首页 > 最新文献

British Journal for the History of Science最新文献

英文 中文
Two BSHS online alternatives to conventional conferences. 两个BSHS在线会议替代传统会议。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000473
Tim Boon, Charlotte Sleigh

In 2020, the BSHS hosted two major online events, the first of their kind in our collective experience. The first, a Twitter conference, was planned and accomplished before COVID-19 had quite been established as a serious global issue. The conference was planned, rather, as an innovation in travel-free conferencing, something that has been on the BSHS agenda since the IPCC report of 2018, calling for net-zero-carbon activity in all areas by 2050. As we discussed the Twitter conference, and watched the amazing energy, intellect and resourcefulness of its planners and hosts, we quickly saw that online delivery offered other advantages too - chiefly, wider participation. The pandemic offered the society a chance to take these lessons very boldly into the most important event of our scholarly calendar, which usually takes the form of an in-person annual conference, but this time was executed as an online festival.

2020年,BSHS举办了两场大型在线活动,这是我们集体经历中首次举办此类活动。第一次是推特会议,是在COVID-19被确定为严重的全球问题之前计划和完成的。相反,这次会议的计划是作为一种免旅行会议的创新,自2018年IPCC报告呼吁到2050年在所有领域实现净零碳活动以来,这一点一直被列入BSHS议程。当我们讨论Twitter会议时,看着它的策划者和主持人惊人的精力、智慧和足智多谋,我们很快发现,在线交付还提供了其他优势——主要是更广泛的参与。大流行为社会提供了一个机会,将这些经验教训非常大胆地纳入我们学术日历上最重要的活动,这些活动通常采取面对面年度会议的形式,但这次是作为一个在线节日执行的。
{"title":"Two BSHS online alternatives to conventional conferences.","authors":"Tim Boon,&nbsp;Charlotte Sleigh","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2020, the BSHS hosted two major online events, the first of their kind in our collective experience. The first, a Twitter conference, was planned and accomplished before COVID-19 had quite been established as a serious global issue. The conference was planned, rather, as an innovation in travel-free conferencing, something that has been on the BSHS agenda since the IPCC report of 2018, calling for net-zero-carbon activity in all areas by 2050. As we discussed the Twitter conference, and watched the amazing energy, intellect and resourcefulness of its planners and hosts, we quickly saw that online delivery offered other advantages too - chiefly, wider participation. The pandemic offered the society a chance to take these lessons very boldly into the most important event of our scholarly calendar, which usually takes the form of an in-person annual conference, but this time was executed as an online festival.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"553-554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38613451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The ciné-biologists: natural history film and the co-production of knowledge in interwar Britain. cinen -生物学家:两次世界大战之间英国的自然历史电影和知识的联合生产。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-14 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000370
Max Long

This article analyses the production and reception of the natural history film series Secrets of Nature (1919-33) and its sequel Secrets of Life (1934-47), exploring what these films reveal about the role of cinema in public discourses about science and nature in interwar Britain. The first part of the article introduces the Secrets using an 'intermedial' approach, linking the kinds of natural history that they displayed to contemporary trends in interwar popular science, from print publications to zoos. It examines how scientific knowledge was communicated in the series, especially the appeal to everyday experience as a vehicle to engage mass audiences with scientific subjects. The second part examines the Secrets series through the lens of knowledge co-production, detailing how a range of different figures, including academic scientists, nature photographers, producers and teachers, became entangled in making the films. Recovering the term 'ciné-biology', it argues that Secrets developed a unique style of filmmaking that generated cultural space for the life sciences in British popular culture. The third part analyses two interwar cinema experiments to explore how audiences, imagined and real, shaped the kinds of natural knowledge characterized by the Secrets films.

