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Hand stencils and communal history: A case study from Auwim, East Sepik, Papua New Guinea 手工模板和公共历史:巴布亚新几内亚东塞皮克奥维姆的案例研究
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5287
Roxanne Tsang, Sebastien Katuk, Sally K. May, Paul S.C. Taçon, François-Xavier Ricaut, Matthew G. Leavesley

Hand stencils directly represent modern humans in landscape settings around the world. Yet their social and cultural contexts are often overlooked due to the lack of ethnography associated with the artwork. This paper explores the hand stencils from Kundumbue and Pundimbung rock art sites, situated in the traditional boundaries of the Auwim people in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea. Combining archaeological rock art analysis with ethnographic knowledge, we demonstrate that the hand stencils are a priority in each clan's place-making practices, around which they construct the community's social narratives. Rock shelters and their rock art also show a form of communal history that is evoked through their production in contemporary settings, in addition to having been a form of esoteric magic in the past. We conclude that hand stencils can have multiple meanings over time and across space as a widespread cultural marker. However, aspects of the identities of individuals, groups and communities who created the now static hand imagery, remain in place.

手工模板直接代表了世界各地景观环境中的现代人。然而,由于缺乏与艺术作品相关的民族志,他们的社会和文化背景往往被忽视。本文探讨了位于巴布亚新几内亚东塞皮克省奥维姆人传统边界的昆杜布和彭丁堡岩石艺术遗址的手模板。结合考古岩石艺术分析和民族志知识,我们证明了手印在每个部落的地方制作实践中是优先考虑的,他们围绕着手印构建了社区的社会叙事。岩石庇护所及其岩石艺术也展示了一种公共历史的形式,这种形式通过它们在当代环境中的生产而被唤起,除了在过去是一种深奥的魔法形式。我们得出的结论是,作为一种广泛存在的文化标记,手印可以随着时间和空间的推移而具有多种含义。然而,创造现在静止的手图像的个人、群体和社区的身份方面仍然存在。
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引用次数: 0
Archaeology of powerful stones in the Australia-Pacific region: an Introduction 澳大利亚-太平洋地区强大的石头考古:导论
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5289
Duncan Wright, Geoffrey Clark, E. Jaydeyn Thomas, Sam Juparulla Wickman, Timothy Darvill

Over millennia, and right across the globe, people have invested time and energy to create cultural landscapes that revolve around or incorporate powerful stones. Questions about the structured nature, distribution, source, or placement of stones (both within physical and meta-physical worlds), pose intriguing theoretical and methodological challenges. Emic and etic perspectives may provide additional insights into the complex (often animate) nature of the stone, the purpose of which varied radically between communities. In this special number of Archaeology in Oceania we explore some of the ways in which First Nations and non-Indigenous archaeologists address these potent features and objects, across widely varying chrono-cultural contexts in the Australia–Pacific region.

几千年来,在全球范围内,人们投入了时间和精力来创造围绕或融入强大石头的文化景观。关于石头的结构性质、分布、来源或放置(在物理和超物理世界中)的问题,提出了有趣的理论和方法挑战。Emic和etic的观点可以为石头的复杂(通常是有生命的)性质提供额外的见解,其目的在不同的社区之间有很大的不同。在本期《大洋洲考古》中,我们将探讨原住民和非土著考古学家在澳大利亚-太平洋地区广泛不同的年代文化背景下,如何处理这些强有力的特征和物体。
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引用次数: 0
Stones, stories and ceremonies: A Gamilaraay, Arrernte, Luritja, Pitjantatjarra, Yankuntjatjarra perspective 石头、故事和仪式:A Gamilaay、Arrernte、Luritja、Pitjantatjarra、Yankuntjatjarra透视
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5286
Wayne Brennan, Sam Jupparula Wickman

Cylcons are common in Australia, reported in early accounts (e.g., by Etheridge, McCarthy) as spiritually important for Aboriginal people, but where are the Indigenous perspectives on these important stones? Here we provide two stories about our engagement with these objects and then look at an archaeological excavation that allowed culture and science to come together helping us to interpret these stones.

