Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2023.2170882
Jon Pike
Bill Morgan has written a terrific book, the culmination of his career long engagement in the philosophy of sport and a work which is immediately a required read – one might say a required grapple – in our sub discipline. Sport and Moral Conflict is the fully formed and definitive version of his influential and persuasive conventionalist theory of sport, carefully articulated and defended against objections. The book has a systematic, simple and coherent structure. First, Morgan presents a case study to test ‘moral theories of sport’. He then tests candidate theories (each with a chapter) against this case. Within each of chapters two to five, there is, standardly, a presentation of the candidate theory, a set of unsuccessful objections, and then a set of successful objections. The sixth chapter gives us Morgan’s own conventionalist theory. Because the dialectic is clear and the signposts are present, it is also fairly straightforward for critical readers to engage with the discussion, albeit that the discussion is at quite a high level – this is not an introductory book. The informed and critical reader will want to ask questions like ‘Is this a fair account of discourse internalism?’ ‘Isn’t there a better response to the third objection here?’ and so on. It is to Morgan’s credit, and an aid to everyone else in the field, that he opens up the debate in this way, and makes clear how he sees the terrain. This system building is helpful to us all. Morgan starts off by giving an account of what we have come to know as The Dispute: a case study of the clash between two conceptions of sport amateur and professional in relation to football (soccer) and athletics in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The test case – The Dispute – raises two questions: First, can disputes like this be resolved by rational inquiry? (can the moral theories in which they are couched be resolved by rational enquiry?) and second, ‘Can there be moral progress in sport? Or do we merely have one convention supplanting another?’ (27) So, while the dialectical structure is fairly straightforward, there is an interesting counterpoint between this and the account of The Dispute, since Morgan’s method then is, at least in part, genealogical, following Nietzsche:
{"title":"Sport and Moral Conflict","authors":"Jon Pike","doi":"10.1080/00948705.2023.2170882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2023.2170882","url":null,"abstract":"Bill Morgan has written a terrific book, the culmination of his career long engagement in the philosophy of sport and a work which is immediately a required read – one might say a required grapple – in our sub discipline. Sport and Moral Conflict is the fully formed and definitive version of his influential and persuasive conventionalist theory of sport, carefully articulated and defended against objections. The book has a systematic, simple and coherent structure. First, Morgan presents a case study to test ‘moral theories of sport’. He then tests candidate theories (each with a chapter) against this case. Within each of chapters two to five, there is, standardly, a presentation of the candidate theory, a set of unsuccessful objections, and then a set of successful objections. The sixth chapter gives us Morgan’s own conventionalist theory. Because the dialectic is clear and the signposts are present, it is also fairly straightforward for critical readers to engage with the discussion, albeit that the discussion is at quite a high level – this is not an introductory book. The informed and critical reader will want to ask questions like ‘Is this a fair account of discourse internalism?’ ‘Isn’t there a better response to the third objection here?’ and so on. It is to Morgan’s credit, and an aid to everyone else in the field, that he opens up the debate in this way, and makes clear how he sees the terrain. This system building is helpful to us all. Morgan starts off by giving an account of what we have come to know as The Dispute: a case study of the clash between two conceptions of sport amateur and professional in relation to football (soccer) and athletics in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The test case – The Dispute – raises two questions: First, can disputes like this be resolved by rational inquiry? (can the moral theories in which they are couched be resolved by rational enquiry?) and second, ‘Can there be moral progress in sport? Or do we merely have one convention supplanting another?’ (27) So, while the dialectical structure is fairly straightforward, there is an interesting counterpoint between this and the account of The Dispute, since Morgan’s method then is, at least in part, genealogical, following Nietzsche:","PeriodicalId":46532,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Philosophy of Sport","volume":"50 1","pages":"148 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43706399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2023.2174550
Sinclair A. MacRae
ABSTRACT My main goal here is to develop a functional analysis of cheating and corruption in sports, and to differentiate cheating within the broader category of corruption. Whereas officials can act corruptly, they cannot cheat. In contrast, sports participants, since they occupy two roles, can do both. I argue that although acts of cheating are acts of corruption, not all corrupt acts by competitors are acts of cheating. I also respond to some skeptical challenges and criticisms of the concept of ‘cheating’ by providing some opposing arguments and a provisional definition. I argue that cheating in sports occurs in the context of a complex institutional practice. It transpires due to some failing in the efforts and/or limitations of sports officials to prohibit it. In central cases it consists in both the functional and ethical violation of the constitutional norms of a sport in the service of obtaining unearned victory for the cheater.
