Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common and debilitating sleep disorder with both mental and physical complications. Although medical treatments may improve OSA symptoms, they may not affect its mental sequelae. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of training the components of compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on sleep quality, anxiety, and memory in patients with OSA. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 37 patients (18 to 65 years old) with confirmed OSA diagnosed in the past year with a minimum apnea index score of 5 and no history of medical or psychiatric diseases. The study was conducted between 2022 and 2023. Exclusion criteria were being absent from more than two training sessions, experiencing stressful events, and refusing to continue the study. The intervention group (n = 19) received the training component of CFT in 8 sessions (once a week), while the control group received no psychological intervention. The Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI), Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), as well as a demographic information questionnaire, were filled out by the participants at the baseline and after the intervention. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic variables. The training component of CFT was effective in reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality, as well as the audio-verbal and visual-spatial components of short-term memory in patients with OSA (P < 0.05) Conclusions: The training component of CFT was efficient and beneficial in reducing anxiety and improving immediate memory and sleep quality in patients with OSA.
背景：阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）是一种常见的令人衰弱的睡眠障碍，具有精神和身体并发症。虽然药物治疗可以改善 OSA 的症状，但可能不会影响其精神后遗症。研究目的本研究旨在评估以同情为中心的疗法（CFT）对 OSA 患者的睡眠质量、焦虑和记忆力的影响。方法：本实验研究以 37 名 OSA 患者为对象：这项实验研究的对象是 37 名在过去一年中确诊为 OSA 的患者（18 至 65 岁），他们的呼吸暂停指数至少为 5 分，且无医疗或精神疾病史。研究时间为 2022 年至 2023 年。排除标准包括缺席两次以上的培训课程、经历压力事件以及拒绝继续参加研究。干预组（n = 19）接受 8 次 CFT 训练（每周一次），对照组不接受任何心理干预。受试者在基线和干预后填写了皮茨堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）、雷伊听觉-言语学习测试（RAVLT）、雷伊-奥斯特里赫斯复合图形（ROCF）和贝克焦虑量表（BAI）以及人口统计学信息问卷。结果显示在人口统计学变量方面，两组之间没有明显差异。CFT的训练部分能有效减轻OSA患者的焦虑，改善睡眠质量，以及短期记忆中的听觉-语言和视觉-空间部分（P<0.05） 结论：CFT的训练部分能有效减轻OSA患者的焦虑，改善睡眠质量，以及短期记忆中的听觉-语言和视觉-空间部分（P<0.05）：CFT的训练部分能有效减轻OSA患者的焦虑，改善其即时记忆和睡眠质量。
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Training the Components of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Memory, Anxiety, and Sleep Quality in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea","authors":"Elham Didehban, Sajad Ayoubi, Hamed Tabesh, Mohammad Mohammad-Zadeh, Lahya Afshari Saleh, Negar Asgharipour","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-138912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-138912","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common and debilitating sleep disorder with both mental and physical complications. Although medical treatments may improve OSA symptoms, they may not affect its mental sequelae. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of training the components of compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on sleep quality, anxiety, and memory in patients with OSA. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 37 patients (18 to 65 years old) with confirmed OSA diagnosed in the past year with a minimum apnea index score of 5 and no history of medical or psychiatric diseases. The study was conducted between 2022 and 2023. Exclusion criteria were being absent from more than two training sessions, experiencing stressful events, and refusing to continue the study. The intervention group (n = 19) received the training component of CFT in 8 sessions (once a week), while the control group received no psychological intervention. The Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI), Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), as well as a demographic information questionnaire, were filled out by the participants at the baseline and after the intervention. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic variables. The training component of CFT was effective in reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality, as well as the audio-verbal and visual-spatial components of short-term memory in patients with OSA (P < 0.05) Conclusions: The training component of CFT was efficient and beneficial in reducing anxiety and improving immediate memory and sleep quality in patients with OSA.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139387470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Acute psychiatric problems are increasingly observed following substance abuse in emergency departments. To address this significant societal issue, it is essential to understand its various dimensions in order to develop comprehensive control policies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate substance use and its related factors in patients admitted to a psychiatric emergency ward in Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients admitted to the Emergency Department of Zare Referral Psychiatry hospital during 2011 - 2012. A checklist of demographic and psychiatric factors was completed for each patient based on their medical records. Urine rapid tests were routinely conducted in this department to screen for drug consumption. Descriptive statistics, central and dispersion indices, and the chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 578 cases, comprising 406 males (70.2%) and 172 females (29.8%), were examined. The mean age of patients was 34.7 ± 11.2 years. The most common