performance of airports. In addition, authors from both high-income and middle-and low-income countries were found to have different perspectives regarding the topics identified. The findings from this study contribute to understanding topical trends and perspectives in the literature on COVID-19 and transportation and can be used by researchers, policymakers, and fund providers to recognise current research issues to guide future research direction and for making more informed policy decisions.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"710 - 738"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49410394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2042365
Liang Dai, B. Derudder, Zhan Cao, Yufan Ji
ABSTRACT Drawing on data on scientific co-publications derived from the Web of Science for the periods 2002–2006 and 2012–2016, we construct and analyse a key element of China's intercity knowledge networks (CIKNs): scientific collaboration networks. Employing network-analytical and exponential random graph modelling techniques, we examine the evolving structures and driving mechanisms underlying these CIKNs. Our results show that the density of the CIKNs has significantly increased over time. CIKN flows are dense in the Southeastern but sparse in the Northwestern part of China, with the Hu Line acting as a clearly visible border. As the dominant knowledge centre, Beijing is involved in scientific collaboration networks throughout the country, with the diamond-shaped structure anchored by Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou-Chengdu becoming evident. We find that preferential attachment and transitivity are significant endogenous processes driving scientific collaboration, while a city's administrative level and R&D investment are the strongest exogenous factors. The impact of GDP and geographical proximity is limited, with institutional proximity being the most sizable of the well-known suite of proximity effects.
{"title":"Examining the evolving structures of intercity knowledge networks: the case of scientific collaboration in China","authors":"Liang Dai, B. Derudder, Zhan Cao, Yufan Ji","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2042365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2042365","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing on data on scientific co-publications derived from the Web of Science for the periods 2002–2006 and 2012–2016, we construct and analyse a key element of China's intercity knowledge networks (CIKNs): scientific collaboration networks. Employing network-analytical and exponential random graph modelling techniques, we examine the evolving structures and driving mechanisms underlying these CIKNs. Our results show that the density of the CIKNs has significantly increased over time. CIKN flows are dense in the Southeastern but sparse in the Northwestern part of China, with the Hu Line acting as a clearly visible border. As the dominant knowledge centre, Beijing is involved in scientific collaboration networks throughout the country, with the diamond-shaped structure anchored by Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou-Chengdu becoming evident. We find that preferential attachment and transitivity are significant endogenous processes driving scientific collaboration, while a city's administrative level and R&D investment are the strongest exogenous factors. The impact of GDP and geographical proximity is limited, with institutional proximity being the most sizable of the well-known suite of proximity effects.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"371 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43914901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2042363
T. Gim
ABSTRACT With a case of South Korea, this study attempts to analyze how the severity of traffic crashes for which older drivers are at fault is associated with road/environmental/seasonal/weather conditions, driver’s attributes, and crash/violation types. It analyzes the ordinal variable of injury severity by specifying conventionally used ordered logit and its statistical alternatives, multinomial logit, generalized ordered logit, partial proportional odds models. Based on the assumptions and fits of the models, this study finds that relative to the poor, but conventional ordered logit model, the best-fit generalized ordered logit model reports more accurate results in terms of the coefficient significance, direction, and magnitude. Among its major findings, although the severity decreases by year (conventional model), it does not apply to the minor injury level (alternative). The higher severity in the picnic season (conventional) is also limited to the level of minor injury or less. The times of the day at which the severity is higher (4–6) and lower (8–21) (conventional) are specific to fatal and serious injuries, respectively (alternative). Several variables have double-edged effects. Single-vehicle crashes do not always result in higher severity. They also reduce it to the lowest report-only level. Likewise, age and alcohol use change the severity to the most severe fatal level as well as to the most minor report-only level. These results are compared with the accumulated findings of crash frequency studies and interpreted in relation to older drivers’ high cautiousness and low physical/cognitive ability.