本文分析了自然历史系列电影《自然的秘密》(1919- 1933)及其续集《生命的秘密》(1934-47)的制作和接受,探讨了这些电影在两次世界大战之间英国关于科学和自然的公共话语中所揭示的电影角色。文章的第一部分使用“中间”的方法介绍了这些秘密,将它们展示的各种自然历史与两次世界大战之间流行科学的当代趋势联系起来,从印刷出版物到动物园。它考察了科学知识是如何在系列中传播的,特别是对日常经验的呼吁,作为一种媒介,使大众与科学主题接触。第二部分通过知识联合生产的视角来审视《秘密》系列,详细介绍了一系列不同的人物,包括学术科学家、自然摄影师、制片人和教师,是如何在制作这些电影时纠缠在一起的。它认为,《秘密》发展出了一种独特的电影制作风格,为英国流行文化中的生命科学创造了文化空间。第三部分分析两次两次世界大战之间的电影实验,以探索想象和真实的观众是如何塑造以《秘密》电影为特征的各种自然知识的。
{"title":"The ciné-biologists: natural history film and the co-production of knowledge in interwar Britain.","authors":"Max Long","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article analyses the production and reception of the natural history film series Secrets of Nature (1919-33) and its sequel Secrets of Life (1934-47), exploring what these films reveal about the role of cinema in public discourses about science and nature in interwar Britain. The first part of the article introduces the Secrets using an 'intermedial' approach, linking the kinds of natural history that they displayed to contemporary trends in interwar popular science, from print publications to zoos. It examines how scientific knowledge was communicated in the series, especially the appeal to everyday experience as a vehicle to engage mass audiences with scientific subjects. The second part examines the Secrets series through the lens of knowledge co-production, detailing how a range of different figures, including academic scientists, nature photographers, producers and teachers, became entangled in making the films. Recovering the term 'ciné-biology', it argues that Secrets developed a unique style of filmmaking that generated cultural space for the life sciences in British popular culture. The third part analyses two interwar cinema experiments to explore how audiences, imagined and real, shaped the kinds of natural knowledge characterized by the Secrets films.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"527-551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38485026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Voyaging towards the future: the brig Rurik in the North Pacific and the emerging science of the sea. 向未来航行:北太平洋的“留里克”号和新兴的海洋科学。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000448
Alexandra Bekasova

This article explores the networking activities of Count Nikolai Rumiantsev and Adam von Krusenstern, his close collaborator. The visionary Russian statesman and the celebrated navigator were deeply involved in northern exploration. They funded and organized a circumnavigating voyage by the brig Rurik in 1815-18, with the explicit goals of searching for a northern passage between Eurasia and North America and conducting a series of scientific investigations in the Bering Strait region. This private exploratory enterprise profoundly influenced the exchange of information and reconfigured both local and global networks of knowledge. Based on an analysis of private correspondence, printed accounts and journal articles related to the Rurik's expedition, this study sheds light on how this transnational network of actors emerged and functioned, and how it promoted a lively circulation of information about exploration in the Bering Strait region in the 1810s-1820s. I argue that a complex interplay of geopolitical and intellectual competition, with exchanges, collaborations and coordination among various actors (e.g. patrons, navigators, scholars, entrepreneurs and publishers), stimulated further research on the global ocean's northern spaces and laid the foundations of marine science.

本文探讨了尼古拉·鲁米安采夫伯爵和他的亲密合作者亚当·冯·克鲁森斯特恩的网络活动。这位远见卓识的俄国政治家和著名的航海家都深深投身于北方探险。1815年至1818年,他们资助并组织了一次由“留里克”号进行的环球航行,其明确目标是寻找欧亚大陆和北美之间的北部通道,并在白令海峡地区进行一系列科学调查。这种私人探索企业深刻地影响了信息交流,并重新配置了地方和全球的知识网络。基于对私人信件、印刷账目和期刊文章的分析,本研究揭示了这个跨国行为者网络是如何出现和运作的,以及它是如何促进白令海峡地区在19世纪10年代至19世纪20年代探索的活跃信息流通的。我认为,地缘政治和智力竞争的复杂相互作用,加上各种行动者(如赞助人、航海家、学者、企业家和出版商)之间的交流、合作和协调,刺激了对全球海洋北部空间的进一步研究,奠定了海洋科学的基础。
{"title":"Voyaging towards the future: the brig <i>Rurik</i> in the North Pacific and the emerging science of the sea.","authors":"Alexandra Bekasova","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article explores the networking activities of Count Nikolai Rumiantsev and Adam von Krusenstern, his close collaborator. The visionary Russian statesman and the celebrated navigator were deeply involved in northern exploration. They funded and organized a circumnavigating voyage by the brig Rurik in 1815-18, with the explicit goals of searching for a northern passage between Eurasia and North America and conducting a series of scientific investigations in the Bering Strait region. This private exploratory enterprise profoundly influenced the exchange of information and reconfigured both local and global networks of knowledge. Based on an analysis of private correspondence, printed accounts and journal articles related to the Rurik's expedition, this study sheds light on how this transnational network of actors emerged and functioned, and how it promoted a lively circulation of information about exploration in the Bering Strait region in the 1810s-1820s. I argue that a complex interplay of geopolitical and intellectual competition, with exchanges, collaborations and coordination among various actors (e.g. patrons, navigators, scholars, entrepreneurs and publishers), stimulated further research on the global ocean's northern spaces and laid the foundations of marine science.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"469-495"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38814616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Innovation in a crisis: rethinking conferences and scholarship in a pandemic and climate emergency. 危机中的创新:在流行病和气候紧急情况下重新思考会议和学术。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000497
Sam Robinson, Megan Baumhammer, Lea Beiermann, Daniel Belteki, Amy C Chambers, Kelcey Gibbons, Edward Guimont, Kathryn Heffner, Emma-Louise Hill, Jemma Houghton, Daniella McCahey, Sarah Qidwai, Charlotte Sleigh, Nicola Sugden, James Sumner