symptoms reported were aggression (50.5%), insomnia (11.2%), paranoia (10.7%), and self-talk (8.1%), respectively. The most frequent final clinical diagnosis was bipolar disorder in 145 cases (25.1%), followed by schizophrenia in 131 cases (22.7%), and substance-induced psychotic disorder in 63 cases (10.9%). In the substance use screening among patients, the urine test was positive for morphine in 17.6% of the patients. Methamphetamine, methadone, and cannabis tests were positive in 16.1%, 9.5%, and 3.5% of cases, respectively. Among patients with positive urine tests (for methamphetamine, methadone, or morphine), the most common clinical diagnosis was substance-induced psychotic disorder, followed by schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and substance-induced psychotic disorder were the two most common diagnoses in patients with positive cannabis urine tests, respectively. Conclusions: The high rate of substance abuse among psychiatric emergency patients, often co-occurring with other psychiatric disorders, the significant prevalence of psychosis, and the behavioral risks associated with these patients emphasize the need for special attention to this biopsychosocial problem.
{"title":"Substance Use in Patients Admitted to the Psychiatric Emergency Department in Northern Iran","authors":"M. Zarghami, Ali Khosboresh Astaneh","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-139157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-139157","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acute psychiatric problems are increasingly observed following substance abuse in emergency departments. To address this significant societal issue, it is essential to understand its various dimensions in order to develop comprehensive control policies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate substance use and its related factors in patients admitted to a psychiatric emergency ward in Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients admitted to the Emergency Department of Zare Referral Psychiatry hospital during 2011 - 2012. A checklist of demographic and psychiatric factors was completed for each patient based on their medical records. Urine rapid tests were routinely conducted in this department to screen for drug consumption. Descriptive statistics, central and dispersion indices, and the chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 578 cases, comprising 406 males (70.2%) and 172 females (29.8%), were examined. The mean age of patients was 34.7 ± 11.2 years. The most common symptoms reported were aggression (50.5%), insomnia (11.2%), paranoia (10.7%), and self-talk (8.1%), respectively. The most frequent final clinical diagnosis was bipolar disorder in 145 cases (25.1%), followed by schizophrenia in 131 cases (22.7%), and substance-induced psychotic disorder in 63 cases (10.9%). In the substance use screening among patients, the urine test was positive for morphine in 17.6% of the patients. Methamphetamine, methadone, and cannabis tests were positive in 16.1%, 9.5%, and 3.5% of cases, respectively. Among patients with positive urine tests (for methamphetamine, methadone, or morphine), the most common clinical diagnosis was substance-induced psychotic disorder, followed by schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and substance-induced psychotic disorder were the two most common diagnoses in patients with positive cannabis urine tests, respectively. Conclusions: The high rate of substance abuse among psychiatric emergency patients, often co-occurring with other psychiatric disorders, the significant prevalence of psychosis, and the behavioral risks associated with these patients emphasize the need for special attention to this biopsychosocial problem.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139388782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Shahvari, Parastou Yousefali, R. Firoozikhojastefar
Background: Empathy has been known as one of the fundamental principles of medical professions. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the perspectives of midwives’ trainers, students, and personnel about empathy in maternity hospitals. Methods: A qualitative design using a content analysis approach was used to explore the experiences of midwives’ trainers, students, and personnel in the maternity setting in Gachsaran, Iran. The study involved the recruitment of 41 participants, including 24 students, 14 personnel, and 3 midwifery trainers, who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through 2 rounds of semi-structured interviews conducted via WhatsApp, with participants responding to 2 sets of questions. The text was analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis, and the extracted codes were managed using MAXQDA software. Results: In general, 265 codes were extracted from the participants' interviews, which were classified into 3 categories (ie, "Client management is a top priority for every midwife, "the meaning of empathy," and “essentials in empathy”) and 9 subcategories. A total of 121 codes explained how to manage clients, 64 codes were related to the meaning of empathy, and 77 codes were linked to what people must consider in empathy. Conclusions: Empathy is a crucial concept in the field of midwifery and should be included in the curriculum. It is essential to emphasize the correlation between empathy and other aspects of midwifery, such as communication skills, clinical competence, and ethics. We recommend that both staff and students undergo ongoing training in the area of professional conduct to enable them to make informed decisions in challenging situations.
