Ardavan Mohammad Aghaei, L. Wissow, R. Mojtabai, Hadi Zarafshan, Z. Shahrivar, Amir Hossein Nikzad, Vandad Sharifi
Background: Children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) households are at greater risk for mental illnesses. Socioeconomic status has different dimensions: Objective SES, subjective SES, and contextual SES. Evidence suggests that subjective SES partially mediates the impact of objective SES on mental health. However, these hypotheses have not been tested in Middle Eastern cultures, including Iran. Objectives: We aimed to investigate: (1) if there is an association between parental objective, subjective, and contextual SES measures and their children's mental health in a network of general practitioners' clients, (2) if such an association exists for objective or contextual indicators, is it partially or fully mediated through subjective measure? and (3) if such an association exists, is it affected by children's age? Methods: We assessed 1,103 parent-child pairs in the general practitioners' network of clients. The child's mental health was assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and parental objective SES by education level, subjective SES by the MacArthur scale, and contextual SES by the household neighborhood. Linear regression models were used to investigate the impact of different SES measures on the SDQ score both bivariately and adjusted for each other. A mediation analysis was performed for objective SES' indirect effect on SDQ score through subjective SES. Results: We found a significant association between objective and subjective SES and the SDQ score, which remained significant after adjusting for each other. Both objective and subjective measures had a small effect size (Cohen's f-squared = 0.03). There was no association between contextual SES and SDQ scores in our sample. Conclusions: Socioeconomic status impacts children and adolescents' mental health. However, SES is a multi-dimensional concept. Further research considering different dimensions is needed to understand the interplay of these dimensions in different cultures and contexts. Addressing such exploratory questions may help pave the way for detecting and addressing these social determinants in primary care settings.
{"title":"Parental Objective, Subjective, and Contextual Socioeconomic Status and Children's Mental Health in Iran: The Mediating Effect of the Subjective Measure","authors":"Ardavan Mohammad Aghaei, L. Wissow, R. Mojtabai, Hadi Zarafshan, Z. Shahrivar, Amir Hossein Nikzad, Vandad Sharifi","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-133044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-133044","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) households are at greater risk for mental illnesses. Socioeconomic status has different dimensions: Objective SES, subjective SES, and contextual SES. Evidence suggests that subjective SES partially mediates the impact of objective SES on mental health. However, these hypotheses have not been tested in Middle Eastern cultures, including Iran. Objectives: We aimed to investigate: (1) if there is an association between parental objective, subjective, and contextual SES measures and their children's mental health in a network of general practitioners' clients, (2) if such an association exists for objective or contextual indicators, is it partially or fully mediated through subjective measure? and (3) if such an association exists, is it affected by children's age? Methods: We assessed 1,103 parent-child pairs in the general practitioners' network of clients. The child's mental health was assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and parental objective SES by education level, subjective SES by the MacArthur scale, and contextual SES by the household neighborhood. Linear regression models were used to investigate the impact of different SES measures on the SDQ score both bivariately and adjusted for each other. A mediation analysis was performed for objective SES' indirect effect on SDQ score through subjective SES. Results: We found a significant association between objective and subjective SES and the SDQ score, which remained significant after adjusting for each other. Both objective and subjective measures had a small effect size (Cohen's f-squared = 0.03). There was no association between contextual SES and SDQ scores in our sample. Conclusions: Socioeconomic status impacts children and adolescents' mental health. However, SES is a multi-dimensional concept. Further research considering different dimensions is needed to understand the interplay of these dimensions in different cultures and contexts. Addressing such exploratory questions may help pave the way for detecting and addressing these social determinants in primary care settings.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47055837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahnaz Abdi, A. Maroufi, N. Shams Alizadeh, K. Rahmani
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a threatening and potentially traumatic event, causing psychological problems among communities. So far, few studies have evaluated the long-term psychological impact of COVID-19 on mental health. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among people living in Kurdistan province, Iran, more than two years after the beginning of the pandemic, and to determine factors related to adverse mental outcomes. Methods: Using the convenience sampling method, a web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from 21 March to 21 May 2022. A total of 2,705 respondents completed the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and 2,669 cases were included in the study. We used the multivariable logistic regression analysis to detect factors associated with PTSD. Results: The mean age of the participants was 34.98 ± 10.84 years, and the overall prevalence of PTSD was 38.9%. The potential factors associated with PTSD included younger age, the history of isolation, previous psychiatric disorders, and loss of relatives or friends due to COVID-19 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to our results, the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the mental health of a relatively high percentage of the general population in Kurdistan, Iran. Given the possible long-term mental health effects of the outbreak of acute infectious diseases, planning to improve mental health in vulnerable groups should be considered for the post-COVID-19 era.