{"title":"Generalized ordered logit analysis on the injury severity of traffic crashes by older drivers: the case of South Korea","authors":"T. Gim","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2042363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2042363","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With a case of South Korea, this study attempts to analyze how the severity of traffic crashes for which older drivers are at fault is associated with road/environmental/seasonal/weather conditions, driver’s attributes, and crash/violation types. It analyzes the ordinal variable of injury severity by specifying conventionally used ordered logit and its statistical alternatives, multinomial logit, generalized ordered logit, partial proportional odds models. Based on the assumptions and fits of the models, this study finds that relative to the poor, but conventional ordered logit model, the best-fit generalized ordered logit model reports more accurate results in terms of the coefficient significance, direction, and magnitude. Among its major findings, although the severity decreases by year (conventional model), it does not apply to the minor injury level (alternative). The higher severity in the picnic season (conventional) is also limited to the level of minor injury or less. The times of the day at which the severity is higher (4–6) and lower (8–21) (conventional) are specific to fatal and serious injuries, respectively (alternative). Several variables have double-edged effects. Single-vehicle crashes do not always result in higher severity. They also reduce it to the lowest report-only level. Likewise, age and alcohol use change the severity to the most severe fatal level as well as to the most minor report-only level. These results are compared with the accumulated findings of crash frequency studies and interpreted in relation to older drivers’ high cautiousness and low physical/cognitive ability.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"499 - 516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47697721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2022.2036627
K. Leung, Chung Yim Edward Yiu
ABSTRACT In urban economics, tenants are commonly assumed to substitute between accessibility and housing size and the substitution would become inelastic when the size is small. It explains how the poor survive in city centres. However, limited empirical study on this hypothesis is conducted because minimum housing size is commonly regulated in formal housing. Informal housing, in which the living area is not regulated, offers an opportunity for researchers to examine this hypothesis. Yet, differences between the two markets render them non-comparable. This paper contributes by conducting empirical tests on size elasticity on rent by studying Hong Kong’s sub-divided units (SDUs), which are mostly informally subdivided in housing flats, and the effect of proximity to public transportation on size elasticity of housing. The results suggest that size elasticity on smaller-sized housing rent is lower. Size elasticity of SDUs (with one-fourth of the average whole flat size) is about half of the whole flats. We further found that SDU tenants have to pay more for the same size increase when they live closer to the metro station. Compared with whole flat households, they are less willing to pay more for larger floor area.
{"title":"How do the poor survive in an unaffordable city? – An empirical study of informal housing households living in Hong Kong","authors":"K. Leung, Chung Yim Edward Yiu","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2022.2036627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2022.2036627","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In urban economics, tenants are commonly assumed to substitute between accessibility and housing size and the substitution would become inelastic when the size is small. It explains how the poor survive in city centres. However, limited empirical study on this hypothesis is conducted because minimum housing size is commonly regulated in formal housing. Informal housing, in which the living area is not regulated, offers an opportunity for researchers to examine this hypothesis. Yet, differences between the two markets render them non-comparable. This paper contributes by conducting empirical tests on size elasticity on rent by studying Hong Kong’s sub-divided units (SDUs), which are mostly informally subdivided in housing flats, and the effect of proximity to public transportation on size elasticity of housing. The results suggest that size elasticity on smaller-sized housing rent is lower. Size elasticity of SDUs (with one-fourth of the average whole flat size) is about half of the whole flats. We further found that SDU tenants have to pay more for the same size increase when they live closer to the metro station. Compared with whole flat households, they are less willing to pay more for larger floor area.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"398 - 419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44727522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-05DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2021.2024085
Jinxin Yao, Xing Lu, Fengxian Qiu
ABSTRACT China’s migrant workers, the majority of whom are residents of rural China, have poured in to urban centres. Despite this influx, migrant workers have not integrated into urban society; rather, rural migrant life in cities is characterized by residential segregation and widespread social exclusion. This study explores the effect of residential segregation on the employment stability of China’s migrant population and investigates the intergenerational differences in this effect. Data were obtained from China’s 2014 special investigation on the social interactions and mental health of migrant workers and covered 6,805 and 3,237 people from the new generation (born in 1980 or later) and first-generation (born before 1980) migrant populations, respectively. Propensity score matching was employed to match those living in and outside of residentially segregated areas. Residential segregation had a significant adverse effect on the total sample’s employment stability. The negative effect of residential segregation on employment stability among the first-generation migrant population was found to be nonsignificant, but was significant for the new generation of migrants.