{"title":"Rules, Responsibility, and Empathy in Maternity Hospitals: A Qualitative Study in Iran","authors":"Z. Shahvari, Parastou Yousefali, R. Firoozikhojastefar","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-140115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-140115","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Empathy has been known as one of the fundamental principles of medical professions. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the perspectives of midwives’ trainers, students, and personnel about empathy in maternity hospitals. Methods: A qualitative design using a content analysis approach was used to explore the experiences of midwives’ trainers, students, and personnel in the maternity setting in Gachsaran, Iran. The study involved the recruitment of 41 participants, including 24 students, 14 personnel, and 3 midwifery trainers, who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through 2 rounds of semi-structured interviews conducted via WhatsApp, with participants responding to 2 sets of questions. The text was analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis, and the extracted codes were managed using MAXQDA software. Results: In general, 265 codes were extracted from the participants' interviews, which were classified into 3 categories (ie, \"Client management is a top priority for every midwife, \"the meaning of empathy,\" and “essentials in empathy”) and 9 subcategories. A total of 121 codes explained how to manage clients, 64 codes were related to the meaning of empathy, and 77 codes were linked to what people must consider in empathy. Conclusions: Empathy is a crucial concept in the field of midwifery and should be included in the curriculum. It is essential to emphasize the correlation between empathy and other aspects of midwifery, such as communication skills, clinical competence, and ethics. We recommend that both staff and students undergo ongoing training in the area of professional conduct to enable them to make informed decisions in challenging situations.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139134008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by a gradual onset and progressive deterioration. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain antihyperglycemic drugs can slow down the progression of AD. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of sitagliptin (SG) and metformin (MTF) on scopolamine (SCP)-induced learning and memory impairment in both diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Methods: This experimental study was conducted with two subgroups of mice, one diabetic and one non-diabetic. Over a 14-day period, the animals received different doses of SG and MTF in addition to a combination of these two drugs. On the 14th day, SCP was administered, followed by a memory impairment test (passive avoidance learning) conducted 45 minutes later. Subsequently, the animals were sacrificed, and brain samples were collected to measure oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results: The obtained findings revealed that intraperitoneal injection of SCP impaired learning and memory function and caused brain oxidative damage in both diabetic and healthy mice. In healthy mice, the administration of high doses of MTF (500 mg/kg) and SG (20 mg/kg), in addition to the combination of these two drugs, significantly reduced memory impairment and oxidative stress. However, in the diabetic groups, only MTF and the combination of MTF with SG could reduce memory impairment and oxidative stress. Conclusions: The authors concluded that these antidiabetic drugs ameliorated oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant capacity and improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Furthermore, the combination of these two drugs yielded more favorable results.