{"title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Factors Among COVID-19 Survivors Two Years After the Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey in Kurdistan, Iran","authors":"Mahnaz Abdi, A. Maroufi, N. Shams Alizadeh, K. Rahmani","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-133774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-133774","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a threatening and potentially traumatic event, causing psychological problems among communities. So far, few studies have evaluated the long-term psychological impact of COVID-19 on mental health. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among people living in Kurdistan province, Iran, more than two years after the beginning of the pandemic, and to determine factors related to adverse mental outcomes. Methods: Using the convenience sampling method, a web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from 21 March to 21 May 2022. A total of 2,705 respondents completed the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and 2,669 cases were included in the study. We used the multivariable logistic regression analysis to detect factors associated with PTSD. Results: The mean age of the participants was 34.98 ± 10.84 years, and the overall prevalence of PTSD was 38.9%. The potential factors associated with PTSD included younger age, the history of isolation, previous psychiatric disorders, and loss of relatives or friends due to COVID-19 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to our results, the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the mental health of a relatively high percentage of the general population in Kurdistan, Iran. Given the possible long-term mental health effects of the outbreak of acute infectious diseases, planning to improve mental health in vulnerable groups should be considered for the post-COVID-19 era.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48953137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seyedeh Faezeh Hosseiny, Samaneh Karamali Esmaili, M. Akbarfahimi
Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face some challenges with performing self-care. Many performance components, including sensory and cognitive functions, are effective in performing self-care. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the role of sensory processing and executive functions in performing self-care among preschool children with ASD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 70 children with ASD aged 3-6 years were selected and investigated by adopting convenience sampling. The instruments included the Short Sensory Profile-2 (SSP-2), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression tests. Results: The results of the correlation revealed that executive functions (P≤0.01) and sensory processing (P ≤ 0.005) had a small yet significant inverse relationship with performing self-care activities. The results of stepwise linear regression showed that executive functions and sensory processing were equally capable of predicting self-care activities. Conclusions: It was recommended that therapists should pay enough attention to both executive functions and sensory processing in order to solve the self-care problems of preschool children with ASD. Due to the low correlation between variables, it was also suggested that a multifactorial approach to self-care activities should be employed as well as the role of other factors along with sensory processing and executive function should be considered.
{"title":"Comparing Predictive Effects of Sensory Processing and Executive Functions on Self-care Activities in Pre-school Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"Seyedeh Faezeh Hosseiny, Samaneh Karamali Esmaili, M. Akbarfahimi","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-128520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-128520","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face some challenges with performing self-care. Many performance components, including sensory and cognitive functions, are effective in performing self-care. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the role of sensory processing and executive functions in performing self-care among preschool children with ASD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 70 children with ASD aged 3-6 years were selected and investigated by adopting convenience sampling. The instruments included the Short Sensory Profile-2 (SSP-2), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression tests. Results: The results of the correlation revealed that executive functions (P≤0.01) and sensory processing (P ≤ 0.005) had a small yet significant inverse relationship with performing self-care activities. The results of stepwise linear regression showed that executive functions and sensory processing were equally capable of predicting self-care activities. Conclusions: It was recommended that therapists should pay enough attention to both executive functions and sensory processing in order to solve the self-care problems of preschool children with ASD. Due to the low correlation between variables, it was also suggested that a multifactorial approach to self-care activities should be employed as well as the role of other factors along with sensory processing and executive function should be considered.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48332231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Job burnout is among the most important determinants of employee productivity. Numerous factors affect the function of employees and burnout. Objectives: Based on the available studies on healthcare providers, resilience and burnout are directly related to employee productivity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of resilience training on job burnout in hospital staff. Methods: Forty-six hospital staff were divided into case and control groups (23 in each group) and enrolled in the present pre-and post-intervention study. Each group completed the pre-test to assess resilience and burnout based on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Maslach Burnout Questionnaire (MBQ). The case group received six one-hour training sessions. During these sessions, some resilience and coping skills were provided. At the end of the sessions, the participants in both groups completed the resilience and burnout questionnaires. After one month, the staff filled in these questionnaires again, and the results of the questionnaires were compared before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests using SPSS version 19 software. Results: The mean age of study participants was 38.47 and 36 years in the case and control groups, respectively, and demographic features were not significantly different between the study groups. The total score of the burnout scale decreased after the intervention in the case group and increased in the control group. In addition, after the intervention, the mean score of the total burnout scale was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. All subscales in the case group significantly decreased after the intervention, while all subscales increased in the control group. This increase was significant in the emotional exhaustion subscale in the control group. Only emotional exhaustion after the intervention was significantly reduced in the case group. The resilience score in the case group increased significantly one month after the intervention. Conclusions: Resilience training as 6 one-hour training sessions significantly improved job burnout, and health officials can use this training method to improve the health and function of employees.