赛昂人在澳大利亚很常见,在早期的报道中(如埃瑟里奇,麦卡锡)对土著人的精神上很重要,但是土著人对这些重要石头的看法在哪里?在这里,我们提供两个关于我们与这些物体接触的故事,然后看看考古发掘,让文化和科学结合在一起,帮助我们解释这些石头。
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引用次数: 1
The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity by David Graeber and David Wengrow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2021. ISBN: 9780374157357. pp. 704. US$35.00 《万物的黎明:人类的新历史》,大卫·格雷伯和大卫·温格罗著。Farrar、Straus和Giroux,纽约,2021年。ISBN:9780374157357。第704页。35.00美元
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5288
Michael C. Westaway
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引用次数: 0
Resurrecting the power in the stones, developing a modern narrative of the agency and sentience of powerful stones, and recreating shared knowledge encounters at Gummingurru and its associated site architecture 复活石头中的力量,发展关于强大石头的能动性和感知力的现代叙事,并在古明古鲁及其相关场地建筑中重现共同的知识遭遇
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5282
E. Jaydeyn Thomas, Annie Ross, Shannon Bauwens, Conrad Bauwens

Prior to European settlement, the Gummingurru stone arrangement was a place of man-making and knowledge sharing for Aboriginal people from across vast areas of what is now southern Queensland and northern New South Wales, Australia. One of the most powerful sites of ritual and exchange en-route to the Bunya Mountains, Gummingurru was the place at which boys became adults, were assigned “yurees” (totems), and given Law to inform their roles in society for the rest of their lives. We argue that the stones themselves had agentive power in the creation of men. European invasion brought access to Gummingurru to a temporary end. The site lay dormant for many generations until it was returned to the Jarowair clan of the Wakka Wakka Nation in 2008. Since this time, the Gummingurru stone arrangement and its associated site architecture have been resurrected through the combination of applied archaeological and ethnohistorical research and Aboriginal knowledge. Today Gummingurru is at the centre of a major cultural revival on the Darling Downs. It is the locus of the development of Aboriginal control of reconciliation activities and the establishment of a power-base for the management of both the Gummingurru and Bunya Mountains landscapes, with the stones themselves acting to control the process.

在欧洲人定居之前,Gummingurru石堆是来自澳大利亚昆士兰州南部和新南威尔士州北部广大地区的土著居民进行人类活动和知识分享的地方。Gummingurru是前往Bunya山脉途中最强大的仪式和交换场所之一,是男孩长大成人的地方,被分配“yurees”(图腾),并给予法律,以告知他们在社会中的角色。我们认为石头本身在创造人类的过程中具有代理的力量。欧洲人的入侵使通往Gummingurru的通道暂时中断。这个遗址被闲置了好几代,直到2008年才被归还给瓦卡瓦卡民族的Jarowair部落。从那时起,通过应用考古和民族历史研究以及土著知识的结合,Gummingurru石头排列及其相关的遗址建筑得以复活。如今,Gummingurru是达令丘陵地区主要文化复兴的中心。它是土著居民控制和解活动的发展中心,并为管理Gummingurru和Bunya山脉景观建立了一个权力基础,这些石头本身起着控制过程的作用。
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引用次数: 1
The New Zealand bracken fern rhizome, Pteridium esculentum (G.Forst): a toxic food plant of pre-European Māori 新西兰的蕨类根状茎,Pteridium esculentum(G.Forst):一种前欧洲毛利人的有毒食物植物
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5285
Foss Leach, Janet Davidson, Michael Burtenshaw, Graham Harris, Tony Tomlin, Paul Davis

