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Jodhpur and the aeroplane: aviation and diplomacy in an Indian state 1924-1952. 焦特布尔与飞机:1924-1952年印度某邦的航空与外交。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000298
Aashique Ahmed Iqbal

This paper is a study of the intersection between aviation and diplomacy in the semi-autonomous Indian state of Jodhpur in the final decades of British colonial rule in India. Jodhpur's Maharaja Umaid Singh established a major international aerodrome, patronized one of India's first flying clubs and collaborated with British authorities to make aviation laws for the Indian states. He would also serve in the Royal Air Force during the war and placed Jodhpur state's aviation resources at the disposal of the king-emperor. This paper argues that Jodhpur was able to leverage its aviation resources to wield substantial influence both within and beyond the British Empire through both war and peace. An analysis of Jodhpur's engagement with aviation diplomacy is also revealing of some of the limitations as well as possibilities for the deployment of science diplomacy frameworks, especially in non-Western contexts.

本文研究了英国在印度殖民统治的最后几十年里,印度半自治的焦特布尔邦的航空和外交之间的交集。焦特布尔的王公Umaid Singh建立了一个主要的国际机场,资助了印度首批飞行俱乐部之一,并与英国当局合作为印度各邦制定航空法。战争期间,他还将在皇家空军服役,并将焦特布尔邦的航空资源交给国王皇帝使用。本文认为,无论是战争还是和平时期,焦特布尔都能够利用其航空资源在大英帝国内外施加重大影响。对焦特布尔参与航空外交的分析也揭示了科学外交框架部署的一些局限性和可能性,特别是在非西方背景下。
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引用次数: 0
A plague of weasels and ticks: animal introduction, ecological disaster, and the balance of nature in Jamaica, 1870-1900. 黄鼠狼和蜱虫的瘟疫:1870-1900年牙买加的动物引入、生态灾难和自然平衡。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000286
Matthew Holmes

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, British colonists in Jamaica became increasingly exasperated by the damage caused to their sugar plantations by rats. In 1872, a British planter attempted to solve this problem by introducing the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata). The animals, however, turned on Jamaica's insectivorous birds and reptiles, leading to an explosion in the tick population. This paper situates the mongoose catastrophe as a closing chapter in the history of the nineteenth-century acclimatization movement. While foreign observers saw the introduction of the mongoose as a cautionary tale, caricaturing British Jamaica as overrun by a plague of weasels and ticks, British colonists, administrators and naturalists - identifying a gradual decline of both populations - argued that the 'balance of nature' would eventually reassert itself. As this paper argues, through this dubious claim they were attempting to retrospectively rationalize or justify the introductions and their disastrous aftermath. This strategy enabled them to gloss over the lasting ecological damage caused by the mongoose, and allowed its adherents to continue their uncritical support of both the Jamaican plantation economy and animal introductions in the British Empire.

19世纪末,牙买加的英国殖民者对老鼠对他们的甘蔗种植园造成的破坏越来越愤怒。1872年,一位英国种植园主试图通过引进小型印度猫鼬来解决这个问题。然而,这些动物转而攻击牙买加的食虫鸟类和爬行动物,导致蜱虫数量激增。本文将猫鼬灾难视为19世纪适应运动历史的最后一章。虽然外国观察家认为猫鼬的引入是一个警示故事,讽刺英属牙买加被黄鼠狼和蜱虫的瘟疫所淹没,但英国殖民者、行政人员和博物学家认为,这两种种群都在逐渐减少,他们认为“自然平衡”最终会重新确立。正如本文所说,通过这种可疑的说法,他们试图追溯性地合理化或证明这些介绍及其灾难性后果的合理性。这一策略使他们能够掩盖猫鼬造成的持久生态破坏,并使猫鼬的追随者能够继续不加批判地支持牙买加种植园经济和大英帝国的动物引进。
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引用次数: 0
Transformations: the material representation of historical experiments in science teaching. 转化:科学教学中历史实验的物质表现。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000274
Peter Heering

Some experiments from the history of physics became so famous that they not only made it into the textbook canon but were transformed into lecture demonstration performances and student laboratory activities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While, at first glance, some of these demonstrations as well as the related instruments do resemble their historical ancestors, a closer examination reveals significant differences both in the instruments themselves and in the practices and meanings associated with them. In this paper, I analyse the relation between the research instruments and the respective teaching demonstrations. In doing so, I particularly distinguish between demonstrations that address the process of the actual experimental procedures, and those that focus on the outcome or results (the product) of the experiment. This distinction will be illustrated in some exemplary case studies from the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth in which both the historical experiment and the related educational devices are analysed. The tension between the historical experiment on the one hand, and the different variants of the teaching version on the other, result in the educational as well as epistemological problems that are discussed in this paper.