背景:工作倦怠是员工生产力最重要的决定因素之一。影响员工职能和职业倦怠的因素很多。目的:基于对医疗服务提供者的现有研究，弹性和倦怠与员工生产力直接相关。本研究旨在探讨弹性训练对医院员工工作倦怠的影响。方法:将46名医院工作人员分为病例组和对照组(每组23人)，分别进行干预前后研究。各组均完成基于Connor-Davidson弹性量表(CD-RISC)和Maslach职业倦怠问卷(MBQ)的心理弹性和职业倦怠预测试。案例组接受了六次一小时的培训。在这些课程中，提供了一些适应力和应对技能。在课程结束时，两组参与者都完成了弹性和倦怠问卷。一个月后，工作人员再次填写这些问卷，并将干预前后的问卷结果进行比较。采用SPSS version 19软件对数据进行描述性统计和Mann-Whitney和Kruskal-Wallis检验。结果:病例组和对照组的平均年龄分别为38.47岁和36岁，人口统计学特征在两组间无显著差异。病例组干预后倦怠量表总分下降，对照组干预后倦怠量表总分上升。此外，干预后，干预组总倦怠量表平均得分显著低于对照组。病例组的所有量表在干预后均显著降低，而对照组的所有量表均升高。这种增加在控制组的情绪耗竭分量表中是显著的。在病例组中，只有干预后的情绪耗竭显著减少。个案组的弹性评分在干预后一个月显著增加。结论:弹性训练为6次1小时的培训，可显著改善工作倦怠，卫生官员可以使用这种培训方法来改善员工的健康和功能。
{"title":"Effect of Resilience Training on Job Burnout of Hospital Nursing Staff","authors":"Nafiseh Safavi, M. Kamrani, N. Asgharipour","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-129429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-129429","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Job burnout is among the most important determinants of employee productivity. Numerous factors affect the function of employees and burnout. Objectives: Based on the available studies on healthcare providers, resilience and burnout are directly related to employee productivity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of resilience training on job burnout in hospital staff. Methods: Forty-six hospital staff were divided into case and control groups (23 in each group) and enrolled in the present pre-and post-intervention study. Each group completed the pre-test to assess resilience and burnout based on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Maslach Burnout Questionnaire (MBQ). The case group received six one-hour training sessions. During these sessions, some resilience and coping skills were provided. At the end of the sessions, the participants in both groups completed the resilience and burnout questionnaires. After one month, the staff filled in these questionnaires again, and the results of the questionnaires were compared before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests using SPSS version 19 software. Results: The mean age of study participants was 38.47 and 36 years in the case and control groups, respectively, and demographic features were not significantly different between the study groups. The total score of the burnout scale decreased after the intervention in the case group and increased in the control group. In addition, after the intervention, the mean score of the total burnout scale was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. All subscales in the case group significantly decreased after the intervention, while all subscales increased in the control group. This increase was significant in the emotional exhaustion subscale in the control group. Only emotional exhaustion after the intervention was significantly reduced in the case group. The resilience score in the case group increased significantly one month after the intervention. Conclusions: Resilience training as 6 one-hour training sessions significantly improved job burnout, and health officials can use this training method to improve the health and function of employees.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44391610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saeid Fallah, Y. Mehrabi, M. Vakili, F. Derakhshanpour, S. H. Hashemi Nazari
Background: Suicide risk factors can be used to develop tools for suicide attempt prediction and prevention. Objectives: We aimed to design a model to evaluate the risk of suicide related to socio-economic, demographic, health, and drug dependency factors. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in a 15-65-year-old population of Golestan province, Iran. The case group included 414 individuals with a history of suicide in 2019, and the control group had 408 individuals without suicide attempts. Demographic, psychosocial health, and drug dependency data were collected. Modeling was carried out using multivariate logistic regression. The performance of suicide-predicting models was assessed, and a nomogram for the probability of suicide was drawn. Results: A multivariate logistic regression model with age, gender, education level, mother's education level, marital status, life satisfaction, membership in cyberspace, sleep disorders, alcohol abuse, having suicidal thoughts, the interaction of gender with life satisfaction, and the interaction of gender with mother's education level was the best predicting model of suicide attempt (AUC = 0.934, CI: 0.91 - 0.95). The variables of father's education level, occupation, job satisfaction, household size, financial status, regular exercise, guardianship status, history of self-harm, history of suicide attempt in the family, smoking and drug abuse had no significant relationship with suicide attempt. 5.1. Conclusions: The results suggest that designed models can help mental health service providers to identify high-risk individuals early. So we can better manage suicide and reduce its economic, social, and health burdens.