The two species of bracken fern, Pteridium esculentum and Pteridium aquilinum, are well known to produce neoplastic lesions and thiamine deficiency when consumed by mammals, with severe consequences to health. New Zealand Pre-European Māori are known to have consumed rhizomes of P. esculentum as food with little or no recorded consequences to health. Processing methods by Māori prior to consumption may have helped to detoxify this food. We carried out LDH toxicity tests on rhizomes that had been pre-processed before simulated digestion to test this possibility. We tested rhizomes harvested each month of the year, different components of the rhizome, both raw and roasted rhizomes, rhizomes stored for up to 12 months, and rhizomes leached for up to 24 hours. All specimens remained equally toxic within experimental error. We carried out a detailed analysis of nutrients in bracken rhizome and compared this with kūmara, Ipomoea batatas, another important food plant for pre-European Māori, and found that bracken rhizome has c. 70% of the caloric value of kūmara. A cost/benefit analysis of the two plants suggested that the reward for effort is greatest for kūmara by a modest amount. Analysis of historic ethnographic observations relating to bracken rhizome from AD 1769 to the 1840s provides complex and contradictory evidence of the role of bracken rhizome in the Māori economic system. Although there is clear evidence that Māori greatly favoured chewing rhizomes, this fondness may result from the presence of one or more plant secondary metabolites (PSM), such as ecdysone, which are known to be addictive. Our analysis of the evidence favours the plant being essentially a famine food, filling in the period between planting and harvest of kūmara, known as the ‘hungry gap’ between October and April in the southern hemisphere. However, it would also have provided an important source of food for travellers, as fern-lands are widespread. Our analysis of archaeological information did not produce unequivocal direct evidence of bracken rhizome consumption. However, the presence of extreme tooth wear and a unique pattern of first molar dislocation, attributed to the use of teeth to strip starch from rhizomes, has been shown to be present at all periods of New Zealand prehistory. This is contrary to the finding of some other researchers.

众所周知,两种蕨类植物翼蕨(Pteridium esculentum)和翼蕨(Pteridium aquilinum)在被哺乳动物食用后会产生肿瘤病变和硫胺素缺乏,对健康造成严重后果。据了解,新西兰前欧洲人Māori曾将蛇根茎作为食物食用,很少或没有记录对健康造成影响。食用之前Māori的加工方法可能有助于这种食物的解毒。我们对模拟消化前预处理的根茎进行了LDH毒性测试,以测试这种可能性。我们测试了一年中每个月收获的根状茎,根状茎的不同成分,生的和烤的根状茎,储存长达12个月的根状茎,以及浸出长达24小时的根状茎。在实验误差范围内,所有标本的毒性都是相等的。我们对蕨菜根茎中的营养成分进行了详细的分析,并将其与kūmara、Ipomoea batatas(前欧洲的另一种重要食物植物Māori)进行了比较,发现蕨菜根茎的热值为kūmara的约70%。对这两种植物的成本/收益分析表明,kūmara的努力回报最大,但差距不大。对公元1769年至1840年代有关蕨菜根茎的历史民族志观察的分析,提供了复杂而矛盾的证据,证明蕨菜根茎在Māori经济体系中的作用。虽然有明确的证据表明Māori非常喜欢咀嚼根茎,但这种喜好可能是由于一种或多种植物次生代谢物(PSM)的存在,例如蜕皮激素,这是已知的上瘾物质。我们对证据的分析表明,这种植物本质上是一种饥荒食物,填补了从播种到收获kūmara之间的时期,在南半球被称为10月到4月之间的“饥饿间隙”。然而,它也为旅行者提供了重要的食物来源,因为蕨类植物遍布各地。我们对考古资料的分析并没有产生明确的直接证据表明人们食用了蕨菜根茎。然而,极端的牙齿磨损和独特的第一磨牙脱位模式的存在,归因于使用牙齿从根茎中剥离淀粉,已被证明存在于新西兰史前的所有时期。这与其他一些研究人员的发现相反。
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引用次数: 2
The sacred stone from the sea. Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on the ritual value of coral across the Pacific 来自大海的圣石。从考古学和人种学的角度看太平洋珊瑚的仪式价值
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5284
Guillaume Molle, Jean-Marie Wadrawane, Louis Lagarde, Duncan Wright