物理学史上的一些实验变得如此著名,以至于它们不仅成为教科书的经典,而且在19世纪和20世纪被转化为课堂演示表演和学生实验室活动。虽然乍一看,其中一些演示以及相关文书确实与它们的历史祖先相似,但仔细研究就会发现,这些文书本身以及与之相关的实践和意义都存在重大差异。在本文中,我分析了研究工具与各自的教学演示之间的关系。在这样做的过程中,我特别区分了涉及实际实验程序过程的演示和关注实验结果或结果(产品)的演示。这种区别将在19世纪末和20世纪初的一些典型案例研究中得到说明,在这些案例研究中,对历史实验和相关的教育手段进行了分析。历史实验和教学版本的不同变体之间的紧张关系导致了本文所讨论的教育和认识论问题。
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引用次数: 0
From museumization to decolonization: fostering critical dialogues in the history of science with a Haida eagle mask. 从博物馆化到非殖民化:戴着海达鹰面具促进科学史上的批判性对话。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000043
Efram Sera-Shriar

This paper explores the process from museumization to decolonization through an examination of a Haida eagle mask currently on display in the Exploring Medicine gallery at the Science Museum in London. While elements of this discussion are well developed in some disciplines, such as Indigenous studies, anthropology and museum and heritage studies, this paper approaches the topic through the history of science, where decolonization and global perspectives are still gaining momentum. The aim therefore is to offer some opening perspectives and methods on how historians of science can use the ideas and approaches relating to decolonization in other fields, and apply them constructively to the history of science, particularly in museum settings. Decolonization is a complicated process and the focus of this paper is squarely on the preliminary steps of its implementation. To understand this process fully, the paper will recontextualize the Indigenous history of the Haida eagle mask at the Science Museum through a careful reconstruction of its provenance record. Through this process it will expose the politics of erasure and hidden voices in museum collections.

本文通过检查目前在伦敦科学博物馆探索医学画廊展出的海达鹰面具,探索了从博物馆化到非殖民化的过程。虽然这一讨论的内容在一些学科中得到了很好的发展,如土著研究、人类学、博物馆和遗产研究,但本文通过科学史来探讨这一主题,在科学史中,非殖民化和全球视角仍在增长。因此,目的是就科学历史学家如何在其他领域使用与非殖民化有关的思想和方法提供一些开放的视角和方法,并将其建设性地应用于科学史,特别是在博物馆环境中。非殖民化是一个复杂的过程,本文件的重点完全放在执行非殖民化的初步步骤上。为了充分理解这一过程,本文将通过仔细重建海达鹰面具的起源记录,重新文本化科学博物馆海达鹰面罩的土著历史。通过这个过程,它将揭露博物馆藏品中的抹杀政治和隐藏的声音。
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引用次数: 0
Van Leeuwenhoek - the film: remaking memory in Dutch science cinema 1925-c.1960. 范·列文虎克-电影:在荷兰科学电影中重塑记忆1925-c.1960。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S000708742300016X
Mieneke Te Hennepe

This paper examines how the production, content and reception of the film Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1924) influenced the historical framing of science. The film features microcinematography by the pioneering Dutch filmmaker Jan Cornelis Mol (1891-1954), and was part of a dynamic process of commemorating seventeenth-century microscopy and bacteriology through an early instance of visual re-creation - a new way of using scientific material heritage, and of enabling audiences to supposedly observe the world of microscopic organisms in just the same way as the Dutch scientist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) had observed them for himself. Knowledge transfer concerning material culture, around both historical and contemporary instruments, was the determining factor in the microcinematography practices applied in this film. The production and experience of the film also mirrored the seventeenth-century process of experimentation, playing with optics, and visualizing an entirely new and unknown world. Unlike other biographical science films of the 1920s, Antony van Leeuwenhoek featured abstract depictions of time and movement that allowed the audience to connect the history of science with microcinematography, contributing to the memory of Van Leeuwenhoek's work as the origins of bacteriology in the process.