{"title":"Residential segregation and employment stability among China’s migrant population, and related intergenerational differences—analysis based on propensity score matching","authors":"Jinxin Yao, Xing Lu, Fengxian Qiu","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2021.2024085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2021.2024085","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT China’s migrant workers, the majority of whom are residents of rural China, have poured in to urban centres. Despite this influx, migrant workers have not integrated into urban society; rather, rural migrant life in cities is characterized by residential segregation and widespread social exclusion. This study explores the effect of residential segregation on the employment stability of China’s migrant population and investigates the intergenerational differences in this effect. Data were obtained from China’s 2014 special investigation on the social interactions and mental health of migrant workers and covered 6,805 and 3,237 people from the new generation (born in 1980 or later) and first-generation (born before 1980) migrant populations, respectively. Propensity score matching was employed to match those living in and outside of residentially segregated areas. Residential segregation had a significant adverse effect on the total sample’s employment stability. The negative effect of residential segregation on employment stability among the first-generation migrant population was found to be nonsignificant, but was significant for the new generation of migrants.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"632 - 650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42100703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-21DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2021.2014939
Shuwen Zhou, Haokun Fu, Shanshan Tao, Yanan Han, M. Mao
ABSTRACT The relation between planning and smart city development is interwoven. On the one hand, planning is being digitalized and ‘smartificated’, but threatened by the growing dominance of IT corporations in urban development. On the other hand, bottom-up smart initiatives at the neighbourhood level are emerging to challenge top-down control, but the relation between top-down and bottom-up approaches is conflicting and often disconnected. In the Chinese context, a newly established neighbourhood planning mechanism – community duty planners (CDPs) – appears to open up opportunities for bridging bottom-up and top-down approaches to smart city development. In Beijing, the CDPs are institutionalized under Beijing’s Refined Urban Management (RUM) framework which aims to improve the city’s built environment and quality of living. The CDPs play the role of intermediary actors connecting local government with the communities. The article is a reflection on the Shuangjing International Sustainable Development Community Pilot and the CDPs of Shuangjing Neighbourhood. It describes and reflects on how planning institutions can influence smart city development at the neighbourhood level and how bottom-up initiatives can be connected to long-term top-down plans. Highlights An institutional planning arrangement placing planners as intermediary actors at the neighbourhood level can help to resolve the conflicts between short-term and long-term objectives in smart city development. Besides planners, an intermediary role can be fulfilled by groups or individuals who have mastery of IT and a good grasp of urban knowledge. Future community planning education is suggested to incorporate more IT-related components. An open system is necessary for connecting top-down and bottom-up initiatives.
{"title":"Bridging the top-down and bottom-up approaches to smart urbanization? A reflection on Beijing’s Shuangjing International Sustainable Development Community Pilot","authors":"Shuwen Zhou, Haokun Fu, Shanshan Tao, Yanan Han, M. Mao","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2021.2014939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2021.2014939","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The relation between planning and smart city development is interwoven. On the one hand, planning is being digitalized and ‘smartificated’, but threatened by the growing dominance of IT corporations in urban development. On the other hand, bottom-up smart initiatives at the neighbourhood level are emerging to challenge top-down control, but the relation between top-down and bottom-up approaches is conflicting and often disconnected. In the Chinese context, a newly established neighbourhood planning mechanism – community duty planners (CDPs) – appears to open up opportunities for bridging bottom-up and top-down approaches to smart city development. In Beijing, the CDPs are institutionalized under Beijing’s Refined Urban Management (RUM) framework which aims to improve the city’s built environment and quality of living. The CDPs play the role of intermediary actors connecting local government with the communities. The article is a reflection on the Shuangjing International Sustainable Development Community Pilot and the CDPs of Shuangjing Neighbourhood. It describes and reflects on how planning institutions can influence smart city development at the neighbourhood level and how bottom-up initiatives can be connected to long-term top-down plans. Highlights An institutional planning arrangement placing planners as intermediary actors at the neighbourhood level can help to resolve the conflicts between short-term and long-term objectives in smart city development. Besides planners, an intermediary role can be fulfilled by groups or individuals who have mastery of IT and a good grasp of urban knowledge. Future community planning education is suggested to incorporate more IT-related components. An open system is necessary for connecting top-down and bottom-up initiatives.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"101 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45805725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2021.1997633
