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Indigenous fish traps and fish weirs on the Darling (Baaka) River, south-eastern Australia, and their influence on the ecology and morphology of the river and floodplains 澳大利亚东南部达令河(Baaka)上的本地捕鱼网和鱼堰及其对河流和洪泛平原生态和形态的影响
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5279
Sarah Martin, Hubert Chanson, Badger Bates, Duncan Keenan-Jones, Michael C. Westaway

Fish traps and fish weirs built by Indigenous people in the Barwon-Darling River system of the Murray Darling Basin (MDB), south-eastern Australia, are an important component of their traditional social, spiritual and economic systems. The celebrated Brewarrina stone fish traps (Ngunnhu) on the Barwon River are the largest and best documented stone fish traps in the Basin. However, there has been minimal research on the many other stone fish traps in this system. This paper focusses on the in-stream stone fish traps downstream of Brewarrina along the Darling (Baaka) River, some still partly extant, remembered, or documented in historical material. Wooden and earthen bank fish traps and weirs, while not as enduring and archaeologically visible as stone fish traps, were frequently used on the Darling (Baaka) floodplain lakes, swamps and billabongs. Archaeological evidence, traditional cultural knowledge and historical materials are utilised to document the complex social processes and modification of landscapes associated with fish traps and weirs. By demonstrating that Barkandji were active and successful managers of the river and its ecology prior to colonisation, and that much of this cultural knowledge is retained by current generations, the authors make a case for them to renew their custodianship and a decision-making role in water management.

澳大利亚东南部墨累达令盆地(MDB)巴温-达令河水系的土著居民建造的渔网和鱼塘是其传统社会、精神和经济体系的重要组成部分。Barwon河上著名的Brewarrina石捕鱼器(Ngunnhu)是该盆地最大、记录最完整的石捕鱼器。然而,对该系统中许多其他石鱼陷阱的研究很少。本文关注的是达令河(巴卡河)布里瓦里纳河下游的河内石捕鱼器,其中一些仍部分存在、被人记住或有史料记载。木制和土制的河岸捕鱼器和堰,虽然不像石头捕鱼器那样经久耐用,也不像石头捕鱼器那样在考古上可见,但在达令河(巴卡河)泛滥平原的湖泊、沼泽和滩滩上经常使用。考古证据、传统文化知识和历史材料被用来记录与渔网和堰有关的复杂社会过程和景观的变化。通过证明Barkandji在殖民之前是河流及其生态的积极和成功的管理者,并且这一文化知识的大部分被当代人保留下来,作者为他们在水管理中更新他们的监护和决策角色提出了一个案例。
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引用次数: 2
Archaeobotanical futures in the Indo-Pacific 印太考古植物学的未来
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5278
Tim Denham, Alison Crowther, Aleese Barron

This paper introduces several archaeobotanical papers published in the same issue of Archaeology in Oceania and presents strongly argued reasons why archaeobotany should become an important subdiscipline within archaeological research in the Indo-Pacific.

本文介绍了发表在同一期《大洋洲考古学》上的几篇考古植物学论文,并提出了强有力的理由,说明为什么考古植物学应该成为印度-太平洋考古研究中的一个重要分支学科。
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引用次数: 2
Identifying archaeological parenchyma in three dimensions: Diagnostic assessment of five important food plant species in the Indo-Pacific region 在三维空间中识别考古薄壁:对印度-太平洋地区五种重要食用植物物种的诊断评估
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5276
Aleese Barron, Jeni Pritchard, Tim Denham

Archaeobotanical evidence for the exploitation of vegetatively propagated underground storage organs (USOs) in the tropical regions of Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific is currently limited. Although there have been several key studies of archaeological parenchyma published in the past two decades, systematic application of identification methods for vegetatively propagated crop species utilising charred, desiccated or waterlogged remains of parenchymatous tissue is not undertaken on a regular basis. Here, microCT imaging technology is used to compile a three-dimensional virtual reference collection of parenchymatous tissues for five key USO species known to have been extensively cultivated by people in these regions. The five species are Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea esculenta, Colocasia esculenta, Alocasia macrorrhiza and Ipomoea batatas. These reference samples are used to illustrate the character of the virtual, microCT derived reference collection, and they also capture inter-species differentiation and intra-species morphological variation characteristic of many tuberous root crops.