It is a cliché of self-help advice that there are no problems, only opportunities. The rationale and actions of the BSHS in creating its Global Digital History of Science Festival may be a rare genuine confirmation of this mantra. The global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 meant that the society's usual annual conference - like everyone else's - had to be cancelled. Once the society decided to go digital, we had a hundred days to organize and deliver our first online festival. In the hope that this will help, inspire and warn colleagues around the world who are also trying to move online, we here detail the considerations, conversations and thinking behind the organizing team's decisions.

这是一个陈词滥调的自助建议,没有问题,只有机会。BSHS创建全球数字科学史节的理由和行动可能是对这一咒语罕见的真正证实。2020年的全球COVID-19大流行意味着该协会通常的年度会议——就像其他所有人一样——不得不取消。一旦协会决定数字化,我们就有100天的时间来组织和举办我们的第一个在线节日。希望这将有助于、激励和警告世界各地也在尝试上网的同事,我们在这里详细介绍组织团队决策背后的考虑、对话和思考。
{"title":"Innovation in a crisis: rethinking conferences and scholarship in a pandemic and climate emergency.","authors":"Sam Robinson,&nbsp;Megan Baumhammer,&nbsp;Lea Beiermann,&nbsp;Daniel Belteki,&nbsp;Amy C Chambers,&nbsp;Kelcey Gibbons,&nbsp;Edward Guimont,&nbsp;Kathryn Heffner,&nbsp;Emma-Louise Hill,&nbsp;Jemma Houghton,&nbsp;Daniella McCahey,&nbsp;Sarah Qidwai,&nbsp;Charlotte Sleigh,&nbsp;Nicola Sugden,&nbsp;James Sumner","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is a cliché of self-help advice that there are no problems, only opportunities. The rationale and actions of the BSHS in creating its Global Digital History of Science Festival may be a rare genuine confirmation of this mantra. The global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 meant that the society's usual annual conference - like everyone else's - had to be cancelled. Once the society decided to go digital, we had a hundred days to organize and deliver our first online festival. In the hope that this will help, inspire and warn colleagues around the world who are also trying to move online, we here detail the considerations, conversations and thinking behind the organizing team's decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"575-590"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38612613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Race before Darwin: Variation, adaptation and the natural history of man in post-Enlightenment Edinburgh, 1790-1835. 达尔文之前的种族:变异、适应和启蒙运动后爱丁堡人类的自然史,1790-1835。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000217
Bill Jenkins

This paper draws on material from the dissertation books of the University of Edinburgh's student societies and surviving lecture notes from the university's professors to shed new light on the debates on human variation, heredity and the origin of races between 1790 and 1835. That Edinburgh was the most important centre of medical education in the English-speaking world in this period makes this a particularly significant context. By around 1800 the fixed natural order of the eighteenth century was giving way to a more fluid conception of species and varieties. The dissolution of the 'Great Chain of Being' made interpretations of races as adaptive responses to local climates plausible. The evidence presented shows that human variation, inheritance and adaptation were being widely discussed in Edinburgh in the student circles around Charles Darwin when he was a medical student in Edinburgh in the 1820s. It is therefore no surprise to find these same themes recurring in similar form in the evolutionary speculations in his notebooks on the transmutation of species written in the late 1830s during the gestation of his theory of evolution.

