Hossein Aryan, F. Faridhosseini, M. Gharavi, Tanin Tamiztousi, M. Ziaee
Background: Defense mechanisms are essential to personality and behavior that help individuals deal with stress. These mechanisms might act in different ways, rendering medical students caring physicians or egoistic individuals, and thus, a good understanding of defense mechanisms can contribute to the efforts made to improve the psychological well-being of medical students. Objectives: We studied the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and alexithymia as determinants of psychological well-being and the mechanisms by which medical students might cope with stress and anxiety. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 medical students, 126 (60%) females and 96 (40%) males, in northeast Iran. Data were collected through GAD-7, the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), and the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 22.0. Pearson's chi-square test, bivariate correlations, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify associations between GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms. Results: A total of 87 (37.5%) participants showed moderate to severe anxiety. Alexithymia was detected in 49 (21%) participants. Mature defense mechanisms had the highest prevalence among participants (56.5%), while immature mechanisms had the least (23.3%). A significant positive correlation was noted between GAD and alexithymia. Also, GAD was positively correlated with immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between mature defense mechanisms and GAD (P < 0.001). Suppression and humor (mature mechanisms) were the negative predictors of GAD. Reaction formation, somatization, autistic fantasy, splitting, passive aggression, displacement, and pseudo-altruism (an immature and neurotic mechanism) were the positive predictors of GAD. Conclusions: The statistically significant correlations found among GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms suggest that a good understanding of these conditions and mechanisms can contribute to alleviating anxiety among medical students and improving their psychological well-being.
{"title":"Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Alexithymia, and Defense Mechanisms Among Medical Students of Northeastern Iran","authors":"Hossein Aryan, F. Faridhosseini, M. Gharavi, Tanin Tamiztousi, M. Ziaee","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-128433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-128433","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Defense mechanisms are essential to personality and behavior that help individuals deal with stress. These mechanisms might act in different ways, rendering medical students caring physicians or egoistic individuals, and thus, a good understanding of defense mechanisms can contribute to the efforts made to improve the psychological well-being of medical students. Objectives: We studied the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and alexithymia as determinants of psychological well-being and the mechanisms by which medical students might cope with stress and anxiety. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 medical students, 126 (60%) females and 96 (40%) males, in northeast Iran. Data were collected through GAD-7, the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), and the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 22.0. Pearson's chi-square test, bivariate correlations, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify associations between GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms. Results: A total of 87 (37.5%) participants showed moderate to severe anxiety. Alexithymia was detected in 49 (21%) participants. Mature defense mechanisms had the highest prevalence among participants (56.5%), while immature mechanisms had the least (23.3%). A significant positive correlation was noted between GAD and alexithymia. Also, GAD was positively correlated with immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between mature defense mechanisms and GAD (P < 0.001). Suppression and humor (mature mechanisms) were the negative predictors of GAD. Reaction formation, somatization, autistic fantasy, splitting, passive aggression, displacement, and pseudo-altruism (an immature and neurotic mechanism) were the positive predictors of GAD. Conclusions: The statistically significant correlations found among GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms suggest that a good understanding of these conditions and mechanisms can contribute to alleviating anxiety among medical students and improving their psychological well-being.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43554406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Alizadeh, B. Bahmani, M. Khanjani, M. Azkhosh, Shima Shakiba, M. Vahedi
Background: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disease that causes the impaired conversion of melanin, thus leading to the development of vision impairment and skin/hair-related complications. This disease can also cause extensive psychosocial consequences for patients with this disease. Objectives: This research aimed to provide a deep understanding of the lived experience of people with albinism (PWA) in Iran. Methods: This research has been conducted using a qualitative approach. The sampling was done as purposive and continued until reaching data saturation. The data were collected through deep semi-structured interviews, and then analyzed via thematic analysis, after transcribing the interviews and removing the similar codes, 1077 initial codes were extracted. The categories were coded using open coding indirect process alongside several times of reading the text and allocating relevant codes through constant comparison of codes with each other. Results: The results obtained from data analysis led to extraction of three main themes including: (1) challenges; (2) perceived sources of support; and (3) psychological mechanisms of coping with challenges. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this research, the main challenges of PWA were categorized into two major groups: Body-based challenges and psychosocial challenges. The perceived support sources of these people against these challenges were social supports and access to facilitator tools. The psychological mechanisms were divided into adaptive and maladaptive sub-categories. The findings of this research can provide a deeper understanding of the needs of these people for providing optimal care and ultimately promote their psychosocial well-being and also can be employed in developing interpretive theories about the biopsychosocial conditions of PWA.