{"title":"A functional analysis of cheating and corruption in sports","authors":"Sinclair A. MacRae","doi":"10.1080/00948705.2023.2174550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2023.2174550","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT My main goal here is to develop a functional analysis of cheating and corruption in sports, and to differentiate cheating within the broader category of corruption. Whereas officials can act corruptly, they cannot cheat. In contrast, sports participants, since they occupy two roles, can do both. I argue that although acts of cheating are acts of corruption, not all corrupt acts by competitors are acts of cheating. I also respond to some skeptical challenges and criticisms of the concept of ‘cheating’ by providing some opposing arguments and a provisional definition. I argue that cheating in sports occurs in the context of a complex institutional practice. It transpires due to some failing in the efforts and/or limitations of sports officials to prohibit it. In central cases it consists in both the functional and ethical violation of the constitutional norms of a sport in the service of obtaining unearned victory for the cheater.","PeriodicalId":46532,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Philosophy of Sport","volume":"50 1","pages":"116 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48034188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2023.2168277
W. Morgan
ABSTRACT I argue that ethical features of sport strongly interact with aesthetic features of sport, such that all pro tanto ethical merits/defects count as aesthetic merits/defects. This is a much-debated topic in the philosophy of art and aesthetics literature, in which recent critics have taken to task this interactionist take on how ethical evaluative properties interact with aesthetic ones. The critics’ main argument against this view is that far too many works of art than theorists of this strong interactionist kind care to admit either lack the evaluative ethical properties they claim for them, or their ethical properties do not appreciably affect their aesthetic properties. Sport, I argue, is a notable exception. That’s because in sport ethical flaws in athletic performances double as aesthetic flaws with very few exceptions, or so I will argue. Unlike artworks, therefore, the interactionist thesis holds mostly true across the entire athletic spectrum, which is why, in my view, it warrants far more serious attention and appreciation than it is commonly given in both the philosophy of art and aesthetics and philosophy of sport literature.
{"title":"How bad can good sport be?","authors":"W. Morgan","doi":"10.1080/00948705.2023.2168277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2023.2168277","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT I argue that ethical features of sport strongly interact with aesthetic features of sport, such that all pro tanto ethical merits/defects count as aesthetic merits/defects. This is a much-debated topic in the philosophy of art and aesthetics literature, in which recent critics have taken to task this interactionist take on how ethical evaluative properties interact with aesthetic ones. The critics’ main argument against this view is that far too many works of art than theorists of this strong interactionist kind care to admit either lack the evaluative ethical properties they claim for them, or their ethical properties do not appreciably affect their aesthetic properties. Sport, I argue, is a notable exception. That’s because in sport ethical flaws in athletic performances double as aesthetic flaws with very few exceptions, or so I will argue. Unlike artworks, therefore, the interactionist thesis holds mostly true across the entire athletic spectrum, which is why, in my view, it warrants far more serious attention and appreciation than it is commonly given in both the philosophy of art and aesthetics and philosophy of sport literature.","PeriodicalId":46532,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Philosophy of Sport","volume":"50 1","pages":"36 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42838844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2023.2177658
S. Foley, Michael Rohlf
ABSTRACT We argue that some sports test athletes’ capacities to endure specific types of suffering, and in such cases the suffering is constitutive of the sport: the sporting contest would not be a good sporting contest if that capacity were not tested. We then argue that it is morally acceptable for athletes to experience pleasure (Schadenfreude) in response to the constitutive suffering of competitors insofar as that pleasure is compatible with pity or sympathy for non-constitutive suffering. We use the case of morally acceptable pleasure in the constitutive suffering of a competitor to clarify the sense of Schadenfreude. We defend a little recognised distinction of Aristotelian provenance between benign and malignant Schadenfreude, and, in contrast to the prevailing scholarly assessment, we show that Schadenfreude is not necessarily a passive emotion.