这篇论文从爱丁堡大学学生社团的论文书和幸存的大学教授的课堂笔记中汲取材料,为1790年至1835年间关于人类变异、遗传和种族起源的辩论提供了新的视角。爱丁堡是这一时期英语世界最重要的医学教育中心这一背景尤为重要。到1800年左右,18世纪固定的自然秩序让位于物种和变异的更灵活的概念。“存在的大链”的解体使得将种族解释为对当地气候的适应性反应变得可信。这些证据表明,19世纪20年代,查尔斯·达尔文还是爱丁堡的一名医科学生时,在爱丁堡的学生圈子里,人类的变异、遗传和适应被广泛讨论。因此,在他19世纪30年代后期关于物种嬗变的笔记中,发现这些相同的主题以类似的形式反复出现,这并不奇怪,这些笔记是在他的进化论孕育期间写的。
{"title":"Race before Darwin: Variation, adaptation and the natural history of man in post-Enlightenment Edinburgh, 1790-1835.","authors":"Bill Jenkins","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper draws on material from the dissertation books of the University of Edinburgh's student societies and surviving lecture notes from the university's professors to shed new light on the debates on human variation, heredity and the origin of races between 1790 and 1835. That Edinburgh was the most important centre of medical education in the English-speaking world in this period makes this a particularly significant context. By around 1800 the fixed natural order of the eighteenth century was giving way to a more fluid conception of species and varieties. The dissolution of the 'Great Chain of Being' made interpretations of races as adaptive responses to local climates plausible. The evidence presented shows that human variation, inheritance and adaptation were being widely discussed in Edinburgh in the student circles around Charles Darwin when he was a medical student in Edinburgh in the 1820s. It is therefore no surprise to find these same themes recurring in similar form in the evolutionary speculations in his notebooks on the transmutation of species written in the late 1830s during the gestation of his theory of evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"333-350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38098543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A brief precis of the institutionalization of history of science in Mexico. 简述墨西哥科学史的制度化。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000357
JosÉ Antonio Alonso-PavÓn, Jocelyn CheÉ-Santiago, Martha LucÍa Granados-Riveros, Marco Ornelas-Cruces, Erica Torrens Rojas, Ana Barahona
This short essay offers an overview of some crucial aspects of the history of science in Mexico: its pioneers, and their characteristic ways of historical writing on science since the end of the nineteenth century. From this point, we explore later forms of historiography that have shaped the development of history of science as a professionalized and institutionalized fi eld of research in Mexico. The aim of this task is to highlight the variety of ways in which certain actors sought to understand, interpret and communicate the main concerns and developments of Mexican science at different historical moments, which paved the way for the shaping of the history of science as an academic discipline in this country.
{"title":"A brief precis of the institutionalization of history of science in Mexico.","authors":"JosÉ Antonio Alonso-PavÓn,&nbsp;Jocelyn CheÉ-Santiago,&nbsp;Martha LucÍa Granados-Riveros,&nbsp;Marco Ornelas-Cruces,&nbsp;Erica Torrens Rojas,&nbsp;Ana Barahona","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000357","url":null,"abstract":"This short essay offers an overview of some crucial aspects of the history of science in Mexico: its pioneers, and their characteristic ways of historical writing on science since the end of the nineteenth century. From this point, we explore later forms of historiography that have shaped the development of history of science as a professionalized and institutionalized fi eld of research in Mexico. The aim of this task is to highlight the variety of ways in which certain actors sought to understand, interpret and communicate the main concerns and developments of Mexican science at different historical moments, which paved the way for the shaping of the history of science as an academic discipline in this country.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"397-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38543727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Why Semmelweis's doctrine was rejected: evidence from the first publication of his results by Friedrich Wieger, and an editorial commenting on the results. 为什么塞梅尔魏斯的理论被拒绝:来自弗里德里希·维格(Friedrich Wieger)首次发表的他的结果的证据,以及对结果的评论。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-07-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000229
Nicholas Kadar, Russell D Croft

