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Robert M. Young's Mind, Brain and Adaptation revisited. 罗伯特·m·杨的《心智、大脑和适应》重访。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000667
Christopher Lawrence

Robert Maxwell Young's first book Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century (1970), written from 1960 to 1965, still merits reading as a study of the naturalization of mind and its relation to social thought in Victorian Britain. I examine the book from two perspectives that give the volume its unique character: first, Young's interest in psychology, which he considered should be used to inform humane professional practices and be the basis of social reform; second, new approaches to the history of scientific ideas. I trace Young's intellectual interests to the Yale Philosophy Department, the Cambridge Department of Experimental Psychology and a new history and philosophy of science community. Although Young changed his political outlook and historiography radically after 1965, he always remained faithful to ideas about thought and practice described in Mind, Brain.

罗伯特·麦克斯韦尔·杨的第一本书《19世纪的心智、大脑和适应》(1970)写于1960年至1965年,作为对维多利亚时代英国心智归化及其与社会思想关系的研究,这本书仍然值得一读。我从两个角度来审视这本书,这赋予了这本书独特的特点:首先,杨对心理学的兴趣,他认为心理学应该被用来指导人道的专业实践,并成为社会改革的基础;第二,科学思想史的新方法。我把杨的学术兴趣追溯到耶鲁大学哲学系、剑桥大学实验心理学系,以及一个新的科学历史和哲学共同体。尽管杨在1965年后彻底改变了他的政治观点和史学,但他始终忠于《心灵,大脑》中所描述的关于思想和实践的观点。
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引用次数: 1
Ambition, 'failure' and the laboratory: Birmingham as a centre of twentieth-century British scientific psychiatry. 野心,“失败”和实验室:伯明翰作为20世纪英国科学精神病学的中心。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087421000017
Rebecca Wynter

This article will reveal how local scientific determination and ambition, in the face of rejection by funders, navigated a path to success and to influence in national policy and international medicine. It will demonstrate that Birmingham, England's 'second city', was the key centre for cutting-edge biological psychiatry in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. The ambitions of Frederick Mott - doyen of biochemistry, neuropathology and neuropsychiatry, until now celebrated as a London figure - to revolutionize psychiatric treatment through science, chimed with those of the City and University of Birmingham's Joint Board of Research for Mental Diseases. Under Mott's direction, shaped by place and inter-professional working, the board's collaborators included psychiatrist Thomas Chivers Graves and world-renowned physiologist J.S. Haldane. However, starved of external money and therefore fresh ideas, as well as oversight, the 'groupthink' that emerged created the classic UK focal sepsis theory which, it was widely believed, would yield a cure for mental illness - a cure that never materialized. By tracing the venture's growth, accomplishments and contemporary potential for biochemical, bacterial and therapeutic discoveries - as well as its links with scientist and key government adviser Solly Zuckerman - this article illustrates how 'failure' and its ahistorical assessment fundamentally obscure past importance, neglect the early promise offered by later unsuccessful science, and can even hide questionable research.

这篇文章将揭示,面对资助者的拒绝,当地的科学决心和雄心是如何走上成功之路,并在国家政策和国际医学中产生影响的。它将证明伯明翰,英格兰的“第二大城市”,在20世纪20年代和30年代是英国尖端生物精神病学的关键中心。弗雷德里克·莫特是生物化学、神经病理学和神经精神病学领域的元老,至今仍被誉为伦敦的名人。他的雄心壮志是通过科学革新精神病学治疗,这与伯明翰市和伯明翰大学精神疾病联合研究委员会的目标不期而合。在莫特的指导下,在地方和跨专业工作的影响下,委员会的合作者包括精神病学家托马斯·奇弗斯·格雷夫斯和世界知名的生理学家J.S.霍尔丹。然而,由于缺乏外部资金和新想法,以及缺乏监督,“群体思维”产生了经典的英国局灶性败血症理论,人们普遍认为,这将产生一种治疗精神疾病的方法,但这种方法从未实现。通过追溯该公司的成长、成就以及在生化、细菌和治疗发现方面的当代潜力,以及它与科学家和政府关键顾问索利·祖克曼的联系,本文说明了“失败”及其非历史评估如何从根本上模糊了过去的重要性,忽视了后来不成功的科学所提供的早期希望,甚至可能隐藏可疑的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Revolutions in the head: Darwin, Malthus and Robert M. Young. 头脑中的革命:达尔文、马尔萨斯和罗伯特·m·杨。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000631
James A Secord