{"title":"Surveying the Experiences of People with Albinism in Iran: Qualitative Research","authors":"T. Alizadeh, B. Bahmani, M. Khanjani, M. Azkhosh, Shima Shakiba, M. Vahedi","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-132504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-132504","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disease that causes the impaired conversion of melanin, thus leading to the development of vision impairment and skin/hair-related complications. This disease can also cause extensive psychosocial consequences for patients with this disease. Objectives: This research aimed to provide a deep understanding of the lived experience of people with albinism (PWA) in Iran. Methods: This research has been conducted using a qualitative approach. The sampling was done as purposive and continued until reaching data saturation. The data were collected through deep semi-structured interviews, and then analyzed via thematic analysis, after transcribing the interviews and removing the similar codes, 1077 initial codes were extracted. The categories were coded using open coding indirect process alongside several times of reading the text and allocating relevant codes through constant comparison of codes with each other. Results: The results obtained from data analysis led to extraction of three main themes including: (1) challenges; (2) perceived sources of support; and (3) psychological mechanisms of coping with challenges. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this research, the main challenges of PWA were categorized into two major groups: Body-based challenges and psychosocial challenges. The perceived support sources of these people against these challenges were social supports and access to facilitator tools. The psychological mechanisms were divided into adaptive and maladaptive sub-categories. The findings of this research can provide a deeper understanding of the needs of these people for providing optimal care and ultimately promote their psychosocial well-being and also can be employed in developing interpretive theories about the biopsychosocial conditions of PWA.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47265959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rusnat Noipom, A. Lim, Ruthaychonnee Sittichai, Sarawut Sukkhum, N. Dureh, Arinda Ma-a-lee
Background: Cyberbullying generates unfavorable feelings and behaviors among young people. Factors associated with emotional responses and coping strategies for cyberbullying need to be assessed. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with negative emotional responses and maladaptive coping strategies in response to cyberbullying among young people aged 13 - 24. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection across eight secondary schools and two universities in Pattani province, Thailand. A total of 227 students who experienced cyberbullying were included in this study. Results: Students whose fathers had a bachelor's degree or higher, those whose fathers were farmers, merchants, or laborers, had a middle-class family income, and students experiencing high social stress had higher negative emotional responses to cyberbullying. Young people with fathers having bachelor's degrees or higher, having a low family income, and having low or moderate social support had more maladaptive coping strategies for cyberbullying. Conclusions: Attention should be paid to developing effective ways to reduce negative emotions and bad coping skills in these groups of students.
{"title":"Factors Associated with Negative Emotional Responses and Maladaptive Coping Strategies to Cyberbullying Among Young People in Southernmost Thailand","authors":"Rusnat Noipom, A. Lim, Ruthaychonnee Sittichai, Sarawut Sukkhum, N. Dureh, Arinda Ma-a-lee","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-132018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-132018","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cyberbullying generates unfavorable feelings and behaviors among young people. Factors associated with emotional responses and coping strategies for cyberbullying need to be assessed. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with negative emotional responses and maladaptive coping strategies in response to cyberbullying among young people aged 13 - 24. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection across eight secondary schools and two universities in Pattani province, Thailand. A total of 227 students who experienced cyberbullying were included in this study. Results: Students whose fathers had a bachelor's degree or higher, those whose fathers were farmers, merchants, or laborers, had a middle-class family income, and students experiencing high social stress had higher negative emotional responses to cyberbullying. Young people with fathers having bachelor's degrees or higher, having a low family income, and having low or moderate social support had more maladaptive coping strategies for cyberbullying. Conclusions: Attention should be paid to developing effective ways to reduce negative emotions and bad coping skills in these groups of students.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47450555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Younesi, M. Khanjani, M. Mardani-Hamooleh, K. Abdi, S. Sohrabnejad
Background: Suicide is one of the biggest concerns of the World Health Organization. Every year, around 703,000 people end their lives. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide a phenomenological study of suicide attempts in men dealing with substance use. Methods: This is a qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The participants of this study were 12 men who had a history of substance use and suicide attempts. The participants were chosen through an objective sampling method to participate in semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed by the seven-stage Diekelmann et al. (1989) analysis method. Results: The participants' experiences were analyzed on two separate themes. The first theme was "inefficient personality traits," having the two sub-themes of "impulsive behavior" and "emotional instability." The second theme was "the stigma related to addiction." Furthermore, this study resulted in a constitutive pattern known as crippled with remorse and judgment of others. Conclusions: Inefficient personality traits and the stigma related to addiction drive men with substance use to suicide attempts, and they are prone to commit suicide again if these conditions continue to prevail. Mental health consultants and psychiatrists can take effective measures to reduce and prevent suicide attempts if they consider this study's findings.