We present English translations of two French documents to show that the main reason for the rejection of Semmelweis's theory of the cause of childbed (puerperal) fever was because his proof relied on the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, and not because Joseph Skoda referred only to cadaveric particles as the cause in his lecture to the Academy of Science on Semmelweis's discovery. Friedrich Wieger (1821-1890), an obstetrician from Strasbourg, published an accurate account of Semmelweis's theory six months before Skoda's lecture, and reported a case in which the causative agent originated from a source other than cadavers. Wieger also presented data showing that chlorine hand disinfection reduced the annual maternal mortality rate from childbed fever (MMR) from more than 7 per cent for the years 1840-1846 to 1.27 per cent in 1848, the first full year in which chlorine hand disinfection was practised. But an editorial in the Gazette médicale de Paris rejected the data as proof of the effectiveness of chlorine hand disinfection, stating that the fact that the MMR fell after chlorine hand disinfection was implemented did not mean that this innovation had caused the MMR to fall. This previously unrecognized objection to Semmelweis's proof was also the reason why Semmelweis's chief rejected Semmelweis's evidence.

我们提供了两份法语文件的英文翻译,以表明拒绝塞梅尔威斯的产褥热病因理论的主要原因是他的证明依赖于事后因由谬误,而不是因为约瑟夫·斯科达在科学院关于塞梅尔威斯的发现的演讲中只提到尸体颗粒作为病因。斯特拉斯堡的产科医生弗里德里希·维格(Friedrich Wieger, 1821-1890)在斯柯达演讲的六个月前发表了一篇关于塞梅尔韦斯理论的准确描述,并报告了一个病例,其中病原体来自尸体以外的来源。Wieger还介绍了数据,表明氯手消毒将产热(MMR)的年孕产妇死亡率从1840-1846年的7%以上降低到1848年的1.27%,1848年是实施氯手消毒的第一个全年。但是《巴黎公报》的一篇社论拒绝将这些数据作为氯手消毒有效性的证据,指出在氯手消毒实施后,MMR下降的事实并不意味着这种创新导致了MMR下降。这一先前未被承认的对Semmelweis证据的异议,也是Semmelweis的首席法官拒绝Semmelweis证据的原因。
{"title":"Why Semmelweis's doctrine was rejected: evidence from the first publication of his results by Friedrich Wieger, and an editorial commenting on the results.","authors":"Nicholas Kadar,&nbsp;Russell D Croft","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present English translations of two French documents to show that the main reason for the rejection of Semmelweis's theory of the cause of childbed (puerperal) fever was because his proof relied on the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, and not because Joseph Skoda referred only to cadaveric particles as the cause in his lecture to the Academy of Science on Semmelweis's discovery. Friedrich Wieger (1821-1890), an obstetrician from Strasbourg, published an accurate account of Semmelweis's theory six months before Skoda's lecture, and reported a case in which the causative agent originated from a source other than cadavers. Wieger also presented data showing that chlorine hand disinfection reduced the annual maternal mortality rate from childbed fever (MMR) from more than 7 per cent for the years 1840-1846 to 1.27 per cent in 1848, the first full year in which chlorine hand disinfection was practised. But an editorial in the Gazette médicale de Paris rejected the data as proof of the effectiveness of chlorine hand disinfection, stating that the fact that the MMR fell after chlorine hand disinfection was implemented did not mean that this innovation had caused the MMR to fall. This previously unrecognized objection to Semmelweis's proof was also the reason why Semmelweis's chief rejected Semmelweis's evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"389-395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38111123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Performing in a different place: the use of a prodigy to the Dublin Philosophical Society. 在不同的地方表演:使用一个神童到都柏林哲学协会。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000205
Paddy Holt

From 8 February until at least 19 April 1686, the Dublin Philosophical Society was occupied with a prodigiously talented young girl whose name was never recorded. She was less than eleven years of age, but still much older than the society itself, which had begun meeting less than three years previously. Although one of many wonders engaging the curiosity of the nascent society, this girl served a surprising range of purposes, so that accompanying her anonymity was a curious malleability. Pressed into several different roles and identities, her exploitation affords a glimpse into the various qualities that could make a spectacle useful in a philosophical climate that was unique among the British Isles. The use of this girl therefore not only sheds light on the needs of a less familiar learned society, but also shows how these could differ from those of its better-understood counterparts. For a period of time, it was the versatility not of the gentlemen in Dublin, but of the prodigy they used, that best served this group on the periphery.