{"title":"Effects of Sitagliptin and Metformin on Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Mice","authors":"Amirali Arimi, Davood Farzin, Mitra Mahmoudi, Mohammad Reza Shiran, Gholamreza Houshmand","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-138984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-138984","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by a gradual onset and progressive deterioration. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain antihyperglycemic drugs can slow down the progression of AD. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of sitagliptin (SG) and metformin (MTF) on scopolamine (SCP)-induced learning and memory impairment in both diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Methods: This experimental study was conducted with two subgroups of mice, one diabetic and one non-diabetic. Over a 14-day period, the animals received different doses of SG and MTF in addition to a combination of these two drugs. On the 14th day, SCP was administered, followed by a memory impairment test (passive avoidance learning) conducted 45 minutes later. Subsequently, the animals were sacrificed, and brain samples were collected to measure oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results: The obtained findings revealed that intraperitoneal injection of SCP impaired learning and memory function and caused brain oxidative damage in both diabetic and healthy mice. In healthy mice, the administration of high doses of MTF (500 mg/kg) and SG (20 mg/kg), in addition to the combination of these two drugs, significantly reduced memory impairment and oxidative stress. However, in the diabetic groups, only MTF and the combination of MTF with SG could reduce memory impairment and oxidative stress. Conclusions: The authors concluded that these antidiabetic drugs ameliorated oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant capacity and improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Furthermore, the combination of these two drugs yielded more favorable results.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138974774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seyedeh Sahar Ghoreishi, Samaneh Pourhadi, Seyed Reza Hosseini, A. Hamidia
Background: Various physical and mental problems and diseases may develop with aging. Poor sleep quality is the third most common major problem in older adults, affecting all aspects of life. Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) can be used to treat the disease in older adults. Objectives: This interventional study attempted to investigate the effect of EFT on sleep quality, sleepiness, and quality of life of older adults. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study. The selection of the participants was based on the convenience sampling method. Twenty-one people participated in the study and were divided into two groups of interventions. The study was conducted in the adult day-care center. In one group, 11 people and in the other group, 10 people were included. First, an educational session regarding sleep hygiene was held. Then, the EFT was administered for 4 weeks, 2 sessions per week, and each session lasted for 30 - 45 minutes in the intervention group by the student (first author); sleep hygiene training was also provided for the second group. Study measures included the PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the quality-of-life scale. Follow-ups were performed after the intervention and one month later. The statistical tests used were repeated measures and chi-Square tests. A P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The trend of changes in sleep quality (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively) and sleepiness (P = 0.023, P = 0.001, respectively) was incremental and significant before and after the intervention and one month later in each of the groups, but results show that there was no significant interaction effect for any subscale, including subjective sleep quality (P = 0.786), sleepiness (P = 0.568), and quality of life (P = 0.289). Conclusions: According to the results, the EFT was effective on sleep quality, sleepiness, and quality of life of older adults in the adult day-care center, and sleep hygiene was influential.
{"title":"The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques on Sleep Quality, Sleepiness and Quality of Life of Older Adults in Adult Day-Care Center","authors":"Seyedeh Sahar Ghoreishi, Samaneh Pourhadi, Seyed Reza Hosseini, A. Hamidia","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-126985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-126985","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Various physical and mental problems and diseases may develop with aging. Poor sleep quality is the third most common major problem in older adults, affecting all aspects of life. Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) can be used to treat the disease in older adults. Objectives: This interventional study attempted to investigate the effect of EFT on sleep quality, sleepiness, and quality of life of older adults. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study. The selection of the participants was based on the convenience sampling method. Twenty-one people participated in the study and were divided into two groups of interventions. The study was conducted in the adult day-care center. In one group, 11 people and in the other group, 10 people were included. First, an educational session regarding sleep hygiene was held. Then, the EFT was administered for 4 weeks, 2 sessions per week, and each session lasted for 30 - 45 minutes in the intervention group by the student (first author); sleep hygiene training was also provided for the second group. Study measures included the PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the quality-of-life scale. Follow-ups were performed after the intervention and one month later. The statistical tests used were repeated measures and chi-Square tests. A P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The trend of changes in sleep quality (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively) and sleepiness (P = 0.023, P = 0.001, respectively) was incremental and significant before and after the intervention and one month later in each of the groups, but results show that there was no significant interaction effect for any subscale, including subjective sleep quality (P = 0.786), sleepiness (P = 0.568), and quality of life (P = 0.289). Conclusions: According to the results, the EFT was effective on sleep quality, sleepiness, and quality of life of older adults in the adult day-care center, and sleep hygiene was influential.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139275934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication, has greatly affected family caregivers, leading to subjective and objective care burdens on them. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explain the care burden of family caregivers of children with ASD from the perspective of family caregivers. Methods: In this qualitative study, 14 family caregivers were purposefully selected. The data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The coding of the data was performed using MAXQDA 10 software, and then the data were analyzed by the content analysis method. Results: After the data coding, 266 codes were obtained, which were then classified into three main categories, including context and background, health factors (physical and mental health), and social support (formal and informal support). Conclusions: The results of the study showed that family caregivers bear the caregiving and mental burden of taking care of their autistic children. Besides adding to our body of knowledge and understanding of the problems encountered by caregivers, this study showed that the caregiving burden can be reduced by providing social support for the caregivers of autistic children.