背景:自杀是世界卫生组织最关注的问题之一。每年大约有70.3万人结束自己的生命。目的:本研究的目的是提供一个现象学研究自杀企图的男性处理物质使用。方法:采用解释学现象学方法进行定性研究。这项研究的参与者是12名有药物使用史和自杀企图的男性。通过客观抽样的方法选择参与者参加半结构化访谈。收集的数据采用七阶段Diekelmann et al.(1989)分析法进行分析。结果:参与者的经历在两个不同的主题上进行了分析。第一个主题是“低效人格特征”，有两个子主题:“冲动行为”和“情绪不稳定”。第二个主题是“与成瘾有关的耻辱”。此外，这项研究还导致了一种被称为悔恨和对他人的判断所削弱的构成模式。结论:低效率的人格特质和与成瘾相关的耻辱感驱使物质使用男性自杀企图，如果这些情况继续存在，他们很容易再次自杀。如果心理健康顾问和精神科医生考虑到这项研究的发现，他们可以采取有效的措施来减少和预防自杀企图。
{"title":"Crippled with Remorse and Judgment of Others: A Phenomenological Study of Suicide Attempts in Men Dealing with Substance Use","authors":"S. Younesi, M. Khanjani, M. Mardani-Hamooleh, K. Abdi, S. Sohrabnejad","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-132616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-132616","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Suicide is one of the biggest concerns of the World Health Organization. Every year, around 703,000 people end their lives. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide a phenomenological study of suicide attempts in men dealing with substance use. Methods: This is a qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The participants of this study were 12 men who had a history of substance use and suicide attempts. The participants were chosen through an objective sampling method to participate in semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed by the seven-stage Diekelmann et al. (1989) analysis method. Results: The participants' experiences were analyzed on two separate themes. The first theme was \"inefficient personality traits,\" having the two sub-themes of \"impulsive behavior\" and \"emotional instability.\" The second theme was \"the stigma related to addiction.\" Furthermore, this study resulted in a constitutive pattern known as crippled with remorse and judgment of others. Conclusions: Inefficient personality traits and the stigma related to addiction drive men with substance use to suicide attempts, and they are prone to commit suicide again if these conditions continue to prevail. Mental health consultants and psychiatrists can take effective measures to reduce and prevent suicide attempts if they consider this study's findings.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47931227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azadeh Saffarzadeh, A. Rahiminezhad, H. Bahrami ehsan, A. Noferesti, N. Shahmansouri, K. Salehi
Background: The thought of one’s own death is a fearful subject that is not easy to deal with. Fear of death can have various psychological effects on a person. Advances have been made in the measurement of death concerns leading to the development and validation of several scales as it varies according to social and cultural conditions. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties, content validity, concurrent validity, and factor structure of a Persian version of the revised Fear of Personal Death Scale (FPDS-R) in an Iranian population. Methods: This study was conducted on residents of Tehran, Iran, using the online version of the FPDS-R, Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale questionnaires. Finally, data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 21). Moreover, the Pearson correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for data analysis. Results: Among 313 individuals who completed the study, the fit of the five-factor model in CFA was confirmed using standard indices (root mean square error of approximation = 0.06; chi-square/df = 2.34). Reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha (> 0.8). Cronbach’s alpha values for the reliability of "deprivation", "loss of self", "forgotten", "other-oriented" and "mystery" were 0.93, 0.88, 0.81, 0.86, and 0.88, respectively. The findings of this study confirmed the five factors model developed by Burris and Bailey (2009) on Iranian sample. Conclusions: The Persian version of the FPDS-R in Iranian society has good reliability and validity and can be used for personality research, identification and treatment of clinical disorders, and cross-cultural comparisons in this population.