{"title":"Modeling Suicide Attempt: A Population-Based Case-Control Study","authors":"Saeid Fallah, Y. Mehrabi, M. Vakili, F. Derakhshanpour, S. H. Hashemi Nazari","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-132077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-132077","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Suicide risk factors can be used to develop tools for suicide attempt prediction and prevention. Objectives: We aimed to design a model to evaluate the risk of suicide related to socio-economic, demographic, health, and drug dependency factors. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in a 15-65-year-old population of Golestan province, Iran. The case group included 414 individuals with a history of suicide in 2019, and the control group had 408 individuals without suicide attempts. Demographic, psychosocial health, and drug dependency data were collected. Modeling was carried out using multivariate logistic regression. The performance of suicide-predicting models was assessed, and a nomogram for the probability of suicide was drawn. Results: A multivariate logistic regression model with age, gender, education level, mother's education level, marital status, life satisfaction, membership in cyberspace, sleep disorders, alcohol abuse, having suicidal thoughts, the interaction of gender with life satisfaction, and the interaction of gender with mother's education level was the best predicting model of suicide attempt (AUC = 0.934, CI: 0.91 - 0.95). The variables of father's education level, occupation, job satisfaction, household size, financial status, regular exercise, guardianship status, history of self-harm, history of suicide attempt in the family, smoking and drug abuse had no significant relationship with suicide attempt. 5.1. Conclusions: The results suggest that designed models can help mental health service providers to identify high-risk individuals early. So we can better manage suicide and reduce its economic, social, and health burdens.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44700415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Hadinezhad, Ali Yaghoubinia, Pouria Rahgosha, M. Moosazadeh
Background: Alcohol consumption is one of the most common problematic issues globally that usually causes high costs for the health system. Also, schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder responsible for a heavy burden on healthcare providers. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate alcohol use and alcoholism in schizophrenia in Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was conducted on 400 individuals with schizophrenia referred to the psychiatry hospital of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. History of alcohol consumption and the criteria of alcohol use disorder according to DSM-5-TR were sought during the interviews using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Results: Of the patients, 45.5% had drunk alcohol at some point in their lives, 23% had low-risk alcohol consumption, and 10% experienced high-risk consumption. In addition, 1.5% of our sample suffered from alcoholism, according to the AUDIT. Conclusions: The results of our study in Iran regarding alcohol use in schizophrenia are more similar to those of Western countries than eastern countries. The ratio of alcohol use in schizophrenia compared with the general population was even higher in our study than in western countries.