在澳大利亚、东南亚和太平洋的热带地区,利用植物繁殖的地下储存器官(USOs)的考古植物学证据目前有限。尽管在过去二十年中发表了几项关于考古薄壁组织的重要研究,但利用烧焦、干燥或浸水的薄壁组织遗骸对无性繁殖作物物种进行识别的系统应用方法并没有定期进行。本研究利用微ct成像技术,对已知在这些地区广泛种植的五种主要USO物种进行了三维虚拟实质组织参考收集。这五种植物分别是山药、山药、山药、大山药和山药。这些参考样本被用来说明虚拟的、微ct衍生的参考集合的特征,它们还捕获了许多块根作物的种间分化和种内形态变异特征。
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引用次数: 7
Star anise from a fifteenth century Indonesian shipwreck 十五世纪印尼沉船上的八角茴香
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5275
Cristina Cobo Castillo, Brian Fahy, Dorian Q. Fuller

Maritime trade routes in Southeast Asia date to at least the last millennium BC evidenced by excavations of port-cities, entrepôts and early coastal polities in Peninsular Thailand, the Mekong Delta and Island Southeast Asia. This trade network intensified over the next millennium and by the fifteenth century, the number of trade goods throughout Medieval Southeast Asia was prolific. The bulk of studied material comprises trade ceramics, particularly in archaeological investigations of shipwreck cargoes which provide information on regional trading patterns. Although ceramic assemblages constitute the bulk of shipwreck cargo, other types of material have also been found, including the spice star anise. In this paper, we focus on the organic contents from two jars found in the Bakau shipwreck dating to the early fifteenth century AD. The finds are significant as this spice (star anise, Illicium verum) is being transported together with items of high value for trade.

东南亚的海上贸易路线至少可以追溯到公元前最后一千年,港口城市、entrepôts和泰国半岛、湄公河三角洲和东南亚岛屿的早期沿海政策都证明了这一点。这种贸易网络在接下来的一千年中得到加强,到15世纪,整个中世纪东南亚的贸易货物数量非常丰富。研究的大部分材料包括贸易陶瓷,特别是在沉船货物的考古调查中,它提供了关于区域贸易模式的信息。虽然沉船货物的大部分是陶瓷制品,但也发现了其他类型的材料,包括香料八角茴香。在本文中,我们重点研究了在公元15世纪早期的巴考沉船中发现的两个罐子的有机含量。这些发现意义重大,因为这种香料(八角茴香、八角茴香)正与高价值的贸易物品一起运输。
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引用次数: 0
Archaeological identification of fragmented nuts and fruits from key Asia-Pacific economic tree species using anatomical criteria: Comparative analysis of Canarium, Pandanus and Terminalia 亚太主要经济树种坚果和果实碎片的考古鉴定:Canarium、Pandanus和Terminalia的比较分析
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5273
Andrew S. Fairbairn, S. Anna Florin

The fats, protein and carbohydrates afforded by tree nuts and fruits are key resources for communities from Southeast Asia, through Melanesia, Australia and across Oceania. They are important in long-distance marine trade networks, large-scale ceremonial gatherings, and are core resources in a wide range of subsistence economies, including foraging systems, horticulture and swidden agriculture. Recent archaeobotanical evidence has also shown their deep-time importance, being amongst the earliest foods used in the colonisation of novel environments in Australia and New Guinea, as well as the later colonisation of Near and Remote Oceania. The archaeobotanical methods used to identify fruit and nut-derived plant macrofossils have been largely limited to use of morphological characters of near whole or exceptionally preserved remains, most commonly endocarps, the hard, nutshell-like interior layer of the fruit protecting the seed. Here we detail how anatomical characteristics of endocarps, visible in light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), can be used with surviving morphological features to identify confidently the use of key Asia-Pacific economic trees, in this case, Canarium, Pandanus and Terminalia. Systematic anatomical description allows the identification of these important economic taxa, and separation from the remains of others such as Aleurites and Cocos, when found in a range of archaeological assemblages. This includes the often highly fragmented charred assemblages that can be recovered routinely from most sites with appropriate fine-sieving and flotation methods. These methods provide the basis for a more representative and nuanced understanding of ancient plant use, economy and social systems operating in the region and, being particularly useful in tropical regions, will broaden the archaeobotanical database on ancient foods globally.