{"title":"Psychometric Characteristics of the Persian Version of the Revised Fear of Personal Death Scale","authors":"Azadeh Saffarzadeh, A. Rahiminezhad, H. Bahrami ehsan, A. Noferesti, N. Shahmansouri, K. Salehi","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-129657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-129657","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The thought of one’s own death is a fearful subject that is not easy to deal with. Fear of death can have various psychological effects on a person. Advances have been made in the measurement of death concerns leading to the development and validation of several scales as it varies according to social and cultural conditions. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties, content validity, concurrent validity, and factor structure of a Persian version of the revised Fear of Personal Death Scale (FPDS-R) in an Iranian population. Methods: This study was conducted on residents of Tehran, Iran, using the online version of the FPDS-R, Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale questionnaires. Finally, data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 21). Moreover, the Pearson correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for data analysis. Results: Among 313 individuals who completed the study, the fit of the five-factor model in CFA was confirmed using standard indices (root mean square error of approximation = 0.06; chi-square/df = 2.34). Reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha (> 0.8). Cronbach’s alpha values for the reliability of \"deprivation\", \"loss of self\", \"forgotten\", \"other-oriented\" and \"mystery\" were 0.93, 0.88, 0.81, 0.86, and 0.88, respectively. The findings of this study confirmed the five factors model developed by Burris and Bailey (2009) on Iranian sample. Conclusions: The Persian version of the FPDS-R in Iranian society has good reliability and validity and can be used for personality research, identification and treatment of clinical disorders, and cross-cultural comparisons in this population.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44333319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The current research investigated the mediating roles of social alienation and emotional and cognitive regulation in the relation between personality and severity of substance abuse in students. This study is a descriptive-correlational research design. Objectives: This study, used a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to evaluate the correlates of the severity of the addiction. This path analytical strategy allowed for the simultaneous examination of the mentioned variables. Methods: The sample of this study included all students in Tehran province (the academic year of 2022). Five hundred fifty students took part in the current research. NEO-PI-R, social alienation, and the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) were used. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: Considering that the model fit indices represent a good fit of the model and the mean root square of the estimation error (RMSEA) was equal to 0.029, which shows a very good fit, and according to the presented indicators, the research model is confirmed. The results indicate that the relationship between variables is significant (P value 0.05). The direct effect of personality on the severity of addiction and social isolation is equal to -0.68 and -0.73, respectively, and in terms of cognitive emotion regulation is estimated to be 0.85. The indirect effect of personality on addiction severity was calculated at 0.86 by social alienation and -0.79 by emotional cognition. Conclusions: Our results suggest that personality features mediated by social alienation and emotional and cognitive regulation can be used to predict the severity of the addiction. Therefore, the proposed model was cleared to be an appropriate model for predicting substance abuse in students.