{"title":"Suffering and Schadenfreude in sport","authors":"S. Foley, Michael Rohlf","doi":"10.1080/00948705.2023.2177658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2023.2177658","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We argue that some sports test athletes’ capacities to endure specific types of suffering, and in such cases the suffering is constitutive of the sport: the sporting contest would not be a good sporting contest if that capacity were not tested. We then argue that it is morally acceptable for athletes to experience pleasure (Schadenfreude) in response to the constitutive suffering of competitors insofar as that pleasure is compatible with pity or sympathy for non-constitutive suffering. We use the case of morally acceptable pleasure in the constitutive suffering of a competitor to clarify the sense of Schadenfreude. We defend a little recognised distinction of Aristotelian provenance between benign and malignant Schadenfreude, and, in contrast to the prevailing scholarly assessment, we show that Schadenfreude is not necessarily a passive emotion.","PeriodicalId":46532,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Philosophy of Sport","volume":"50 1","pages":"133 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2023.2168680
J. Holt, M. Ramsay
ABSTRACT The purist/partisan distinction has dominated recent discussions of sport spectatorship and sport aesthetics. The focus of such discussions, however, has been sport in general or, often implicitly, team sports in particular. Here, using mixed martial arts (MMA) as a case study, we argue that specific aspects of the sport in question can significantly affect how the purist/partisan distinction plays out for viewers. MMA’s status as an individual combat sport mitigates, in illuminating ways, the partisanship displayed so prominently among fans of team sports. We also examine the role of external attitudes – in both the betting subculture of MMA and purist attitudes toward individual combat sports and martial arts – in shaping MMA spectatorship.
{"title":"MMA and the purist/partisan distinction","authors":"J. Holt, M. Ramsay","doi":"10.1080/00948705.2023.2168680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2023.2168680","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purist/partisan distinction has dominated recent discussions of sport spectatorship and sport aesthetics. The focus of such discussions, however, has been sport in general or, often implicitly, team sports in particular. Here, using mixed martial arts (MMA) as a case study, we argue that specific aspects of the sport in question can significantly affect how the purist/partisan distinction plays out for viewers. MMA’s status as an individual combat sport mitigates, in illuminating ways, the partisanship displayed so prominently among fans of team sports. We also examine the role of external attitudes – in both the betting subculture of MMA and purist attitudes toward individual combat sports and martial arts – in shaping MMA spectatorship.","PeriodicalId":46532,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Philosophy of Sport","volume":"50 1","pages":"18 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43491756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2071458
Kemei Zhang, Shisi Huang, Haiyan Xu, Jiaou Zhang, Ensheng Wang, Yang Li, Changling Zhu, Jing Shu
Objective: To explore the role of postoperative gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) therapy before treatment with intrauterine insemination (IUI) for infertile females with stage I-II endometriosis.
Material and methods: Ninety-seven patients diagnosed with stage I-II endometriosis before IUI were enrolled in this study. The clinical pregnancy rate, cumulative pregnancy rate, live birth rate and newborn conditions were compared between the two groups with and without GnRH-a therapy.