The late 1960s witnessed a key conjunction between political activism and the history of science. Science, whether seen as a touchstone of rationality or of oppression, was fundamental to all sides in the era of the Vietnam War. This essay examines the historian Robert Maxwell Young's turn to Marxism and radical politics during this period, especially his widely cited account of the 'common context' of nineteenth-century biological and social theorizing, which demonstrated the centrality of Thomas Robert Malthus's writings on population for Charles Darwin's formulation of the theory of evolution by natural selection. From Young's perspective, this history was bound up with pressing contemporary issues: ideologies of class and race in neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory, the revival of Malthusian population control, and the role of science in military conflict. The aim was to provide a basis for political action - the 'head revolution' that would accompany radical social change. The radical force of Young's argument was blunted in subsequent decades by disciplinary developments within history of science, including the emergence of specialist Darwin studies, a focus on practice and the changing political associations of the history of ideas. Young's engaged standpoint, however, has remained influential even as historians moved from understanding science as ideology to science as work.

20世纪60年代末见证了政治激进主义与科学史之间的关键结合。科学,无论被视为理性还是压迫的试金石,都是越南战争时期各方的基础。本文考察了历史学家罗伯特·麦克斯韦尔·杨在这一时期转向马克思主义和激进政治,特别是他被广泛引用的关于19世纪生物和社会理论的“共同背景”的描述,这证明了托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯关于人口的著作对查尔斯·达尔文的自然选择进化理论的形成具有核心作用。从杨的角度来看,这段历史与紧迫的当代问题密切相关:新达尔文进化论中的阶级和种族意识形态,马尔萨斯人口控制的复兴,以及科学在军事冲突中的作用。其目的是为政治行动提供一个基础——伴随激进的社会变革而来的“元首革命”。在随后的几十年里,随着科学史学科的发展,包括专家达尔文研究的出现,对实践的关注以及思想史不断变化的政治联系,杨的观点的激进力量被削弱了。然而,当历史学家从把科学理解为意识形态转变为把科学理解为工作时,杨的参与立场仍然具有影响力。
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引用次数: 4
Maurice Pierre Crosland (1931-2020): an appreciation. 莫里斯·皮埃尔·克罗斯兰(1931-2020):欣赏。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000643
Crosbie Smith

Following some years of declining health, Professor Maurice Crosland passed away on 30 August 2020 at the age of eighty-nine. Author of four influential scholarly monographs, Maurice played major roles in the British Society for the History of Science during the 1960s and 1970s as an active Member of Council, Honorary Editor of the British Journal for the History of Science (1965-71) and Honorary President of the society (1974-6). His academic career began in 1963 with his appointment to a lectureship in the History & Philosophy of Science at the University of Leeds. In 1974 the by-then Reader in History of Science secured a £100,000 Nuffield Foundation Grant with which to establish, for the first time, a dedicated history-of-science group at the University of Kent at Canterbury. Appointed Professor of the History of Science and Director of the Unit for the History, Philosophy and Social Relations of Science (known as the 'History of Science Unit' or simply 'the Unit'), his objectives during the five-year Nuffield-funded period were to focus on promoting the research activities of the new group, build up much-needed library resources in a university which was barely ten years old, and effect a transition to a research and teaching Unit that would offer modules to undergraduates in each of the three principal faculties (Humanities, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences). His own research centred on French science during and after the Napoleonic period, with particular emphasis on the history of chemistry and the formal institutions and informal networks of Parisian science. In 1984 his work was recognized with the American Chemical Society's award of the Dexter Prize, a rare achievement for a British scholar.

莫里斯·克罗斯兰教授健康状况每况愈下,于2020年8月30日去世,享年89岁。作为四本有影响力的学术专著的作者,莫里斯在20世纪60年代和70年代在英国科学史学会中扮演了重要角色,作为理事会的积极成员,英国科学史杂志的荣誉编辑(1965-71)和学会的荣誉主席(1974-6)。他的学术生涯始于1963年,当时他被任命为利兹大学科学史与哲学的讲师。1974年,当时的《科学史读本》获得了10万英镑的纳菲尔德基金会资助,第一次在坎特伯雷的肯特大学建立了一个专门的科学史小组。他被任命为科学史教授和科学史、哲学和社会关系部门(被称为“科学史部门”或简称为“部门”)的主任,在纳菲尔德资助的五年期间,他的目标是专注于促进新小组的研究活动,为一所刚刚成立十年的大学建立急需的图书馆资源,并转变为一个研究和教学单位,为三个主要学院(人文科学、自然科学和社会科学)的本科生提供模块。他自己的研究主要集中在拿破仑时期和之后的法国科学,特别强调化学历史和巴黎科学的正式制度和非正式网络。1984年,他的工作被美国化学学会授予德克斯特奖,这对英国学者来说是一项罕见的成就。
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引用次数: 0
DNA translated: Friedrich Miescher's discovery of nuclein in its original context. 翻译的DNA:弗里德里希·米歇尔在原始环境中发现核蛋白。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S000708742000062X
Kersten Hall, Neeraja Sankaran