{"title":"Examination of the Relationship Between Severity of Addiction and Personality: The Mediating Effect of Social Alienation and Emotional, Cognitive Regulation","authors":"Mahdi Ghavidast, Saba Hassanvandi","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-123720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-123720","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The current research investigated the mediating roles of social alienation and emotional and cognitive regulation in the relation between personality and severity of substance abuse in students. This study is a descriptive-correlational research design. Objectives: This study, used a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to evaluate the correlates of the severity of the addiction. This path analytical strategy allowed for the simultaneous examination of the mentioned variables. Methods: The sample of this study included all students in Tehran province (the academic year of 2022). Five hundred fifty students took part in the current research. NEO-PI-R, social alienation, and the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) were used. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: Considering that the model fit indices represent a good fit of the model and the mean root square of the estimation error (RMSEA) was equal to 0.029, which shows a very good fit, and according to the presented indicators, the research model is confirmed. The results indicate that the relationship between variables is significant (P value 0.05). The direct effect of personality on the severity of addiction and social isolation is equal to -0.68 and -0.73, respectively, and in terms of cognitive emotion regulation is estimated to be 0.85. The indirect effect of personality on addiction severity was calculated at 0.86 by social alienation and -0.79 by emotional cognition. Conclusions: Our results suggest that personality features mediated by social alienation and emotional and cognitive regulation can be used to predict the severity of the addiction. Therefore, the proposed model was cleared to be an appropriate model for predicting substance abuse in students.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42472734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rezvan Heidarimoghadam, Mohammad Babamiri, Nasim Alipour, Mehdi Zemestani, Rashid Heidarimoghadam, Mozhde Shekari, Mark D Griffiths
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its consequences may impact individuals’ mental health. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the psychological status of individuals during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran following the government’s social distancing plan. Methods: Data from 1,524 people were collected using a cross-sectional web-based survey via social media. Demographic variables and psychological status were evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire, Stress Response Inventory, and Brunel Mood Scale. Results: Individuals reported that their mental health functioning decreased during the pandemic. Four factors were associated with increased stress: (1) fear of getting sick; (2) indefinite quarantine duration; (3) impaired daily activities; and (4) reduced social communication. One-third of the participants reported physical symptoms (32.7%), 47% anxiety, 72% social dysfunction, and 28.3% depression. Approximately half of the participants (52.2%) reported mental health disorder symptoms. Detrimental mental health characteristics were higher among females, younger people, and single people. Conclusions: Health policies should be implemented to help reduce the psychological burden during and after the Iranian government’s Social Distancing Plan, especially among females, single people, and younger people.
{"title":"Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Mental Health Among Iranians","authors":"Rezvan Heidarimoghadam, Mohammad Babamiri, Nasim Alipour, Mehdi Zemestani, Rashid Heidarimoghadam, Mozhde Shekari, Mark D Griffiths","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-131583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-131583","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its consequences may impact individuals’ mental health. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the psychological status of individuals during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran following the government’s social distancing plan. Methods: Data from 1,524 people were collected using a cross-sectional web-based survey via social media. Demographic variables and psychological status were evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire, Stress Response Inventory, and Brunel Mood Scale. Results: Individuals reported that their mental health functioning decreased during the pandemic. Four factors were associated with increased stress: (1) fear of getting sick; (2) indefinite quarantine duration; (3) impaired daily activities; and (4) reduced social communication. One-third of the participants reported physical symptoms (32.7%), 47% anxiety, 72% social dysfunction, and 28.3% depression. Approximately half of the participants (52.2%) reported mental health disorder symptoms. Detrimental mental health characteristics were higher among females, younger people, and single people. Conclusions: Health policies should be implemented to help reduce the psychological burden during and after the Iranian government’s Social Distancing Plan, especially among females, single people, and younger people.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Increasing rates of violence in romantic relationships have been reported to relate to jealousy. Romantic jealousy may have protective or deleterious effects on relationships depending on the scope, severity, and influence of sexuality, attachment styles, and inherent socio-demographic correlates. Developing effective strategies for improving the quality of romantic relationships requires a thorough understanding of the dynamics of romantic jealousy. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of sexuality and attachment styles on romantic jealousy among female nurses in Edo State, Nigeria. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the nurses (n = 468) from four hospitals in two local government areas in Edo State, Nigeria, were investigated. Participants were asked to complete a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Multidimensional Romantic Jealousy Scale, Multi-dimensional Sexuality Scale, and Adult Attachment Scale. Results: Minority of the participants reported severe forms of romantic jealousy across domains (i.e., cognitive (16%), emotional (15.8%), and behavioral (17%)). While increasing age predicted cognitive jealousy, attachment styles, and sexuality jointly predicted all domains of romantic jealousy (R = 0.35, R2 = 0.12, F (11, 456) = 5.87, P < 0.01) among the participants. Conclusions: In sum, romantic jealousy was infrequent among our study participants. Patterns of attachment styles and sexuality were found capable of predicting romantic jealousy.