{"title":"An Explanation of the Concept of the Care Burden of Family Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder from the Perspective of Family Caregivers","authors":"Sima Zohari Anboohi, Nastaran Poorkhorshidi, Jamileh Mohtashami, Hamid Alavi Majd, Zeynab Khodayari Motlaq, Arezoo Shahsavari","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-119428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-119428","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication, has greatly affected family caregivers, leading to subjective and objective care burdens on them. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explain the care burden of family caregivers of children with ASD from the perspective of family caregivers. Methods: In this qualitative study, 14 family caregivers were purposefully selected. The data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The coding of the data was performed using MAXQDA 10 software, and then the data were analyzed by the content analysis method. Results: After the data coding, 266 codes were obtained, which were then classified into three main categories, including context and background, health factors (physical and mental health), and social support (formal and informal support). Conclusions: The results of the study showed that family caregivers bear the caregiving and mental burden of taking care of their autistic children. Besides adding to our body of knowledge and understanding of the problems encountered by caregivers, this study showed that the caregiving burden can be reduced by providing social support for the caregivers of autistic children.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Taghi Kheirkhah, Setareh Mokhtari, Fatemeh Bakouie, Shahriar Gharibzadeh
Background: According to the perceptual load theory, distractor processing is determined by the perceptual load. On the other hand, alternative explanations suggest that perceptual load and distractor salience may have opposing effects. Objectives: Although numerous studies have been conducted on the effect of distractor salience on attentional capture, even under conditions of high perceptual load, it is still unclear whether spatial cueing of the distractor interferes with the perceptual load. Methods: In two experiments, the effect of the predictability of distractor cueing on attentional capture due to threatening facial stimuli was studied using a modified flanker task. In experiment 2, unlike the first experiment, heterogeneous targets and distractors were used to mimic real-life experiences. Results: In experiment 1, the high perceptual load was associated with decreased distractor processing, whether the cueing was completely valid, invalid, or absent. However, the distractor processing between low and high perceptual loads was not different in ambiguous cueing. In the second experiment, contrary to the first experiment, no perceptual load effect was observed in the absence of spatial cueing. Conclusions: Even in displays with high perceptual load, some stimulus-driven features-inability to predict the distractor's location—can interfere with attentional control. Therefore, although the perceptual load is an influential factor in the selection, it clearly cannot be the only factor determining attentional control. Additionally, this study reveals that the effect of perceptual load on attentional control in everyday life should be further studied and questioned.