{"title":"Alcohol Use and Alcoholism Among Individuals with Schizophrenia in the North of Iran","authors":"P. Hadinezhad, Ali Yaghoubinia, Pouria Rahgosha, M. Moosazadeh","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-132922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-132922","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Alcohol consumption is one of the most common problematic issues globally that usually causes high costs for the health system. Also, schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder responsible for a heavy burden on healthcare providers. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate alcohol use and alcoholism in schizophrenia in Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was conducted on 400 individuals with schizophrenia referred to the psychiatry hospital of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. History of alcohol consumption and the criteria of alcohol use disorder according to DSM-5-TR were sought during the interviews using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Results: Of the patients, 45.5% had drunk alcohol at some point in their lives, 23% had low-risk alcohol consumption, and 10% experienced high-risk consumption. In addition, 1.5% of our sample suffered from alcoholism, according to the AUDIT. Conclusions: The results of our study in Iran regarding alcohol use in schizophrenia are more similar to those of Western countries than eastern countries. The ratio of alcohol use in schizophrenia compared with the general population was even higher in our study than in western countries.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42311688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Hassani, Reza Pournarani, T. Aghamolaei, S. Mohseni, Sajjad Narimani
Background: Breakfast is a very important meal. It can either make or break your day, and it can be a daunting task. Objectives: We used the transtheoretical model (TTM) to assess the trend of breakfast eating among elementary school students in Jiroft city, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive‑analytic research, 290 elementary school students in Jiroft city were selected using stratified sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire to assess breakfast eating trends according to TTM. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Approximately 9.3% of the participants were in the precontemplation stage, 21.7% in the contemplation stage, 7.2% in the action stage, 53.4% in the preparation stage, and 8.3% in the maintenance stage. There was a significant relationship between TTM constructs and stages of change in breakfast consumption 2 or more times a week. Moving from the precontemplation stage to the maintenance stage was associated with an increase in decisional balance, processes of change, and self‑efficacy (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It is suggested to emphasize the importance of perceived benefits and greater self-efficacy in the design of educational interventions based on this model, increase the use of change processes, and decrease the perceived barriers as much as possible to establish correct behaviors.
{"title":"Breakfast Eating in Elementary School Students in Jiroft, Iran: An Application of Transtheoretical Model","authors":"L. Hassani, Reza Pournarani, T. Aghamolaei, S. Mohseni, Sajjad Narimani","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-133232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-133232","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breakfast is a very important meal. It can either make or break your day, and it can be a daunting task. Objectives: We used the transtheoretical model (TTM) to assess the trend of breakfast eating among elementary school students in Jiroft city, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive‑analytic research, 290 elementary school students in Jiroft city were selected using stratified sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire to assess breakfast eating trends according to TTM. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Approximately 9.3% of the participants were in the precontemplation stage, 21.7% in the contemplation stage, 7.2% in the action stage, 53.4% in the preparation stage, and 8.3% in the maintenance stage. There was a significant relationship between TTM constructs and stages of change in breakfast consumption 2 or more times a week. Moving from the precontemplation stage to the maintenance stage was associated with an increase in decisional balance, processes of change, and self‑efficacy (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It is suggested to emphasize the importance of perceived benefits and greater self-efficacy in the design of educational interventions based on this model, increase the use of change processes, and decrease the perceived barriers as much as possible to establish correct behaviors.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42569848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atefeh Akbari, Hamid Sharif Nia, M. Zarghami, P. Azari, Fatemeh Hendouei, N. Hendouei
Background: Studies showed that the adherence to practice guidelines is associated with a higher quality of care and better patient’s outcomes. In psychiatric practice, there is a quality gap between Practice guidelines (PGs) and routine clinical practice for the patients with schizophrenia which potentially hinders their recovery. One of the important reasons for this persistent gap is the lack of systematic methods to evaluate prescribers’ adherence to practice guidelines. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a medication assessment tool (MAT) to evaluate prescribers’ adherence to pharmacotherapy recommendations in PGs during the acute phase of schizophrenia (APSCZ) in Iran (MATAPSCZ). Methods: This methodological cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2021 to April 2022. According to the literature review and discussions in the research group, an item pool of 91 items was developed. Then face and content validity of the scale were evaluated. Then, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to specify the factor structure. At last, the reliability and responsiveness of the scale were assessed. The study sample consisted of 200 Iranian psychiatrists and final-year psychiatry residents. Results: Eleven items were merged in qualitative content validity. Then, sixteen and six items were excluded from the scale in terms of having low content validity ratios and corrected item-total correlation, respectively. In exploratory factor analysis, the remaining 48 items were classified into six factors, which included 50.1% of the total variance. Based on the results, Cronbach’s alpha, and McDonald’s omega of all factors were higher than 0.7, AIC was 0.2 to 0.4 for all factors, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for MATAPSCZ was 0.914. The standard error of measurement was ± 4.5, and the percentage of minimum detectable change for the tool was calculated to be 6.15%, which indicates its excellent responsiveness. Conclusions: The MATAPSCZ has acceptable psychometric properties and could be a useful tool to evaluate prescribers’ adherence to practice guidelines pharmacotherapy recommendations during the APSCZ.