本文考察了电影安东尼·范·列文虎克(1924)的制作、内容和接受对科学历史框架的影响。这部电影以荷兰先驱电影制作人Jan Cornelis Mol(1891-1954)的微电影摄影为特色,是通过早期视觉重建来纪念17世纪显微镜和细菌学的动态过程的一部分,这是一种利用科学物质遗产的新方式,以及让观众能够像荷兰科学家安东尼·范·列文虎克(1632-1723)自己观察微观生物一样观察微观生物的世界。关于物质文化的知识转移,围绕着历史和当代仪器,是这部电影中应用的显微摄影实践的决定因素。这部电影的制作和体验也反映了17世纪的实验过程,玩弄光学,想象一个全新的未知世界。与20世纪20年代的其他传记科学电影不同,安东尼·范·列文虎克对时间和运动进行了抽象描述,使观众能够将科学史与显微摄影术联系起来,从而有助于记忆范·列文虎克的作品,将其视为这一过程中细菌学的起源。
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引用次数: 0
Presidential Address 'Some years of cudgelling my brains about the nature and function of science museums': Frank Sherwood Taylor and the public role of the history of science. 总统演讲“多年来,我一直在思考科学博物馆的性质和功能”:弗兰克·舍伍德·泰勒和科学史的公众角色。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000237
Tim Boon

Frank Sherwood Taylor was director of the Science Museum London for just over five years from October 1950. He was the only historian of science ever to have been director of this institution, which has always ridden a tightrope between advocacy of science and advocacy of its history, balancing differently at different points in its history. He was also president of the BSHS from 1951 to 1953. So what happened when a historian got his hands on the nation's pre-eminent public museum of science? To what extent did his historian's training and instincts affect his policies whilst director, and with what effect in the longer term? Taking this exceptional case, I suggest, enables us to consider how museum accounts of the past of science relate to historiographies of science otherwise available in the culture. In this discussion, drawing on new archival research, I consider the role of history within a key policy paper he wrote in 1951. I analyse and contextualize its main themes before considering, by way of conclusion, his legacy.

弗兰克·舍伍德·泰勒从1950年10月起担任伦敦科学博物馆馆长仅五年多。他是有史以来唯一一位担任该机构主任的科学历史学家,该机构一直在倡导科学和倡导历史之间走钢丝,在历史的不同时刻保持不同的平衡。1951年至1953年,他还是BSHS的主席。那么,当一位历史学家获得了美国著名的公共科学博物馆时,发生了什么呢?他的历史学家的训练和直觉在多大程度上影响了他担任导演期间的政策,从长远来看会产生什么影响?我认为,以这种特殊的情况为例,我们可以考虑博物馆对科学历史的描述与文化中其他可用的科学史书之间的关系。在这次讨论中,我借鉴了新的档案研究,考虑了历史在他1951年写的一篇关键政策文件中的作用。在总结他的遗产之前,我对其主要主题进行了分析和背景分析。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: Power to the image! Science, technology and visual diplomacy. 介绍:动力到形象!科学、技术和视觉外交。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000146
Simone Turchetti, Matthew Adamson

This special issue explores the power that images with a techno-scientific content can have in international relations. As we introduce the articles in the collection, we highlight how the study of this influence extends current research in the separate (but increasingly interacting) domains of history of science and technology, and political science. We then show how images of different types (photographs, cartoons and plots) can inform inter-state transactions through their public appeal alongside the better-studied dialogic practices of the diplomatic arena. Finally, we offer an analysis of the interlacing of different diplomatic tracks based on words and images and conclude that, in contrast with words, images conflate agency and argument, therefore creating opportunities to inform transactions and negotiations which their designers may not have even intended.

本期特刊探讨了科技图片在国际关系中的影响力。在介绍文集中的文章时,我们强调了对这种影响的研究如何扩展了科学技术史和政治学这两个独立(但日益相互作用)领域的当前研究。然后,我们展示了不同类型的图像(照片,漫画和情节)如何通过其公众吸引力以及外交舞台上更好研究的对话实践来告知国家间的交易。最后,我们对基于文字和图像的不同外交轨道的交错进行了分析,并得出结论,与文字相比,图像将代理和论点混为一谈,因此创造了为交易和谈判提供信息的机会,而这些交易和谈判的设计者可能甚至没有打算这样做。
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引用次数: 0
Cartoon diplomacy: visual strategies, imperial rivalries and the 1890 British Ultimatum to Portugal. 漫画外交:视觉战略、帝国对抗和1890年英国对葡萄牙的最后通牒。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000067
Maria Paula Diogo, Paula Urze, Ana Simões