The Pacific Islands offer a variety of marine environments providing peoples in the present and past with abundant coral materials, a “stone from the sea”. Archaeologists have long recognised the importance of coral in ancient contexts, whether as gravel, natural branches, squared blocks or cut-and-dress slabs. Coral was also used to manufacture tools such as files or pounders and incorporated in monumental ceremonial architecture as a favoured construction material and foundation offerings. However, Pacific Islanders also employed coral material for other ritual applications that remain overlooked in the literature. In this article, we consider the multiple uses of coral in the archaeological and ethnographic records of three Pacific regions: Central-East Polynesia (CEP), New Caledonia and the Torres Strait Islands. This includes offering of coral branches, sometimes associated with cairns, paraphernalia and magic stones, also production of coral lime for body ornamentation. Using these case studies, we consider material selection, modes of deposition, archaeological and ethnographic contexts, associations with other features and artefacts, before interrogating the potential significance of these unrealised datasets. By doing so, we shed new light on the ritual value of coral and reflect on the symbolic nature and function of this material.

太平洋岛屿提供了多种海洋环境,为现在和过去的人们提供了丰富的珊瑚材料,这是一种“来自海洋的石头”。考古学家很早就认识到珊瑚在古代环境中的重要性,无论是砾石、天然树枝、方块还是裁剪后的石板。珊瑚也被用来制造工具,如锉刀或锤子,并作为一种受欢迎的建筑材料和基础产品被纳入纪念性仪式建筑中。然而,太平洋岛民也将珊瑚材料用于其他在文献中被忽视的仪式应用。在这篇文章中,我们考虑了珊瑚在三个太平洋地区的考古和民族志记录中的多种用途:中东部波利尼西亚(CEP),新喀里多尼亚和托雷斯海峡群岛。这包括提供珊瑚枝,有时与cairns,用具和魔法石有关,也生产用于身体装饰的珊瑚石灰。通过这些案例研究,我们考虑了材料选择、沉积模式、考古和民族志背景、与其他特征和人工制品的联系,然后询问这些未实现的数据集的潜在意义。通过这样做,我们揭示了珊瑚的仪式价值,并反思了这种材料的象征性性质和功能。
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引用次数: 2
Stones in Motion: monuments and chiefly title histories in central Vanuatu 运动中的石头:瓦努阿图中部的纪念碑和主要的标题历史
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5283
Chris Ballard

This paper addresses the ways in which stones have anchored stories and people in central Vanuatu. Three different sets of stones, and stories about those stones, cast light from different angles on the history of the distinctive chiefly title system of this region. The first set revolves around the fulcrum of Wotanimanu, a pillar of stone that rises from the sea between Efate and the Shepherd Islands. This is the figure of a chief who arrived on Efate by sea, accompanied by his “stones” or people. Senior chiefly titles of this region, which draw on lengthy histories of migration, ground their narrative and genealogical claims in the proof of a second set of stones, including grave markers, magic stones, and arrangements of stones in series that stand for successive holders of each title. The third set of stones and stories was initiated by the first resident Presbyterian missionary in the Shepherd Islands, Oscar Michelsen, who acknowledged the importance attached locally to history by setting up a series of stelae to commemorate the conversion of individual chiefs. The paper concludes with thoughts on the agency and mobility of stone in the Shepherd Islands, and the ways in which stones give substance to chiefly power.