In 1871, the Swiss physiological chemist Friedrich Miescher published the results of a detailed chemical analysis of pus cells, in which he showed that the nuclei of these cells contained a hitherto unknown phosphorus-rich chemical which he named 'nuclein' for its specific localisation. Published in German, 'Ueber Die Chemische Zusammensetzung Der Eiterzellen', [On the Chemical Composition of Pus Cells] Medicinisch-Chemische Untersuchungen (1871) 4: 441-60, was the first publication to describe DNA, and yet remains relatively obscure. We therefore undertook a translation of the paper into English, which, together with the original article, can be accessed via the following link https://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742000062X. In this paper, we offer some intellectual context for its publication and immediate reception.

1871年,瑞士生理化学家弗里德里希·米歇尔发表了对脓液细胞的详细化学分析结果,他指出,这些细胞的细胞核中含有一种迄今为止未知的富磷化学物质,他将其命名为“核蛋白”,因为它具有特定的定位。《关于脓细胞的化学成分》(1871)4:441-60,是第一本描述DNA的出版物,但仍然相对晦涩。因此,我们将论文翻译成英文,与原文一起,可通过以下链接https://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742000062X访问。在本文中,我们为其出版和立即接受提供了一些知识背景。
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引用次数: 3
Out on the fringe: Wales and the history of science. 边缘地带:威尔士和科学史。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000655
Iwan Rhys Morus

Imagine a scene sometime in the 1750s in the depths of west Wales. This was wild country. Even a century later, George Borrow called it a 'mountainous wilderness … a waste of russet-coloured hills, with here and there a black craggy summit'. Through this desolation rides the Reverend William Williams. As he rode, he read - and the book in his saddlebags on this occasion was William Derham's Astro-Theology, first published some twenty years earlier. Williams was a leading figure in the Methodist revolution that had been sweeping through Wales for the past two decades. Disenchanted with an Anglican Church that seemed increasingly disconnected - culturally and linguistically - from their everyday lives, and attracted by powerful and charismatic preachers like Williams himself, men and women across Wales turned to Methodism. They organized themselves into local groups worshipping in meeting houses rather than in their parish churches. Leaders like Williams usually had a number of such groups under their care, and spent much of their time on horseback, travelling between widely scattered communities to minister to their congregations. That Williams read in the saddle is well known. As shall become clear, he had certainly read Derham's book as well. It is not too much of an imaginative leap, therefore, to picture him reading about God's design of the cosmos as he rode through the Welsh hills - and it is a good image with which to begin a discussion about Wales, science and European peripheries.

想象一下18世纪50年代西威尔士深处的场景。这是一个荒凉的国家。甚至在一个世纪之后,乔治·博罗称它为“多山的荒野……一片赤褐色的山丘,到处都是黑色陡峭的山顶”。威廉·威廉姆斯牧师骑着马穿过这片荒凉之地。他一边骑马,一边看书——这一次,他鞍袋里的书是威廉·德汉姆的《天文神学》,最早出版于大约20年前。威廉姆斯是卫理公会革命的领军人物,这场革命在过去的二十年里席卷了威尔士。从文化和语言上看,英国国教似乎与他们的日常生活越来越脱节,威尔士各地的男男女女对圣公会不再抱有幻想,并被像威廉姆斯本人这样强大而有魅力的传教士所吸引,转而信奉卫理公会。他们把自己组织成当地的团体,在聚会所做礼拜,而不是在教区教堂做礼拜。像威廉姆斯这样的领袖通常有许多这样的团体在他们的照顾下,他们花了很多时间骑在马背上,在广泛分散的社区之间旅行,为他们的会众服务。威廉斯骑在马鞍上读书是众所周知的。很明显,他也读过德拉姆的书。因此,想象他骑着马穿过威尔士的山丘,读着上帝对宇宙的设计,这并不是一个太大的想象力飞跃——这是一个很好的开始关于威尔士、科学和欧洲边缘的讨论的形象。
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引用次数: 0
Natural history in the physician's study: Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680), Steven Blankaart (1650-1705) and the 'paperwork' of observing insects. 医生书房里的自然史:扬·斯瓦默丹(Jan Swammerdam, 1637-1680)、史蒂文·布兰卡特(Steven Blankaart, 1650-1705)以及观察昆虫的“文书工作”。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000436
Saskia Klerk