从东南亚到美拉尼西亚、澳大利亚和整个大洋洲,坚果和水果提供的脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物是社区的关键资源。它们在远距离海上贸易网络、大型仪式集会中发挥着重要作用,也是包括觅食系统、园艺和粗粮农业在内的各种自给经济的核心资源。最近的考古植物学证据也显示了它们在时间上的重要性,在澳大利亚和新几内亚的新环境中,以及后来在近大洋和远大洋的殖民中,它们是最早使用的食物之一。用于鉴定水果和坚果衍生的植物大化石的考古植物学方法在很大程度上局限于使用近乎完整或特别保存的遗骸的形态学特征,最常见的是内果皮,即保护种子的坚硬的坚果壳状内层。在这里,我们详细介绍了在光学和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下可见的内腕果的解剖特征如何与幸存的形态特征相结合,以确定亚太地区主要经济树木的使用情况,在这种情况下,Canarium, Pandanus和Terminalia。系统的解剖描述可以识别这些重要的经济分类群,并在一系列考古组合中发现的其他分类群(如aleuites和Cocos)的遗骸中分离出来。这包括通常高度破碎的烧焦组合,可以通过适当的细筛和浮选方法从大多数地点常规回收。这些方法为更有代表性和更细致地了解该地区的古代植物利用、经济和社会系统提供了基础,并且在热带地区特别有用,将扩大全球古代食品的考古植物学数据库。
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引用次数: 2
The sailing performance of ancient Polynesian canoes and the early settlement of East Polynesia 古代波利尼西亚独木舟的航行性能与东波利尼西亚的早期定居
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5277
Geoffrey Irwin, Richard G.J. Flay, Loughlin Dudley, Dilys Johns

Scholarly estimates and opinions of the sailing performance of ancient Pacific canoes vary widely. This paper measures performance by testing real sails in a wind tunnel and hulls in a towing tank. The sails were three East Polynesian Oceanic spritsails of late eighteenth century type, held by the British Museum, collected from New Zealand, Tahiti and Hawaii/Marquesas, which conform to the first historical records. Also tested was a hypothetical generic ancestral sail, and the Māori sail was tested in different ways to accommodate different views. Tests of hull form found that upwind sailing performance improved as underwater hull profile changed from U-shape to V-shape and some archaeological hulls can be assigned to this scale. Velocity prediction programs (VPPs) were calculated for a range of different canoes and simulated voyages by the fourteenth century AD archaeological canoe (waka) found at Anaweka, New Zealand retraced real voyages made by the experimental Polynesian replica canoe Hōkūle'a between 1980 and 2000, in the same recorded weather. Both canoes could average speeds of up to four knots and sail upwind at 75° to the true wind angle (TWA), as proposed by Lewis and Finney. The paper identifies a package of technological innovations involved in the settlement of East Polynesia following the “long pause” in Pacific settlement in West Polynesia. Two innovations previously suggested by linguistics were the Oceanic spritsail and the double canoe, and a third was the development of complex composite planked hulls and V-shaped underwater hull forms. East Polynesian canoes were capable of two-way voyaging and some migrations were planned, as in the case of New Zealand.