Results: The clinical pregnancy rate of IUI in the GnRH-a group was higher than that in the control group (15.29% vs. 11.82%, p = .035). By logistic regression analysis, patients treated with GnRH-a had a higher clinical pregnancy rate than those without (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 23.190, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.238-434.312). The live birth rate per IUI cycle in the GnRH-a group was also higher than in the controls (12.94% vs. 10%). However, the difference was not statistically significant (p = .311, AOR 4.844, 95% CI 0.229-102.320). The patients with GnRH-a therapy had a similar incidence of multiple pregnancy rate (0% vs. 0%), miscarriage rate (2.35% vs. 0.91%) and ectopic pregnancy rate (0% vs. 0.91%) as compared to the control group. The cumulative pregnancy rates were all higher in patients administered with GnRH-a than those without GnRH-a treatment in different cycles (one cycle: 17.07% vs 12.50%; two cycles: 29.27% vs 19.64%; three cycles: 31.71% vs 23.21%; ≥four cycles: 31.71% vs 23.21%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Notably, there was no more pregnancy after the third IUI cycle. The gestation weeks of delivery in the two groups were 39.09 ± 1.04 and 38.60 ± 1.17, respectively (p = .323). Nor was there difference in birth weight between the two groups (3236 ± 537 g vs 3435 ± 418 g, p = .360).
Conclusions: The administration of GnRH-a in patients with stage I-II endometriosis could be beneficial to the outcomes of IUI. It is recommended that IUI should be discontinued after three failed attempts. KEY MESSAGESEndometriosis is a common cause of infertility, but the exact mechanism remains unclear.The administration of GnRH-a before IUI treatment is beneficial for patients suffering from stage I-II endometriosis.After three failed attempts, IUI should be stopped in patients with stage I-II endometriosis.
目的探讨子宫内膜异位症I-II期不孕女性在接受宫腔内人工授精（IUI）治疗前术后使用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂（GnRH-a）治疗的作用：本研究共纳入了97例在宫腔内人工授精前确诊为I-II期子宫内膜异位症的患者。比较两组接受和未接受 GnRH-a 治疗的患者的临床妊娠率、累积妊娠率、活产率和新生儿情况：结果：GnRH-a 组人工授精的临床妊娠率高于对照组（15.29% 对 11.82%，P = 0.035）。通过逻辑回归分析，接受 GnRH-a 治疗的患者的临床妊娠率高于未接受 GnRH-a 治疗的患者（调整后的几率比（AOR）为 23.190，95% 置信区间（CI）为 1.238-434.312）。GnRH-a 组每个人工授精周期的活产率也高于对照组（12.94% 对 10%）。然而，差异并无统计学意义（P = .311，AOR 4.844，95% CI 0.229-102.320）。与对照组相比，接受 GnRH-a 治疗的患者多胎妊娠率（0% vs. 0%）、流产率（2.35% vs. 0.91%）和宫外孕率（0% vs. 0.91%）的发生率相似。使用 GnRH-a 的患者在不同周期的累积妊娠率均高于未使用 GnRH-a 的患者（一个周期：17.07% vs 12.50%；两个周期：29.27% vs 19.64%）：29.27% vs 19.64%；三个周期：31.71% vs 23.21%）：31.71% vs 23.21%；≥四个周期：31.71% vs 23.21%），但差异无统计学意义。值得注意的是，第三个人工授精周期后没有再怀孕。两组的分娩孕周分别为（39.09 ± 1.04）和（38.60 ± 1.17）（P = 0.323）。两组的出生体重也没有差异（3236 ± 537 g vs 3435 ± 418 g，p = .360）：结论：对 I-II 期子宫内膜异位症患者施用 GnRH-a 可能有利于人工授精的效果。结论：对 I-II 期子宫内膜异位症患者施用 GnRH-a 有益，但建议在三次尝试失败后停止人工授精。关键信息：子宫内膜异位症是导致不孕的常见原因，但其确切机制仍不清楚。在人工授精治疗前使用 GnRH-a 对 I-II 期子宫内膜异位症患者有益。
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Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2022.2126978
Luísa Ávila da Costa
Mill, J. S. 1988 [1869]. The Subjection of Women. Hackett: Indianapolis, Indiana. Morgan, W. J. 2012. “Broad Internalism, Deep Conventions, Moral Entrepreneurs, and Sport.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 39 (1): 65–100. doi:10.1080/00948705.2012.675069. Morgan, W. J. 2014. “Games, Rules, and Conventions.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 44 (3): 383–401. doi:10.1177/0048393113500215. Nietzsche, F. 2013. On the Genealogy of Morals: A Polemic (Penguin Classics). (1887). London: Penguin. Switzer, K. 2017. Marathon Woman. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press.