While some seventeenth-century scholars promoted natural history as the basis of natural philosophy, they continued to debate how it should be written, about what and by whom. This look into the studios of two Amsterdam physicians, Jan Swammerdam (1637-80) and Steven Blankaart (1650-1705), explores natural history as a project in the making during the second half of the seventeenth century. Swammerdam and Blankaart approached natural history very differently, with different objectives, and relying on different traditions of handling specimens and organizing knowledge on paper, especially with regard to the way that individual observations might be generalized. These traditions varied from collating individual dissections into histories, writing both general and particular histories of plants and animals, collecting medical observations and applying inductive reasoning. Swammerdam identified the essential changes that insects underwent during their life cycle, described four orders based on these 'general characteristics' and presented his findings in specific histories that exemplified the 'general rule' of each order. Blankaart looked to the collective observations of amateurs to support his reputation as a man of medicine, but this was not supposed to lead to any kind of generalization. Their work alerts us to the variety of observational practices that were available to them, and with what purposes they made these their own.

当一些17世纪的学者把博物学作为自然哲学的基础时,他们继续争论如何写博物学,写什么,由谁写。本次展览参观了阿姆斯特丹两位医生Jan Swammerdam(1637-80)和Steven Blankaart(1650-1705)的工作室,探索了17世纪下半叶正在形成的自然史。斯瓦默丹和布兰卡特研究自然历史的方式截然不同,他们的目标不同,依靠的是处理标本和在纸上组织知识的不同传统,尤其是在个人观察可能被概括的方式方面。这些传统各不相同,从将个体解剖整理成历史,写植物和动物的一般和特殊历史,收集医学观察和应用归纳推理。Swammerdam确定了昆虫在其生命周期中所经历的基本变化,根据这些“一般特征”描述了四个目,并在具体的历史中展示了他的发现,举例说明了每个目的“一般规则”。布兰卡特依靠业余爱好者的集体观察来支持他作为一个医学专家的声誉,但这不应该导致任何一概而论。他们的工作提醒我们,他们可以使用各种各样的观察实践,以及他们将这些实践作为自己的目的。
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引用次数: 1
'An attempt to trace illusions to their physical causes': atmospheric mirages and the performance of their demystification in the 1820s and 1830s. “试图追踪幻觉的物理原因”:19世纪20年代和30年代大气幻觉及其消除神秘感的表现。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000369
Fiona Amery

This article suggests that, during the 1820s and 1830s, Britain experienced a mirage moment. A greater volume of material was published on the mirage in scientific journals, treatises, travel literature and novels during these two decades than had occurred before in British history. The phenomenon was examined at the confluence of discussions about the cultural importance of illusions, the nature of the eye and the imperial project to investigate the extra-European natural world. Explanations of the mirage were put forward by such scientists and explorers as Sir David Brewster, William Wollaston and General Sir James Abbott. Their demystification paralleled the performance of unmasking scientific and magical secrets in the gallery shows of London during the period. The practice of seeing involved in viewing unfathomable phenomena whilst simultaneously considering their rational basis underwrote these different circumstances. I use this unusual mode of visuality to explore the ways the mirage and other illusions were viewed and understood in the 1820s and 1830s. Ultimately, this paper argues that the mirage exhibited the fallibility of the eyes as a tool for veridical perception in a marvellous and striking way, with consequences for the perceived trustworthiness of ocular knowledge in the period.

这篇文章表明,在19世纪20年代和30年代,英国经历了一个海市蜃楼的时刻。在这二十年里,在科学期刊、论文、旅行文学和小说中发表的关于海市蜃楼的材料比英国历史上任何时候都要多。这一现象是在讨论幻觉的文化重要性、眼睛的本质和调查欧洲以外自然世界的帝国计划的融合下进行的。科学家和探险家戴维·布鲁斯特爵士、威廉·沃拉斯顿和詹姆斯·阿伯特将军都对海市蜃楼提出了解释。他们的揭开神秘面纱的表演与此期间在伦敦的画廊展览中揭开科学和魔法秘密的表演是平行的。观察的实践包括观察深不可测的现象,同时考虑它们的理性基础,支持这些不同的情况。我用这种不同寻常的视觉模式来探索在19世纪20年代和30年代人们是如何看待和理解海市蜃楼和其他幻觉的。最后,本文认为,海市蜃楼以一种奇妙而引人注目的方式展示了眼睛作为真实感知工具的不可靠性,这对当时人们感知到的眼部知识的可信度产生了影响。
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引用次数: 0
'Research sharing' using social media: online conferencing and the experience of #BSHSGlobalHist. 利用社交媒体的“研究分享”:在线会议和#BSHSGlobalHist的经验。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000485
Jemma Houghton, Alexander Longworth-Dunbar, Nicola Sugden