{"title":"A Medication Assessment Tool to Evaluate Prescribers’ Adherence to Practice Guidelines in Acute-Phase Schizophrenia Treatment: Development and Psychometric properties","authors":"Atefeh Akbari, Hamid Sharif Nia, M. Zarghami, P. Azari, Fatemeh Hendouei, N. Hendouei","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-133703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-133703","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Studies showed that the adherence to practice guidelines is associated with a higher quality of care and better patient’s outcomes. In psychiatric practice, there is a quality gap between Practice guidelines (PGs) and routine clinical practice for the patients with schizophrenia which potentially hinders their recovery. One of the important reasons for this persistent gap is the lack of systematic methods to evaluate prescribers’ adherence to practice guidelines. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a medication assessment tool (MAT) to evaluate prescribers’ adherence to pharmacotherapy recommendations in PGs during the acute phase of schizophrenia (APSCZ) in Iran (MATAPSCZ). Methods: This methodological cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2021 to April 2022. According to the literature review and discussions in the research group, an item pool of 91 items was developed. Then face and content validity of the scale were evaluated. Then, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to specify the factor structure. At last, the reliability and responsiveness of the scale were assessed. The study sample consisted of 200 Iranian psychiatrists and final-year psychiatry residents. Results: Eleven items were merged in qualitative content validity. Then, sixteen and six items were excluded from the scale in terms of having low content validity ratios and corrected item-total correlation, respectively. In exploratory factor analysis, the remaining 48 items were classified into six factors, which included 50.1% of the total variance. Based on the results, Cronbach’s alpha, and McDonald’s omega of all factors were higher than 0.7, AIC was 0.2 to 0.4 for all factors, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for MATAPSCZ was 0.914. The standard error of measurement was ± 4.5, and the percentage of minimum detectable change for the tool was calculated to be 6.15%, which indicates its excellent responsiveness. Conclusions: The MATAPSCZ has acceptable psychometric properties and could be a useful tool to evaluate prescribers’ adherence to practice guidelines pharmacotherapy recommendations during the APSCZ.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42511029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hossein Aryan, F. Faridhosseini, M. Gharavi, Tanin Tamiztousi, M. Ziaee
Background: Defense mechanisms are essential to personality and behavior that help individuals deal with stress. These mechanisms might act in different ways, rendering medical students caring physicians or egoistic individuals, and thus, a good understanding of defense mechanisms can contribute to the efforts made to improve the psychological well-being of medical students. Objectives: We studied the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and alexithymia as determinants of psychological well-being and the mechanisms by which medical students might cope with stress and anxiety. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 medical students, 126 (60%) females and 96 (40%) males, in northeast Iran. Data were collected through GAD-7, the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), and the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 22.0. Pearson's chi-square test, bivariate correlations, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify associations between GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms. Results: A total of 87 (37.5%) participants showed moderate to severe anxiety. Alexithymia was detected in 49 (21%) participants. Mature defense mechanisms had the highest prevalence among participants (56.5%), while immature mechanisms had the least (23.3%). A significant positive correlation was noted between GAD and alexithymia. Also, GAD was positively correlated with immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between mature defense mechanisms and GAD (P < 0.001). Suppression and humor (mature mechanisms) were the negative predictors of GAD. Reaction formation, somatization, autistic fantasy, splitting, passive aggression, displacement, and pseudo-altruism (an immature and neurotic mechanism) were the positive predictors of GAD. Conclusions: The statistically significant correlations found among GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms suggest that a good understanding of these conditions and mechanisms can contribute to alleviating anxiety among medical students and improving their psychological well-being.