学者们对古代太平洋独木舟的航行性能的估计和看法差别很大。本文通过在风洞中测试真帆和在拖曳槽中测试船体来测试其性能。这些帆是三张东波利尼西亚大洋洲的十八世纪晚期的帆,由大英博物馆收藏,从新西兰、塔希提岛和夏威夷/马克萨斯群岛收集,符合最早的历史记录。还测试了一个假设的通用祖先帆,Māori帆以不同的方式进行了测试,以适应不同的观点。船体外形试验发现,当水下船体外形由u型变为v型时,逆风航行性能有所提高,部分考古船体可归为这一比例。速度预测程序(vpp)计算了一系列不同的独木舟和模拟航行,这些航行是由公元14世纪在新西兰阿纳维卡发现的考古独木舟(waka)模拟的,追溯了1980年至2000年间由实验性波利尼西亚复制独木舟Hōkūle'a在相同的记录天气下进行的真实航行。根据刘易斯和芬尼的建议,这两艘独木舟的平均速度都可以达到4节,并以75°的真实风角(TWA)逆风航行。这篇论文指出了在西波利尼西亚的太平洋定居点“长时间停顿”之后,东波利尼西亚定居点所涉及的一揽子技术创新。语言学家先前提出的两项创新是海洋spritsail和双人独木舟,第三项创新是复杂的复合木板船体和v形水下船体形式的发展。东波利尼西亚人的独木舟能够双向航行,一些移民是有计划的,比如新西兰的情况。
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引用次数: 0
Stone-flaking technology at Leang Bulu Bettue, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 在印尼南苏拉威西的Leang Bulu Bettue,石头剥落技术
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5272
Yinika L. Perston, Mark W. Moore, n.f.n. Suryatman, Basran Burhan, Budianto Hakim, n.f.n. Hasliana, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, Rustan Lebe, Irfan Mahmud, Adam Brumm

Approximately 50000 stone artefacts have been recovered from the prehistoric site of Leang Bulu Bettue (LBB), on the Wallacean island of Sulawesi, in Indonesia. This large assemblage offers the opportunity to produce a large-scale, comprehensive model of the early lithic technologies of South Sulawesi. Through the analysis of half of this assemblage, this study identifies a technological shift between the artefacts produced ca.50–40 thousand years ago (ka) – the “Lower Industry” – and the “Upper Industry” artefacts produced ca.40–16 ka. The majority of the assemblage belongs to the Upper Industry, and these artefacts are associated with portable art, ornamentation, and the Homo sapiens remains reported in previous works. These Upper Industry artefacts are largely made on chert that was brought to the site, sometimes in the form of large flake blanks, which was further reduced within the cave and used for ochre and plant processing. Artefact reduction was strategic during this period, and the bipolar method was frequently used for controlled reduction of flakes of various sizes. This represents a shift from the technology seen on the small number of Lower Industry artefacts, recovered from the deeper deposits. The oldest lithic artefacts yet reported from the site were made on immediately available limestone pieces, which were reduced through least-effort and non-intensive flake removal dictated by the available platforms. This study is compared to an analysis of Pleistocene artefacts at the nearby site of Leang Burung 2, where a similar technological shift has been observed.

在印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛的瓦拉西亚群岛上,人们从史前遗址Leang Bulu Bettue (LBB)中发现了大约50000件石器制品。这一大型组合提供了一个大规模的、全面的南苏拉威西早期石器技术模型的机会。通过对该组合的一半进行分析,本研究确定了大约5万至4万年前(ka)生产的人工制品(“低级工业”)与大约40至16 ka生产的“高级工业”人工制品之间的技术转变。大部分组合属于上层工业,这些人工制品与便携式艺术,装饰和先前作品中报道的智人遗骸有关。这些上层工业的人工制品主要是在运到现场的燧石上制成的,有时以大块片状坯的形式出现,在洞穴中进一步减少,用于赭石和植物加工。在此期间,人工还原是战略性的,双极方法经常用于各种尺寸的薄片的控制还原。这代表了一种技术的转变,从较深的沉积物中回收的少量低工业人工制品。据报道,该遗址最古老的石器制品是在现成的石灰石上制作的,通过最小的努力和非密集的剥落,减少了现有平台的要求。这项研究与对附近良布隆2号遗址的更新世人工制品的分析进行了比较,在那里观察到类似的技术转变。
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引用次数: 0
Re-evaluating the evidence for late-surviving megafauna at Nombe rockshelter in the New Guinea highlands 重新评估新几内亚高地诺贝岩洞中晚期存活的巨型动物的证据
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5274
Gavin J. Prideaux, Isaac A. R. Kerr, Jacob D. van Zoelen, Rainer Grün, Sander van der Kaars, Annette Oertle, Katerina Douka, Elle Grono, Aleese Barron, Mary-Jane Mountain, Michael C. Westaway, Tim Denham