从1686年2月8日到至少4月19日,都柏林哲学学会被一位才华横溢的年轻女孩占据,她的名字从未被记录在案。她不到十一岁,但比这个社团本身要老得多,因为这个社团成立还不到三年。尽管这个女孩是吸引新生社会好奇心的众多奇迹之一,但她有着令人惊讶的用途,因此伴随她的匿名性的是一种奇怪的可塑性。她被压在几个不同的角色和身份中,她的剥削让我们得以一窥在不列颠群岛独特的哲学氛围中,使奇观有用的各种品质。因此,这个女孩的使用不仅揭示了一个不太熟悉的学术社会的需求,而且还显示了这些需求与那些更了解的同行的需求有何不同。在一段时间内,不是都柏林的绅士们的多才多艺,而是他们所使用的天才,最适合这个边缘群体。
{"title":"Performing in a different place: the use of a prodigy to the Dublin Philosophical Society.","authors":"Paddy Holt","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From 8 February until at least 19 April 1686, the Dublin Philosophical Society was occupied with a prodigiously talented young girl whose name was never recorded. She was less than eleven years of age, but still much older than the society itself, which had begun meeting less than three years previously. Although one of many wonders engaging the curiosity of the nascent society, this girl served a surprising range of purposes, so that accompanying her anonymity was a curious malleability. Pressed into several different roles and identities, her exploitation affords a glimpse into the various qualities that could make a spectacle useful in a philosophical climate that was unique among the British Isles. The use of this girl therefore not only sheds light on the needs of a less familiar learned society, but also shows how these could differ from those of its better-understood counterparts. For a period of time, it was the versatility not of the gentlemen in Dublin, but of the prodigy they used, that best served this group on the periphery.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"371-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38004041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Subject 01: exemplary Indigenous masculinity in Cold War genetics. 实验对象01:冷战遗传学中典型的本土男子气概。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-08-07 DOI: 10.1017/S000708742000031X
Rosanna Dent

In 1962 a team of scientists conducted their first joint fieldwork in a Xavante village in Central Brazil. Recycling long-standing notions that living Indigenous people represented human prehistory, the scientists saw Indigenous people as useful subjects of study not only due to their closeness to nature, but also due to their sociocultural and political realities. The geneticists' vision crystalized around one subject - the famous chief Apöwẽ. Through Apöwẽ, the geneticists fixated on what they perceived as the political prowess, impressive physique, and masculine reproductive aptitude of Xavante men. These constructions of charismatic masculinity came at the expense of recognizing how profoundly colonial expansion into Mato Grosso had destabilized Xavante communities, stripping them of their land and introducing epidemic disease. The geneticists' theorizing prefigured debates to come in sociobiology, and set up an enduring research programme that Apöwẽ continues to animate even four decades after his death.

1962年,一组科学家在巴西中部的一个Xavante村庄进行了他们的第一次联合实地考察。科学家们重申了土著居民代表人类史前的长期观念,认为土著居民是有用的研究对象,不仅因为他们与自然的亲密关系,而且还因为他们的社会文化和政治现实。遗传学家们的愿景集中在一个主题上——著名的酋长Apöwẽ。通过Apöwẽ,遗传学家们专注于他们所认为的Xavante男性的政治能力、令人印象深刻的体格和男性化的生殖能力。这些有魅力的男子气概的构建是以认识到马托格罗索州的殖民扩张是如何深刻地破坏了Xavante社区的稳定为代价的,剥夺了他们的土地,引入了流行病。遗传学家们的理论预示了社会生物学领域的争论,并建立了一个持久的研究项目,即使在他去世四十年后,Apöwẽ仍在继续活跃。
{"title":"Subject 01: exemplary Indigenous masculinity in Cold War genetics.","authors":"Rosanna Dent","doi":"10.1017/S000708742000031X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742000031X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1962 a team of scientists conducted their first joint fieldwork in a Xavante village in Central Brazil. Recycling long-standing notions that living Indigenous people represented human prehistory, the scientists saw Indigenous people as useful subjects of study not only due to their closeness to nature, but also due to their sociocultural and political realities. The geneticists' vision crystalized around one subject - the famous chief Apöwẽ. Through Apöwẽ, the geneticists fixated on what they perceived as the political prowess, impressive physique, and masculine reproductive aptitude of Xavante men. These constructions of charismatic masculinity came at the expense of recognizing how profoundly colonial expansion into Mato Grosso had destabilized Xavante communities, stripping them of their land and introducing epidemic disease. The geneticists' theorizing prefigured debates to come in sociobiology, and set up an enduring research programme that Apöwẽ continues to animate even four decades after his death.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"311-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S000708742000031X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38245643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
What is science for? The Lighthill report on artificial intelligence reinterpreted. 科学是用来干什么的?莱特希尔关于人工智能的报告被重新解读。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-07-10 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000230
Jon Agar