背景:据报道，恋爱关系中越来越多的暴力与嫉妒有关。浪漫的嫉妒可能对关系有保护或有害的作用，这取决于性行为的范围、严重程度和影响、依恋类型和内在的社会人口相关因素。发展有效的策略来提高浪漫关系的质量需要对浪漫嫉妒的动力有透彻的了解。目的:本研究旨在探讨性行为和依恋类型对尼日利亚埃多州女护士浪漫嫉妒的影响。方法:对尼日利亚江户州2个地方政府辖区4家医院的护士(n = 468)进行横断面调查。参与者被要求完成一份社会人口调查问卷、多维浪漫嫉妒量表、多维性量表和成人依恋量表。结果:少数参与者报告了在各个领域(即认知(16%)，情感(15.8%)和行为(17%))严重形式的浪漫嫉妒。年龄增长预测认知嫉妒，依恋方式和性行为共同预测所有领域的浪漫嫉妒(R = 0.35, R2 = 0.12, F (11,456) = 5.87, P < 0.01)。结论:总的来说，浪漫的嫉妒在我们的研究参与者中并不常见。研究发现，依恋类型和性行为的模式能够预测浪漫嫉妒。
{"title":"Sexuality and Attachment Styles as Predictors of Romantic Jealousy Among Women in Edo State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"J. O. Ariyo, E. O. Akinnawo, B. Akpunne","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-129617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-129617","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Increasing rates of violence in romantic relationships have been reported to relate to jealousy. Romantic jealousy may have protective or deleterious effects on relationships depending on the scope, severity, and influence of sexuality, attachment styles, and inherent socio-demographic correlates. Developing effective strategies for improving the quality of romantic relationships requires a thorough understanding of the dynamics of romantic jealousy. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of sexuality and attachment styles on romantic jealousy among female nurses in Edo State, Nigeria. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the nurses (n = 468) from four hospitals in two local government areas in Edo State, Nigeria, were investigated. Participants were asked to complete a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Multidimensional Romantic Jealousy Scale, Multi-dimensional Sexuality Scale, and Adult Attachment Scale. Results: Minority of the participants reported severe forms of romantic jealousy across domains (i.e., cognitive (16%), emotional (15.8%), and behavioral (17%)). While increasing age predicted cognitive jealousy, attachment styles, and sexuality jointly predicted all domains of romantic jealousy (R = 0.35, R2 = 0.12, F (11, 456) = 5.87, P < 0.01) among the participants. Conclusions: In sum, romantic jealousy was infrequent among our study participants. Patterns of attachment styles and sexuality were found capable of predicting romantic jealousy.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41618522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ehsan Yousefi Mazhin, Atefeh Akbari, Hamid Sharif Nia, M. Zarghami, Fatemeh Hendouei, Hamideh Abbaspour kasgari, N. Hendouei
Background: In the last decades, bipolar disorder treatments have undergone a gradual shift away from relying on clinical expertise to adopting evidence-based practice guidelines and expert consensus, leading to an improvement in medical care safety, patient performance, and quality of life. Nonetheless, suboptimal prescribing has remained an issue, and there is an excellent opportunity for improving the care standards to reduce symptoms’ recurrence, frequent hospitalizations, and costs. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a medication assessment tool for evaluating prescribers’ adherence to pharmacotherapy recommendations outlined in practice guidelines during the acute phase of bipolar disorder in Iran (MATAPBD). Methods: This mixed-method study was conducted from August 2021 to May 2022. A 54-item pool was developed based on the results from the literature review and research group discussion. The validity (i.e., face, content, and construct) and reliability (i.e., stability and internal consistency) of the tool were evaluated. Results: Four items were rewritten in qualitative content validity. Then, eleven and five items were excluded from the scale in terms of having low content validity ratios and corrected item-total correlation, respectively. The construct validity of the MATAPBD was assessed by adopting the maximum-likelihood exploratory factor analysis method and Promax rotation. The number of latent factors was calculated by performing Horn’s parallel analysis. In exploratory factor analysis, the remaining 17 items were categorized into four factors which explained 57.97% of the total extracted variance. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega of all factors were > 0.7, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.914 revealing the strong reliability of MATAPBD. Conclusions: The MATAPBD had good psychometric properties and may have been a valuable tool to evaluate prescribers’ adherence to practice guideline recommendations during the acute phase of bipolar disorder.