The causes of the Late Pleistocene extinction of most larger-bodied animals on the Australian continent have long been controversial. This is due, in no small part, to inadequate knowledge of exactly when these species were lost from different ecosystems. The Nombe rockshelter in the highlands of Papua New Guinea is one of very few sites on Sahul with as-yet-unrefuted evidence for the survival of megafaunal species until more recently than 40 thousand years (ka) ago. However, our understanding of the age of this site has been based on radiocarbon dating. Here we present new U–Th ages on large marsupial specimens from the deposit and identify a range of postcranial elements to species that include the diprotodontid Hulitherium tomasettii, kangaroo Protemnodon tumbuna and thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus. Direct U–Th ages of 27–22 ka ago on faunal remains of Protemnodon tumbuna and another large unidentified macropodid are consistent with the existing radiocarbon chronology, yet are minimum ages due to the potential for post-depositional uptake of 238U and stratigraphic reworking. Pollen analyses indicate perhumid, montane forests dominated by Nothofagus persisted, with minimal human disturbance from at least c.26–20 ka ago up to the terminal Pleistocene. Collagen fingerprinting (ZooMS) demonstrates the potential of protein-based identification of megafaunal remains at Nombe in the future. This study leaves open the possibility of extended coexistence between some megafaunal species in the montane rainforests of New Guinea and intermittently visiting groups of people, and underscores the need for further investigation of the Nombe deposit. Although preliminary, these findings reinforce the view that debates regarding megafaunal extinctions on Sahul require a greater appreciation of species-specific temporalities and the degrees of human impact on diverse habitats across the continent.

澳大利亚大陆上大多数大型动物在更新世晚期灭绝的原因一直存在争议。这在很大程度上是由于对这些物种从不同生态系统中消失的确切时间的了解不足。巴布亚新几内亚高地上的诺贝岩洞是萨胡尔岛上为数不多的几个遗址之一,直到最近的4万多年前,这里还存在着巨型动物物种的生存证据。然而,我们对这个遗址年龄的了解是基于放射性碳定年法。在这里,我们对该沉积物中的大型有袋动物标本进行了新的U-Th年龄测定,并确定了一系列颅后元素,包括双原齿类Hulitherium tomasettii,袋鼠Protemnodon tumbuna和袋狼Thylacinus cynocephalus。巨足动物遗骸27 ~ 22 ka前的直接U-Th年龄与现有的放射性碳年代学一致,但由于沉积后可能吸收238U和地层改造,这是最小年龄。花粉分析表明,从至少c.26-20 ka到更新世末期,以Nothofagus为主导的过湿润山地森林持续存在,人类干扰最小。胶原蛋白指纹图谱(ZooMS)显示了未来在诺贝巨型动物遗骸中基于蛋白质的鉴定的潜力。这项研究为新几内亚山地雨林中的一些巨型动物物种与间歇性来访的人群之间延长共存的可能性敞开了大门,并强调了对Nombe矿床进行进一步调查的必要性。虽然是初步的,但这些发现强化了这样一种观点,即关于Sahul上巨型动物灭绝的争论需要对物种特定的时间和人类对整个大陆不同栖息地的影响程度有更大的认识。
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引用次数: 4
Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers? The Dark Emu Debate By Peter Sutton and Keryn Walshe. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 2021 ISBN: 978-0-522-87785-4. pp. 264. AU $34.99 农民还是狩猎采集者?《黑暗鸸鹋之争》彼得·萨顿和凯里·沃尔什著。墨尔本大学出版社,墨尔本,2021 ISBN: 978-0-522-87785-4。264页。非盟34.99美元
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5270
SIMON HOLDAWAY
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引用次数: 0
Archaeological Perspectives on Conflict and Warfare in Australia and the Pacific 从考古学角度看澳大利亚和太平洋地区的冲突和战争
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.22459/ta54.2021
Peter V. Lape
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引用次数: 1
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Archaeology in Oceania
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