In February 2020, the British Society for the History of Science hosted its first entirely digital conference via Twitter, with the dual goals of improving outreach and engagement with international historians of science, and exploring methods of reducing the carbon footprint of academic activities. In this article we discuss how we planned and organized this conference, and provide a summary of our experience of the conference itself. We also describe in greater detail the motivations behind its organization, and explore the good and bad dimensions of this relatively new kind of conferencing. As the climate crisis becomes more acute and, in turn, the pressure to reduce the carbon footprint of academic activities increases, we argue that digital conferences of this style will necessarily become more central to how academia operates. By sharing our own experiences of running such a conference, we seek to contribute to a rapidly growing body of knowledge on the subject that might be drawn on to improve our practices going forward. We also share some of our own ideas about how best to approach digital conference organization which helped us to make the most of this particular event.

2020年2月,英国科学史学会(British Society for the History of Science)通过Twitter举办了第一次完全数字化的会议,其双重目标是改善与国际科学史学家的联系和接触,并探索减少学术活动碳足迹的方法。在这篇文章中,我们讨论了我们是如何计划和组织这次会议的,并总结了我们在会议本身的经验。我们还更详细地描述了其组织背后的动机,并探讨了这种相对较新的会议的优点和缺点。随着气候危机变得更加严重,反过来,减少学术活动碳足迹的压力也在增加,我们认为这种风格的数字会议必然会成为学术界运作的核心。通过分享我们自己举办这样一个会议的经验,我们寻求对这一主题迅速增长的知识体系作出贡献,这些知识可以用来改进我们今后的实践。我们还分享了一些我们自己的想法,关于如何最好地处理数字会议组织,这有助于我们充分利用这个特殊的事件。
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引用次数: 2
The place of Edward Gresham's Astrostereon (1603) in the discussion on cosmology and the Bible in the early modern period. Edward Gresham的Astrostereon(1603)在近代早期关于宇宙学和圣经的讨论中的地位。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000345
Barbara Bienias

This article situates Edward Gresham's Astrostereon, or A Discourse of the Falling of the Planet (1603), a little-known English astronomical treatise, in the context of the cosmo-theological debate on the reconciliation of heliocentrism with the Bible, triggered by the publication of Nicholas Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543. Covering the period from the appearance of the 'First Account' of Copernican views presented in Georg Joachim Rheticus's Narratio Prima (1540) to the composition of Astrostereon in 1603, this paper places Edward Gresham's commentary and exegesis against the background of the views expressed by his countrymen and the thinkers associated with the Wittenberg University - such as Philipp Melanchthon, Caspar Peucer, and Christoph Rothmann. Comparing the ways in which they employed certain biblical passages - either in favour of or against the Earth's mobility - the paper emphasizes Gresham's ingenious reading of the Hebrew version of the problematic excerpts, and his expansion of the accommodation principle.

本文将爱德华·格雷沙姆(Edward Gresham)的《行星陨落论》(1603年)——一部鲜为人知的英国天文学论文——置于宇宙神学关于日心说与圣经调和的辩论的背景下,这场辩论是由尼古拉斯·哥白尼(Nicholas哥白尼)于1543年发表的《天体革命论》(De revolutionibus orbium coelestium)引发的。从1540年乔治·约阿希姆·雷提克斯的《第一叙述》(Narratio Prima)中哥白尼观点的“第一叙述”出现到1603年阿斯特伦(Astrostereon)的写作,本文将爱德华·格雷沙姆(Edward Gresham)的评论和注释放在他的同胞和与维滕贝格大学有关的思想家(如菲利普·梅兰希顿、卡斯帕·佩瑟和克里斯托弗·罗斯曼)所表达的观点的背景下。比较了他们使用某些圣经段落的方式——无论是赞成还是反对地球的流动性——论文强调了格雷沙姆对希伯来语版本有问题的摘录的巧妙解读,以及他对适应原则的扩展。
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引用次数: 1
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