本文论述了石头在瓦努阿图中部锚定故事和人们的方式。三组不同的石头,以及关于这些石头的故事,从不同的角度揭示了这个地区独特的主要头衔制度的历史。第一组围绕Wotanimanu的支点展开,这是一个从埃法特岛和谢泼德群岛之间的海上升起的石柱。这是一个酋长的形象,他带着他的“石头”或人民从海上到达埃法特。这个地区的高级主要头衔,借鉴了漫长的迁徙历史,在第二组石头的证据中建立了他们的叙述和宗谱主张,包括墓碑、魔法石和一系列的石头,代表了每个头衔的连续持有者。第三组石头和故事是由牧羊人群岛第一位常驻长老会传教士Oscar Michelsen发起的,他认识到当地对历史的重视,建立了一系列石碑来纪念个别酋长的转变。本文最后对谢泼德群岛的石头的能动性和可移动性进行了思考,并对石头赋予主要权力的方式进行了思考。
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引用次数: 1
Cosmo-political landscapes of Torres Strait adhi and misœri stones: Closing the gap between Islander and non-indigenous perspectives 托雷斯海峡adhi和misœri石头的宇宙政治景观:缩小岛民和非土著人观点之间的差距
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5281
Rod Mitchell, Friedrich von Gnielinski, Josh Willsher, McRose Elu, Duncan Wright

Torres Strait (TS), on Australia's north-east border, has a long history of research on pœrapœral kulal: powerful stones. Pœrapœral kulal contain vital power from site-of-origin and therefore their movement across the Coral-Arafura Sea corridor provides important information about past and present human relationships (Elu 2004). With few exceptions Western models draw on anthropological, linguistic and site origin research collated by a Cambridge University field team over 100 years ago, with little detailed reassessment of stone raw material and distribution or geological and archaeological surveys conducted within the intervening period. It is also unclear how TS Islanders engage with this literature, particularly the many communities poorly represented by 19th-century studies. In this paper, we test several assumptions influencing recent literature from contemporary islander and non-indigenous perspectives. This includes assessing whether: (a) western scholarship models oversimplify terminology and discussion; (b) early geological assessments of substantive movement of stones is correct; and (c) movement of exotic stones was a common feature across TS. Finally, using detailed cultural, archaeology, geology, and language data sets we reinterpret the regionally-varying role and antiquity of pœrapœral kulal within this animate cosmo-political land and seascape.

澳大利亚东北边境的托雷斯海峡(TS)对pœrapœral kulal(强大的石头)有着悠久的研究历史。Pœrapœral库拉尔蕴含着来自原产地的重要力量,因此它们穿越珊瑚-阿拉弗拉海走廊的运动提供了过去和现在人类关系的重要信息(Elu 2004)。除了少数例外,西方模型借鉴了100多年前剑桥大学一个实地小组整理的人类学、语言学和遗址起源研究,很少对石头原材料和分布进行详细的重新评估,也很少对其间进行的地质和考古调查进行评估。目前还不清楚TS岛民是如何参与这些文献的,尤其是那些在19世纪的研究中没有得到充分代表的社区。在本文中,我们从当代岛民和非土著视角检验了影响近期文学的几个假设。这包括评估:(a)西方学术模式是否过度简化了术语和讨论;(b)对石头实质性移动的早期地质评估是正确的;最后,利用详细的文化、考古、地质和语言数据集,我们重新解释了pœrapœral kulal在这片充满活力的世界政治土地和海景中的区域变化作用和古代。
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引用次数: 2
Uncovering Pacific Pasts: Histories of Archaeology in Oceania by Hilary Howes, Tristen Jones, and Matthew Spriggs. ANU Press, Canberra, 2022. ISBN 9781760464868 (Paperback). Pp. xv + 578. AU $100. 《揭开太平洋牧场:大洋洲考古史》,作者:HilaryHowes、TristenJones和MatthewSpriggs。澳大利亚国立大学出版社,堪培拉,2022年。ISBN 9781760464868(平装本)。第xv+578页。100澳元。
IF 0.9 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/arco.5280
PATRICK V KIRCH
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引用次数: 0
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Archaeology in Oceania
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