{"title":"Competing for the gods: agonistic rituals in the ancient world (Competiendo para los dioses: los rituals agonísticos en el mundo antíguo)","authors":"Luísa Ávila da Costa","doi":"10.1080/00948705.2022.2126978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2022.2126978","url":null,"abstract":"Mill, J. S. 1988 [1869]. The Subjection of Women. Hackett: Indianapolis, Indiana. Morgan, W. J. 2012. “Broad Internalism, Deep Conventions, Moral Entrepreneurs, and Sport.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 39 (1): 65–100. doi:10.1080/00948705.2012.675069. Morgan, W. J. 2014. “Games, Rules, and Conventions.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 44 (3): 383–401. doi:10.1177/0048393113500215. Nietzsche, F. 2013. On the Genealogy of Morals: A Polemic (Penguin Classics). (1887). London: Penguin. Switzer, K. 2017. Marathon Woman. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press.","PeriodicalId":46532,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Philosophy of Sport","volume":"50 1","pages":"153 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48112851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2022.2126847
Ornaith O’Dowd
ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue for a nuanced, context-sensitive approach to the question of trash talk, based on the Kantian principle of respect for persons and an emphasis on first-person action-guidance. I also suggest that we understand trash talk to have several varieties. On my proposed approach, there is no simple answer to the question of whether trash talk is morally permissible; rather, context-sensitive judgment can help us to determine what we ought to do when the possibility of various forms of trash talk arises.
{"title":"Trash talk and Kantian values","authors":"Ornaith O’Dowd","doi":"10.1080/00948705.2022.2126847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2022.2126847","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue for a nuanced, context-sensitive approach to the question of trash talk, based on the Kantian principle of respect for persons and an emphasis on first-person action-guidance. I also suggest that we understand trash talk to have several varieties. On my proposed approach, there is no simple answer to the question of whether trash talk is morally permissible; rather, context-sensitive judgment can help us to determine what we ought to do when the possibility of various forms of trash talk arises.","PeriodicalId":46532,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Philosophy of Sport","volume":"49 1","pages":"383 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47770645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2022.2153692
J. Russell
ABSTRACT This essay argues that idleness as play and leisure would be recognised as an ideal over game playing in Bernard Suits’ Utopia. Idleness is unaccountably overlooked as an ideal by Suits, as is the problem that his description of game playing is an anachronism, pushing his Utopians into a pre-Utopian condition. There is room for playing games in an idle Utopia but in a less prominent and more restricted role. Idleness as play and leisure is not defended as the sole ideal of Utopian existence though it is possibly that. Rather, it is presented as a compelling and preferable ideal for Suits’ Utopians, thus refuting his claim that game playing is ‘the only possible’ ideal of human existence in Utopia.
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Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2022.2137517
P. Gaffney
are included on the prohibited list and a possible disconnect between the sanction and the performance enhancing capabilities of some of the substances. 4. Which they underpin more clearly by reference to the work of Wendell Holmes Jr (1897) and the possibility of all sanction backed rules being seen, not as obligations to comply with, but as a ‘price list’ for acting in certain ways. 5. Where an opponent is mistaken, injured, unlucky or subject to a bad call from an official.
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