Souvik Biswas, Soumen Ghosh
ABSTRACT The land transformation in Kolkata city and its suburban area is mainly due to intensive population pressure and rapid urban sprawling. Consequently, the land surface temperature (LST) is continuously increasing and gradually intensifying the effects of the urban heat island. The aim of this study is to assess the spatiotemporal variation of LST in response to land use land cover change (LULC) during 1995–2020. The maximum likelihood classifier was used for the supervised classification of LULC and the accuracy assessment was done using the confusion matrix. Quin’s Mono-window algorithms for Landsat TM data of 1995 and 2010 and split-window algorithms for Landsat 8 OLI data of 2020 were applied to retrieve LST. Several spectral indices such as Normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and Modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) were calibrated and pixel-specific overlay analysis was done for correlation study between spectral indices and LST. This work revealed that the rapid urban sprawling causes massive land transformation in the study area. The land conversions from trees outside forests (TOF) and agricultural land to built-up were significantly contributing to an overall increase in the mean LST during 1995–2020. The mean LST was comparatively high over Kolkata city than its suburban area. During 1995–2020, the mean LST was increased by nearly 8.43°C in the summer season and 4.32°C in the winter season. The increasing rate of LST was found relatively high over the built-up (7.06°C), agricultural land without crop (5.55°C), and open land (5.54°C). However, it was comparatively low over TOF (4.66°C) and water bodies (3.68°C). The LST was positively correlated to NDBI and negatively correlated to NDVI and MNDWI. In order to combat urban warming, this study will promote green city initiatives through sustainable land use planning.
{"title":"Estimation of land surface temperature in response to land use/land cover transformation in Kolkata city and its suburban area, India","authors":"Souvik Biswas, Soumen Ghosh","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2021.1997633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2021.1997633","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The land transformation in Kolkata city and its suburban area is mainly due to intensive population pressure and rapid urban sprawling. Consequently, the land surface temperature (LST) is continuously increasing and gradually intensifying the effects of the urban heat island. The aim of this study is to assess the spatiotemporal variation of LST in response to land use land cover change (LULC) during 1995–2020. The maximum likelihood classifier was used for the supervised classification of LULC and the accuracy assessment was done using the confusion matrix. Quin’s Mono-window algorithms for Landsat TM data of 1995 and 2010 and split-window algorithms for Landsat 8 OLI data of 2020 were applied to retrieve LST. Several spectral indices such as Normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and Modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) were calibrated and pixel-specific overlay analysis was done for correlation study between spectral indices and LST. This work revealed that the rapid urban sprawling causes massive land transformation in the study area. The land conversions from trees outside forests (TOF) and agricultural land to built-up were significantly contributing to an overall increase in the mean LST during 1995–2020. The mean LST was comparatively high over Kolkata city than its suburban area. During 1995–2020, the mean LST was increased by nearly 8.43°C in the summer season and 4.32°C in the winter season. The increasing rate of LST was found relatively high over the built-up (7.06°C), agricultural land without crop (5.55°C), and open land (5.54°C). However, it was comparatively low over TOF (4.66°C) and water bodies (3.68°C). The LST was positively correlated to NDBI and negatively correlated to NDVI and MNDWI. In order to combat urban warming, this study will promote green city initiatives through sustainable land use planning.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"604 - 631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44347304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2021.1997631
George Wilkinson, Fiona M. Haslam Mckenzie, J. Bolleter
ABSTRACT With Australia’s population set to triple in the twenty-first century, its federal government is investing in decentralization. This is because Australian states exhibit high urban primacy, where one city is dominantly large. Institutional perspectives of primacy suggest political factors are usually significant drivers. For example, strong localism and decentralized settlement patterns are usually concomitant whilst the same can be said of centralized governance and primacy. It is unclear how institutions might influence primacy in Australia’s large states. To better understand, we contextualize Australian federalism within the primacy debate. Using eighteen measures of intergovernmental power, we determined that the Australian federation is comprised of comparably strong federal and state tiers, underlaid by weak local and regional government. The results suggest primacy in Australian states is reinforced by institutions, contrasting the universality of environmental determinism and suggesting an opportunity to decentralize Australia’s growing population through the devolution of decision making powers.