This paper offers a novel interpretation of the 1890 British Ultimatum, by bringing to the front of the stage its techno-diplomatic dimension, often invisible in the canonical diplomatic and military narratives. Furthermore, we use an unconventional historical source to grasp the British-Portuguese imperial conflict over the African hinterland via the building of railways: the cartoons of the politically committed and polyvalent Portuguese artist and journalist Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro (1846-1905), published in his journal Ponto nos iis, from the end of 1889 and throughout 1890. We argue that the Ponto nos iis cartoons played a so far overlooked role in the unfolding of British-Portuguese affairs, as they shaped at a distance a diplomatic exchange with the British satirical journal Punch. Attacking and counterattacking his fellow cartoonists in Britain, Pinheiro surged into the role of informal diplomat. This cartoon visual and public diplomacy unfolded in the pages of both journals and was tied to the two countries' colonial conquests in Africa, where the Portuguese and British empires were competing to dominate the African hinterland through large technological systems. Hence the cartoons made visible to wider audiences the otherwise hidden role that technologies played in the two countries' affairs. In turn, the cartoons aimed at persuading the Portuguese public and ruling classes alike that only regime change, from monarchic to republican, would restore the wounded Portuguese national pride.

本文对1890年英国最后通牒提供了一种新颖的解释,通过将其技术外交维度带到舞台的前面,这在典型的外交和军事叙事中往往是不可见的。此外,我们使用了一个非常规的历史来源,通过铁路的建设来把握英、葡萄牙帝国在非洲腹地的冲突:政治上坚定的、多面手的葡萄牙艺术家和记者Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro(1846-1905)的漫画,发表在他的杂志Ponto nos iis上,从1889年底到1890年。我们认为,《Ponto nos ii》漫画在英葡关系的发展中发挥了迄今为止被忽视的作用,因为它们与英国讽刺杂志《Punch》形成了远距离的外交往来。皮涅罗攻击和反击他在英国的漫画家同行,迅速成为非正式外交官。这种卡通般的视觉和公共外交展现在两份期刊的页面上,并与两国在非洲的殖民征服有关,葡萄牙和英国帝国在那里竞相通过大型技术系统控制非洲腹地。因此,这些漫画让更多的观众看到了科技在两国事务中扮演的隐藏角色。反过来,这些漫画旨在说服葡萄牙公众和统治阶级,只有从君主制到共和制的政权更迭,才能恢复葡萄牙受伤的民族自豪感。
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引用次数: 0
Dylan Mulvin, Proxies: The Cultural Work of Standing In London: MIT Press, 2021. Pp. 228. ISBN 978-0-2620-4514-8. £40.00 (paperback). - CORRIGENDUM. 迪伦·马尔文,代理:站在伦敦的文化工作:麻省理工学院出版社,2021年。228页。ISBN 978-0-2620-4514-8。£40.00(平装)。应改正的错误。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000249
Harry Law
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引用次数: 1
Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations. 卫星图像作为视觉外交的工具:美国宇航局的臭氧空洞可视化和蒙特利尔议定书谈判。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/S000708742300002X
Sebastian V Grevsmühl, Régis Briday

On 16 September 1987, the main chlorofluorocarbon-producing and -consuming countries signed the Montreal Protocol, despite the absence of a scientific consensus on the mechanisms of ozone depletion over Antarctica. We argue in this article that the rapid diffusion from late 1985 onwards of satellite images showing the Antarctic ozone hole played a significant role in this diplomatic outcome. Whereas negotiators claimed that they chose to deliberately ignore the Antarctic ozone hole during the negotiations since no theory was able yet to explain it, the images still loomed large for many of the actors involved. In Western countries, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) satellite visualizations were diffused through the general press and television stations. Other popular and mass media outlets followed quickly. In describing the circulation and appropriation processes of these images within and beyond the scientific and negotiation arenas, we show that the ozone hole images did play an important part in ozone diplomacy in the two years leading up to the signing of the Montreal Protocol, both in the expert and diplomatic arenas and as public diplomacy tools. We conclude by encouraging scholars to engage with new visual archives and to contribute to the development of the vibrant new field of research on visual diplomacy.

1987年9月16日,主要的氟氯化碳生产国和消费国签署了《蒙特利尔议定书》,尽管在南极洲上空臭氧耗竭的机制方面还没有达成科学共识。我们在本文中认为,1985年末以来显示南极臭氧空洞的卫星图像的迅速传播在这一外交结果中发挥了重要作用。尽管谈判代表声称他们在谈判中故意忽略了南极臭氧空洞,因为还没有任何理论能够解释它,但对于许多参与者来说,这些图像仍然很突出。在西方国家,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的卫星图像通过一般新闻界和电视台传播。其他大众媒体也迅速跟进。在描述这些图像在科学和谈判领域内外的流通和拨款过程时,我们表明,在《蒙特利尔议定书》签署之前的两年里,臭氧空洞图像确实在臭氧外交中发挥了重要作用,无论是在专家和外交领域,还是作为公共外交工具。最后,我们鼓励学者参与新的视觉档案,并为视觉外交这个充满活力的新研究领域的发展做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
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