This paper uses a case study of a 1970s controversy in artificial-intelligence (AI) research to explore how scientists understand the relationships between research and practical applications. It is part of a project that seeks to map such relationships in order to enable better policy recommendations to be grounded empirically through historical evidence. In 1972 the mathematician James Lighthill submitted a report, published in 1973, on the state of artificial-intelligence research under way in the United Kingdom. The criticisms made in the report have been held to be a major cause behind the dramatic slowing down (subsequently called an 'AI winter') of such research. This paper has two aims, one narrow and one broad. The narrow aim is to inquire into the causes, motivations and content of the Lighthill report. I argue that behind James Lighthill's criticisms of a central part of artificial intelligence was a principle he held throughout his career - that the best research was tightly coupled to practical problem solving. I also show that the Science Research Council provided a preliminary steer to the direction of this apparently independent report. The broader aim of the paper is to map some of the ways that scientists (and in Lighthill's case, a mathematician) have articulated and justified relationships between research and practical, real-world problems, an issue previously identified as central to historical analysis of modern science. The paper therefore offers some deepened historical case studies of the processes identified in Agar's 'working-worlds' model.

本文以20世纪70年代人工智能(AI)研究中的争议为例,探讨科学家如何理解研究与实际应用之间的关系。它是一个项目的一部分,该项目旨在绘制这种关系,以便能够根据历史证据提出更好的政策建议。1972年,数学家詹姆斯·莱特希尔(James Lighthill)提交了一份关于英国正在进行的人工智能研究状况的报告,该报告于1973年发表。报告中提出的批评被认为是此类研究急剧放缓(后来被称为“人工智能寒冬”)背后的主要原因。本文有两个目的,一个是狭义的,一个是广义的。狭义的目的是探究莱特希尔报告的原因、动机和内容。我认为,在詹姆斯·莱特希尔(James Lighthill)对人工智能核心部分的批评背后,是他整个职业生涯都坚持的一条原则——最好的研究与实际问题的解决紧密结合在一起。我还指出,科学研究委员会为这份看似独立的报告的方向提供了初步指引。这篇论文更广泛的目标是描绘出科学家(莱特希尔是一位数学家)阐明和证明研究与实际问题、现实世界问题之间关系的一些方式,这个问题之前被认为是现代科学历史分析的核心。因此,本文提供了琼脂的“工作世界”模型中确定的过程的一些深入的历史案例研究。
{"title":"What is science for? The Lighthill report on artificial intelligence reinterpreted.","authors":"Jon Agar","doi":"10.1017/S0007087420000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper uses a case study of a 1970s controversy in artificial-intelligence (AI) research to explore how scientists understand the relationships between research and practical applications. It is part of a project that seeks to map such relationships in order to enable better policy recommendations to be grounded empirically through historical evidence. In 1972 the mathematician James Lighthill submitted a report, published in 1973, on the state of artificial-intelligence research under way in the United Kingdom. The criticisms made in the report have been held to be a major cause behind the dramatic slowing down (subsequently called an 'AI winter') of such research. This paper has two aims, one narrow and one broad. The narrow aim is to inquire into the causes, motivations and content of the Lighthill report. I argue that behind James Lighthill's criticisms of a central part of artificial intelligence was a principle he held throughout his career - that the best research was tightly coupled to practical problem solving. I also show that the Science Research Council provided a preliminary steer to the direction of this apparently independent report. The broader aim of the paper is to map some of the ways that scientists (and in Lighthill's case, a mathematician) have articulated and justified relationships between research and practical, real-world problems, an issue previously identified as central to historical analysis of modern science. The paper therefore offers some deepened historical case studies of the processes identified in Agar's 'working-worlds' model.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"289-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0007087420000230","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38143654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
期刊
British Journal for the History of Science
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1