{"title":"Cue Predictability Modulates the Perceptual Load's Attentional Control on Threatening Facial Distractors","authors":"Mohammad Taghi Kheirkhah, Setareh Mokhtari, Fatemeh Bakouie, Shahriar Gharibzadeh","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-132551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-132551","url":null,"abstract":"Background: According to the perceptual load theory, distractor processing is determined by the perceptual load. On the other hand, alternative explanations suggest that perceptual load and distractor salience may have opposing effects. Objectives: Although numerous studies have been conducted on the effect of distractor salience on attentional capture, even under conditions of high perceptual load, it is still unclear whether spatial cueing of the distractor interferes with the perceptual load. Methods: In two experiments, the effect of the predictability of distractor cueing on attentional capture due to threatening facial stimuli was studied using a modified flanker task. In experiment 2, unlike the first experiment, heterogeneous targets and distractors were used to mimic real-life experiences. Results: In experiment 1, the high perceptual load was associated with decreased distractor processing, whether the cueing was completely valid, invalid, or absent. However, the distractor processing between low and high perceptual loads was not different in ambiguous cueing. In the second experiment, contrary to the first experiment, no perceptual load effect was observed in the absence of spatial cueing. Conclusions: Even in displays with high perceptual load, some stimulus-driven features-inability to predict the distractor's location—can interfere with attentional control. Therefore, although the perceptual load is an influential factor in the selection, it clearly cannot be the only factor determining attentional control. Additionally, this study reveals that the effect of perceptual load on attentional control in everyday life should be further studied and questioned.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135037020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Negar Baharian, Parvin Raji, Mehdi Alizadeh Zarei, Ahmad Reza Baghestani
Background: According to DSM-5, sensory processing problems are among diagnostic criteria in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Various studies have shown that games, as the main occupation of children, can be helpful in performing sensory interventions. Solving sensory problems is one of the most common demands of families with children with ASD. Children's families play a key role in the implementation of occupational therapeutic interventions. Objectives: This randomized clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of sensory play activities performed by parents at home on the sensory patterns of children with ASD. Methods: Fifty-one children with ASD, aged 3 to 6 years, were divided into the intervention and control groups. All participants attended 16 sessions of in-person individualized sensory integration therapy (SIT) in a clinic for 8 weeks. In the intervention group, children received 8 sessions of a sensory play activity intervention performed by parents at home. Data collection instruments included the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 and the sensory profile 2. Parametric (independent and paired t-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests) were used for statistical analysis to compare between-group and within-group mean differences. Results: The results showed that although all four sensory processing patterns improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.05) (i.e., the within-group effect), children in the intervention group showed significant improvements in three sensory patterns, including sensory avoiding, sensory sensitivity, and sensory registration (P< 0.01). There was no significant difference in the mean score of the sensory seeking pattern between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Sensory integration therapy improved dysfunctional sensory processing patterns in ASD children, an effect that was enhanced by the simultaneous implementation of sensory play interventions.
{"title":"Effectiveness of a Sensory Play Activity Program with Parent Engagement for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial","authors":"Negar Baharian, Parvin Raji, Mehdi Alizadeh Zarei, Ahmad Reza Baghestani","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-136750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-136750","url":null,"abstract":"Background: According to DSM-5, sensory processing problems are among diagnostic criteria in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Various studies have shown that games, as the main occupation of children, can be helpful in performing sensory interventions. Solving sensory problems is one of the most common demands of families with children with ASD. Children's families play a key role in the implementation of occupational therapeutic interventions. Objectives: This randomized clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of sensory play activities performed by parents at home on the sensory patterns of children with ASD. Methods: Fifty-one children with ASD, aged 3 to 6 years, were divided into the intervention and control groups. All participants attended 16 sessions of in-person individualized sensory integration therapy (SIT) in a clinic for 8 weeks. In the intervention group, children received 8 sessions of a sensory play activity intervention performed by parents at home. Data collection instruments included the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 and the sensory profile 2. Parametric (independent and paired t-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests) were used for statistical analysis to compare between-group and within-group mean differences. Results: The results showed that although all four sensory processing patterns improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.05) (i.e., the within-group effect), children in the intervention group showed significant improvements in three sensory patterns, including sensory avoiding, sensory sensitivity, and sensory registration (P< 0.01). There was no significant difference in the mean score of the sensory seeking pattern between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Sensory integration therapy improved dysfunctional sensory processing patterns in ASD children, an effect that was enhanced by the simultaneous implementation of sensory play interventions.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Narcotics Anonymous: An Obstacle to Methadone Maintenance Treatment","authors":"Kamaledin Alaedini, Maryam Sefidgarnia","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-139534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-139534","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nader Aghakhani, Mohammad Delirrad, Mohammad Hazrati
{"title":"Perceived Social Support: An Overlooked Approach in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program","authors":"Nader Aghakhani, Mohammad Delirrad, Mohammad Hazrati","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-141492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-141492","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135475183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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