{"title":"Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Alexithymia, and Defense Mechanisms Among Medical Students of Northeastern Iran","authors":"Hossein Aryan, F. Faridhosseini, M. Gharavi, Tanin Tamiztousi, M. Ziaee","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-128433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-128433","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Defense mechanisms are essential to personality and behavior that help individuals deal with stress. These mechanisms might act in different ways, rendering medical students caring physicians or egoistic individuals, and thus, a good understanding of defense mechanisms can contribute to the efforts made to improve the psychological well-being of medical students. Objectives: We studied the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and alexithymia as determinants of psychological well-being and the mechanisms by which medical students might cope with stress and anxiety. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 medical students, 126 (60%) females and 96 (40%) males, in northeast Iran. Data were collected through GAD-7, the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), and the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 22.0. Pearson's chi-square test, bivariate correlations, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify associations between GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms. Results: A total of 87 (37.5%) participants showed moderate to severe anxiety. Alexithymia was detected in 49 (21%) participants. Mature defense mechanisms had the highest prevalence among participants (56.5%), while immature mechanisms had the least (23.3%). A significant positive correlation was noted between GAD and alexithymia. Also, GAD was positively correlated with immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between mature defense mechanisms and GAD (P < 0.001). Suppression and humor (mature mechanisms) were the negative predictors of GAD. Reaction formation, somatization, autistic fantasy, splitting, passive aggression, displacement, and pseudo-altruism (an immature and neurotic mechanism) were the positive predictors of GAD. Conclusions: The statistically significant correlations found among GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms suggest that a good understanding of these conditions and mechanisms can contribute to alleviating anxiety among medical students and improving their psychological well-being.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43554406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Alizadeh, B. Bahmani, M. Khanjani, M. Azkhosh, Shima Shakiba, M. Vahedi
Background: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disease that causes the impaired conversion of melanin, thus leading to the development of vision impairment and skin/hair-related complications. This disease can also cause extensive psychosocial consequences for patients with this disease. Objectives: This research aimed to provide a deep understanding of the lived experience of people with albinism (PWA) in Iran. Methods: This research has been conducted using a qualitative approach. The sampling was done as purposive and continued until reaching data saturation. The data were collected through deep semi-structured interviews, and then analyzed via thematic analysis, after transcribing the interviews and removing the similar codes, 1077 initial codes were extracted. The categories were coded using open coding indirect process alongside several times of reading the text and allocating relevant codes through constant comparison of codes with each other. Results: The results obtained from data analysis led to extraction of three main themes including: (1) challenges; (2) perceived sources of support; and (3) psychological mechanisms of coping with challenges. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this research, the main challenges of PWA were categorized into two major groups: Body-based challenges and psychosocial challenges. The perceived support sources of these people against these challenges were social supports and access to facilitator tools. The psychological mechanisms were divided into adaptive and maladaptive sub-categories. The findings of this research can provide a deeper understanding of the needs of these people for providing optimal care and ultimately promote their psychosocial well-being and also can be employed in developing interpretive theories about the biopsychosocial conditions of PWA.
{"title":"Surveying the Experiences of People with Albinism in Iran: Qualitative Research","authors":"T. Alizadeh, B. Bahmani, M. Khanjani, M. Azkhosh, Shima Shakiba, M. Vahedi","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-132504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-132504","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disease that causes the impaired conversion of melanin, thus leading to the development of vision impairment and skin/hair-related complications. This disease can also cause extensive psychosocial consequences for patients with this disease. Objectives: This research aimed to provide a deep understanding of the lived experience of people with albinism (PWA) in Iran. Methods: This research has been conducted using a qualitative approach. The sampling was done as purposive and continued until reaching data saturation. The data were collected through deep semi-structured interviews, and then analyzed via thematic analysis, after transcribing the interviews and removing the similar codes, 1077 initial codes were extracted. The categories were coded using open coding indirect process alongside several times of reading the text and allocating relevant codes through constant comparison of codes with each other. Results: The results obtained from data analysis led to extraction of three main themes including: (1) challenges; (2) perceived sources of support; and (3) psychological mechanisms of coping with challenges. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this research, the main challenges of PWA were categorized into two major groups: Body-based challenges and psychosocial challenges. The perceived support sources of these people against these challenges were social supports and access to facilitator tools. The psychological mechanisms were divided into adaptive and maladaptive sub-categories. The findings of this research can provide a deeper understanding of the needs of these people for providing optimal care and ultimately promote their psychosocial well-being and also can be employed in developing interpretive theories about the biopsychosocial conditions of PWA.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47265959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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