{"title":"A Medication Assessment Tool to Evaluate Prescribers’ Adherence to Practice Guidelines in Bipolar Disorder: Development and Psychometric Properties","authors":"Ehsan Yousefi Mazhin, Atefeh Akbari, Hamid Sharif Nia, M. Zarghami, Fatemeh Hendouei, Hamideh Abbaspour kasgari, N. Hendouei","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-132800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-132800","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the last decades, bipolar disorder treatments have undergone a gradual shift away from relying on clinical expertise to adopting evidence-based practice guidelines and expert consensus, leading to an improvement in medical care safety, patient performance, and quality of life. Nonetheless, suboptimal prescribing has remained an issue, and there is an excellent opportunity for improving the care standards to reduce symptoms’ recurrence, frequent hospitalizations, and costs. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a medication assessment tool for evaluating prescribers’ adherence to pharmacotherapy recommendations outlined in practice guidelines during the acute phase of bipolar disorder in Iran (MATAPBD). Methods: This mixed-method study was conducted from August 2021 to May 2022. A 54-item pool was developed based on the results from the literature review and research group discussion. The validity (i.e., face, content, and construct) and reliability (i.e., stability and internal consistency) of the tool were evaluated. Results: Four items were rewritten in qualitative content validity. Then, eleven and five items were excluded from the scale in terms of having low content validity ratios and corrected item-total correlation, respectively. The construct validity of the MATAPBD was assessed by adopting the maximum-likelihood exploratory factor analysis method and Promax rotation. The number of latent factors was calculated by performing Horn’s parallel analysis. In exploratory factor analysis, the remaining 17 items were categorized into four factors which explained 57.97% of the total extracted variance. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega of all factors were > 0.7, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.914 revealing the strong reliability of MATAPBD. Conclusions: The MATAPBD had good psychometric properties and may have been a valuable tool to evaluate prescribers’ adherence to practice guideline recommendations during the acute phase of bipolar disorder.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46849807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Veysuei, M. Amini, A. Fattahi, Sayed Mehdi Mojarad
Background: Fear of missing out on social media can be one of the motivations for individuals to participate in social media. Participating in social networking sites is also associated with social network addiction and phubbing and can have problematic consequences for social media users. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the fear of missing out scale (FoMOs) and the phubbing scale (TPS). Methods: The present study was conducted online by surveying Instagram social media users. A total of 431 individuals participated in this study and responded to the Farsi version of the FoMOs, TPS, and Social Network Addiction Test. For the assessment of the reliability of the test-retest, 40 participants answered the FoMOs and TPS separately in two 4-week periods. Correlation and factor analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 26) and Amos software (version 24) to analyze the data statistically. Results: The results showed the high internal consistency of the FoMOs (α = 0.85) and TPS (α = 0.83). Test-retest reliability was good for the FoMOs and TPS. The concurrent validity of the FoMOs and TPS was obtained as 0.51 and 0.70, respectively. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis results also showed two factors for the FoMOs (i.e., trait- fear of missing out (FoMO) and state-FoMO) and two factors for TPS (i.e., communication disturbances and phone obsession) in the Farsi version, which are consistent with the original version of the two scales. Conclusions: The Farsi versions of the FoMOs and TPS for use in Iran have good validity and reliability.
{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of the Fear of Missing out Scale and the Phubbing Scale","authors":"Mohammad Veysuei, M. Amini, A. Fattahi, Sayed Mehdi Mojarad","doi":"10.5812/ijpbs-122357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-122357","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fear of missing out on social media can be one of the motivations for individuals to participate in social media. Participating in social networking sites is also associated with social network addiction and phubbing and can have problematic consequences for social media users. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the fear of missing out scale (FoMOs) and the phubbing scale (TPS). Methods: The present study was conducted online by surveying Instagram social media users. A total of 431 individuals participated in this study and responded to the Farsi version of the FoMOs, TPS, and Social Network Addiction Test. For the assessment of the reliability of the test-retest, 40 participants answered the FoMOs and TPS separately in two 4-week periods. Correlation and factor analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 26) and Amos software (version 24) to analyze the data statistically. Results: The results showed the high internal consistency of the FoMOs (α = 0.85) and TPS (α = 0.83). Test-retest reliability was good for the FoMOs and TPS. The concurrent validity of the FoMOs and TPS was obtained as 0.51 and 0.70, respectively. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis results also showed two factors for the FoMOs (i.e., trait- fear of missing out (FoMO) and state-FoMO) and two factors for TPS (i.e., communication disturbances and phone obsession) in the Farsi version, which are consistent with the original version of the two scales. Conclusions: The Farsi versions of the FoMOs and TPS for use in Iran have good validity and reliability.","PeriodicalId":46644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47894184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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