{"title":"Federalism and urban primacy: political dimensions that influence the city–country divide in Australia","authors":"George Wilkinson, Fiona M. Haslam Mckenzie, J. Bolleter","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2021.1997631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2021.1997631","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With Australia’s population set to triple in the twenty-first century, its federal government is investing in decentralization. This is because Australian states exhibit high urban primacy, where one city is dominantly large. Institutional perspectives of primacy suggest political factors are usually significant drivers. For example, strong localism and decentralized settlement patterns are usually concomitant whilst the same can be said of centralized governance and primacy. It is unclear how institutions might influence primacy in Australia’s large states. To better understand, we contextualize Australian federalism within the primacy debate. Using eighteen measures of intergovernmental power, we determined that the Australian federation is comprised of comparably strong federal and state tiers, underlaid by weak local and regional government. The results suggest primacy in Australian states is reinforced by institutions, contrasting the universality of environmental determinism and suggesting an opportunity to decentralize Australia’s growing population through the devolution of decision making powers.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"438 - 462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47373212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2021.1997632
Ciaran Devlin, J. Coaffee
ABSTRACT The term ‘smart city’ has become synonymous with a technologically cultivated utopia, where urban problems can be solved computationally. This approach to urban development has been promoted as a method of enabling city administrations to become more proactive when dealing with issues including pollution, traffic flow and congestion, public safety, energy use, and urban planning. This trend towards using technology in urban management and planning has sparked research and development initiatives across the planet. In the UK, the #PlanTech trend is a governmental initiative that aims to improve engagement between various actors in the planning system, including local authorities and central government, with tech start-ups and digital entrepreneurs who can design solutions to the problems currently experienced by planners, developers, and citizens alike. Despite the significant opportunities that technologies offer city council planning departments in terms of productivity, existing governance models can be shown to represent a significant obstacle to implementation. This paper uses case study research conducted at two English city councils – Coventry and Leeds – to examine the implications of planning reforms and digital transformation of public services on urban planning governance. Utilizing the information gained from a combination of semi-structured interviews and stakeholder engagement exercises, it examines the growing emphasis on technology in planning practice within the public sector and discusses the potential implications that it may have for current governance arrangements. Finally, it suggests what a framework for future urban planning governance within an English political context, in the era of the smart city might require. The paper overall offers a critical view of how current urban planning practice and governance procedures are being quickly subsumed by digital technologies which offer novel and effective methods for professional planners yet are undermined, or are inhibited, by current governance arrangements.
