British Journal of Pain最新文献

Background: The importance and efficacy of Preemptive analgesia in reducing pain for patients undergoing painful procedures still debatable and seldom investigated. The aim of this study was to describe intensive care nurses' perception of the importance of pain assessment and Preemptive analgesia prior painful procedures in critical care settings in Jordan.

Method: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. The sample consisted of 300 registered nurses recruited from 22 intensive care units in Jordan. The data was gathered using a self-administered questionnaire.

Results: The results showed that nurses considered pain assessment moderately and extremely important for surgical (n = 263, 87.7%), burn (n = 261, 87%), and trauma patients (n = 256, 85.3%). The majority of nurses rated pain assessment as moderately to extremely important for invasive line placement 80.3%, wound care 78.3%, and drain removal 69%. Nurses assessed the need for Preemptive analgesia more frequently before wound care 70.7%, and before invasive line placement 69.7%. Nurses perceived pain assessment for Preemptive analgesia as less priority for unconscious patients.

Conclusion: Effective assessment and management of pain for critically ill patients is mandatory. Thus, it is important to improve nurses' knowledge regarding the Preemptive analgesia and its effects in relieving post-procedural pain in critically ill patient. It is recommended to ensure proper clinical training on how to assess critically ill patients and auditing system.

Objectives: The aim of this review was to (1) summarize evidence on the effectiveness of rehabilitation strategies in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and (2) determine the most effective rehabilitation strategy for reducing pain and depression in people with FMS.

Data sources: PubMed, Ovid (Sp), and Cochrane search engines were used for identifying relevant studies done up to 1st of July 2022.

Study selection: Randomized control trials (RCTs) that have a passive control group and an active control group were included in this review for primary and secondary aim, respectively. The primary outcome measures were pain and depression. Secondary outcome was one from the sleep or fatigue or healthy related quality of life (HRQOL).

Data extraction: Two researchers independently selected the studies and extracted the key information.

Data synthesis: A total of 25 RCTs were included. Studies with passive control group showed moderate to large positive effects on pain (standard mean difference -0.65, 95% confidence interval -0.93 to -0.38; I² = 72%) and HRQOL (MD -5.40, 95% CI -10.17 to -0.62; I² = 74%) but were not statistically significant for sleep, fatigue, and depression. Furthermore, on subgroup analysis studies with a short term protocol showed significant effects on pain only, whereas studies with long term protocols showed positive effects on pain and HRQOL only, but no statistical significance at the time of post-trial follow-up. Studies with active control groups gave non-significant results except where there was mixed exercises, which showed a positive effect (mean difference -4.78, 95% CI -7.98 to -1.57; I² = 0%) for HRQOL.

Conclusion: All rehabilitation strategies were effective for pain and HRQOL, and had a marginal effect on depression, sleep, and fatigue but efficacy was not maintained at the time of post-trial follow-up. However, in this review, we could not differentiate any rehabilitation strategies for the best among those used in the included studies.

Introduction: Conditioning can be used to modulate the perception of pain, in the form of placebo and nocebo effects. Previous studies show inconsistent results as to whether adolescents show similar, weaker, or non-significant conditioned placebo and nocebo effects compared to effects found in adults. There are suggestions that such differences (if any) may dependent on the cues used in the thermal conditioning paradigms. Therefore, in this current study, we utilized novel, neutral 3D-shaped visual cues to implicitly induce conditioned placebo-like and nocebo-like effects in adolescents and adults.

Methods: During the conditioning paradigm, distinct cues (Fribbles) were paired with low and high temperatures in 24 adults and 20 adolescents (mean age = 25.5 years). In the testing phase, these conditioned cues as well as a neutral (unconditioned) cue were presented with moderate temperatures.

Results: Thermal discomfort of moderate temperatures was lower when presented with the conditioned low heat cue (placebo-like effect) and higher when thermal stimuli were presented with the high heat cue (nocebo-like effect) compared to the neutral cue. The effects were driven by adults, as neither the placebo-like nor the nocebo-like effect was significant in adolescents. The difference between adolescents and adults was not explained by differences in temperature or discomfort levels, as adults and adolescents had comparable calibrated temperatures and levels of discomfort during heat stimuli.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that thermal perception in adolescents is less influenced by conditioning to an engaging novel visual cue, compared to adults. Our work may have implications for better understanding the scope and limitations of conditioning as a key mechanism of placebo and nocebo effects in youth.

Fibromyalgia remains a difficult condition to diagnose and treat. Research suggests that this leads to frustrating experiences for service users and healthcare professionals. This has led to negative healthcare professional attitudes towards working with those with fibromyalgia. The research to date reports negative attitudes and predominantly investigates attitudes of primary care physicians. This study explores the attitudes of a range of healthcare professionals towards those diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Using Q-methodology, 27 healthcare professionals completed a sorting task and questionnaire to prioritise statements relating to a range of different attitudes towards service users. All participants significantly loaded onto three factors that explained a total of 64% of the data variance. Factor 1 reflected the attitude 'Service users with fibromyalgia are no different to other service users and I enjoy working with them'. Factor 2 reflected the attitude 'Service users with fibromyalgia are inaccurate informants of their own condition due to lack of understanding of their condition and are not likely to engage in treatments'. Factor 3 reflected the attitude 'Service users with fibromyalgia are trustworthy with a lot of clinical problems [but I lack confidence in specialist skills to support them]'. Contrary to the current literature, there appears to be supportive attitudes from healthcare professionals towards service users diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Increased specialised training, clinical exposure to working with fibromyalgia and reflective practice spaces were identified as elements that could improve healthcare professional attitudes.

Background and objectives: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that affects people's physical, mental, and social health. Patients at times present with postoperative pain with no clinical signs after the surgical dental procedures and adequate pharmacological management. This can be due to the amplified emotional component of the individual in their postoperative period. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the association between placebo, nocebo effects, and postoperative pain associated with tooth extraction procedures.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 301 patients attending the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for tooth extraction. Preoperatively, the expected postoperative pain score was recorded using the "Numerical Rating Scale" (NRS), Anxiety and Depression were assessed using the "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale" (HADS), and Patients' expectancy regarding the treatment outcome was assessed using the "Credibility Expectancy Questionnaire" (CEQ). Observed postoperative pain scores at the 6th hour, 24th hour, and peak pain score of the day were recorded using the NRS.

Results: There were statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) found between expected and observed postoperative pain, preoperative anxiety and observed postoperative pain, preoperative depression and observed postoperative pain, placebo, nocebo effects, and observed postoperative pain.

Interpretation and conclusion: Our study showed a strong association between these variables suggesting that post-extraction pain is a multifaceted condition wherein pain expectation, preoperative anxiety, depression, and expectancy regarding the treatment outcome should be scrutinized before the extraction procedure.