{"title":"Planning and technological innovation: the governance challenges faced by English local authorities in adopting planning technologies","authors":"Ciaran Devlin, J. Coaffee","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2021.1997632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2021.1997632","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The term ‘smart city’ has become synonymous with a technologically cultivated utopia, where urban problems can be solved computationally. This approach to urban development has been promoted as a method of enabling city administrations to become more proactive when dealing with issues including pollution, traffic flow and congestion, public safety, energy use, and urban planning. This trend towards using technology in urban management and planning has sparked research and development initiatives across the planet. In the UK, the #PlanTech trend is a governmental initiative that aims to improve engagement between various actors in the planning system, including local authorities and central government, with tech start-ups and digital entrepreneurs who can design solutions to the problems currently experienced by planners, developers, and citizens alike. Despite the significant opportunities that technologies offer city council planning departments in terms of productivity, existing governance models can be shown to represent a significant obstacle to implementation. This paper uses case study research conducted at two English city councils – Coventry and Leeds – to examine the implications of planning reforms and digital transformation of public services on urban planning governance. Utilizing the information gained from a combination of semi-structured interviews and stakeholder engagement exercises, it examines the growing emphasis on technology in planning practice within the public sector and discusses the potential implications that it may have for current governance arrangements. Finally, it suggests what a framework for future urban planning governance within an English political context, in the era of the smart city might require. The paper overall offers a critical view of how current urban planning practice and governance procedures are being quickly subsumed by digital technologies which offer novel and effective methods for professional planners yet are undermined, or are inhibited, by current governance arrangements.","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"149 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46875491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2021.1997634
K. Leung, H. Y. Lee
ABSTRACT Over the years, the concept of the ‘smart city’ has become increasingly popular, and planning institutions seem to be more than keen to incorporate buzzwords associated with the smart city into their strategic city-wide plans, like IoT (Internet of Things) or AI (artificial intelligence), to name a few. Beyond these buzzwords, however, it seems that researchers and policymakers have mainly focused on the policies and characteristics of a smart city with only limited consideration for whether the planning stages have involved its citizens, or whether its citizens are even in support of these measures. Particularly in East Asia, consultative approaches seem to provide only tokenistic opportunities at best for citizens to have a say about their vision of ‘smart’ futures. Hence, this paper presents an extensive analysis on the history of implementing strategic city-wide plans by planning institutions, elaborating on how the concept of the ‘smart city’ gradually expanded into popular usage, using the case of Hong Kong. Studying Hong Kong's urban planning strategies reveals the complexities of policy implementation in a city with an escalating sense of fear and mistrust between the people and the government, and where some of its citizens are wary of further integration with mainland China, charting the many incompatibilities of what it means to be ‘smart’ between the government and citizens. Whether the citizens’ needs are met are evaluated along a modified hierarchy of needs inspired by Maslow ([1954]. Motivation and Personality. New York, NY: Harper), and recommendations are provided that identify the many opportunities and challenges that lie ahead for cities of the future to truly become smart. Highlights Current smart city literature does not sufficiently consider citizens’ perspectives A modified hierarchy of needs is developed to evaluate the success of the smart city Smart components across four strategic planning stages in Hong Kong are analysed Hong Kong's recent strategic planning does not attain the higher hierarchy levels More public engagement is required to understand citizens’ hopes for the future
{"title":"Implementing the smart city: who has a say? Some insights from Hong Kong","authors":"K. Leung, H. Y. Lee","doi":"10.1080/12265934.2021.1997634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2021.1997634","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the years, the concept of the ‘smart city’ has become increasingly popular, and planning institutions seem to be more than keen to incorporate buzzwords associated with the smart city into their strategic city-wide plans, like IoT (Internet of Things) or AI (artificial intelligence), to name a few. Beyond these buzzwords, however, it seems that researchers and policymakers have mainly focused on the policies and characteristics of a smart city with only limited consideration for whether the planning stages have involved its citizens, or whether its citizens are even in support of these measures. Particularly in East Asia, consultative approaches seem to provide only tokenistic opportunities at best for citizens to have a say about their vision of ‘smart’ futures. Hence, this paper presents an extensive analysis on the history of implementing strategic city-wide plans by planning institutions, elaborating on how the concept of the ‘smart city’ gradually expanded into popular usage, using the case of Hong Kong. Studying Hong Kong's urban planning strategies reveals the complexities of policy implementation in a city with an escalating sense of fear and mistrust between the people and the government, and where some of its citizens are wary of further integration with mainland China, charting the many incompatibilities of what it means to be ‘smart’ between the government and citizens. Whether the citizens’ needs are met are evaluated along a modified hierarchy of needs inspired by Maslow ([1954]. Motivation and Personality. New York, NY: Harper), and recommendations are provided that identify the many opportunities and challenges that lie ahead for cities of the future to truly become smart. Highlights Current smart city literature does not sufficiently consider citizens’ perspectives A modified hierarchy of needs is developed to evaluate the success of the smart city Smart components across four strategic planning stages in Hong Kong are analysed Hong Kong's recent strategic planning does not attain the higher hierarchy levels More public engagement is required to understand citizens’ hopes for the future","PeriodicalId":46464,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"124 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43389660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：