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Colouring flowers: books, art, and experiment in the household of Margery and Henry Power. 花朵着色:玛格丽和亨利-鲍尔家中的书籍、艺术和实验。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000474
Christoffer Basse Eriksen, Xinyi Wen

This article examines the early modern household's importance for producing experimental knowledge through an examination of the Halifax household of Margery and Henry Power. While Henry Power has been studied as a natural philosopher within the male-dominated intellectual circles of Cambridge and London, the epistemic labour of his wife, Margery Power, has hitherto been overlooked. From the 1650s, this couple worked in tandem to enhance their understanding of the vegetable world through various paper technologies, from books, paper slips and recipe notebooks to Margery's drawing album and Henry's published Experimental Philosophy. Focusing on Margery's practice of hand-colouring flower books, her copied and original drawings of flowers and her experimental production of ink, we argue that Margery's sensibility towards colour was crucial to Henry's microscopic observations of plants. Even if Margery's sophisticated knowledge of plants never left the household, we argue that her contribution was nevertheless crucial to the observation and representation of plants within the community of experimental philosophy. In this way, our article highlights the importance of female artists within the history of scientific observation, the use of books and paperwork in the botanical disciplines, and the relationship between household science and experimental philosophy.

本文通过对马杰里-鲍尔和亨利-鲍尔的哈利法克斯家庭的研究,探讨了现代早期家庭在生产实验知识方面的重要性。在剑桥和伦敦以男性为主导的知识界,亨利-鲍尔一直作为自然哲学家被研究,而他的妻子玛格丽-鲍尔的认识论劳动却一直被忽视。从 16 世纪 50 年代开始,这对夫妇通过各种纸张技术,从书籍、纸条和食谱笔记本到玛格丽的画册和亨利出版的《实验哲学》,共同增进他们对植物世界的了解。我们将重点放在玛格丽为花卉书籍手工上色的做法、她临摹和原创的花卉图画以及她实验性的墨水制作上,我们认为玛格丽对色彩的敏感性对于亨利对植物的微观观察至关重要。尽管玛格丽对植物的精深了解从未离开过家庭,但我们认为,她的贡献对于实验哲学界对植物的观察和表现至关重要。通过这种方式,我们的文章强调了女艺术家在科学观察史、书籍和文书在植物学科中的使用以及家庭科学与实验哲学之间关系中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Transnational scientific advising: occupied Japan, the United States National Academy of Sciences and the establishment of the Science Council of Japan. 跨国科学咨询:被占领的日本、美国国家科学院和日本科学理事会的成立。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000031
Kenji Ito

Given that the practices and institutions of knowledge production commonly referred to as 'science' are believed to have 'Western' origins, their apparent proliferation entails negotiations and power dynamics that shape both science and diplomacy in specific locales. This paper investigates a facet of this co-production of science and diplomacy in the emergence of knowledge infrastructure in Japan during the Allied Occupation. It focuses on the 1947 delegation from the United States National Academy of Sciences to Japan and its role in creating the Science Council of Japan (SCJ). While historians view this mission as having been dispatched to provide advice on the foundation of the SCJ, it was in fact an unintentional outcome. The original plan was to recruit long-term scientific advisers on science policy to Douglas MacArthur's headquarters. The creation of the SCJ was not the brainchild of any individual but the result of an unforeseen alteration of the original idea through negotiations among various actors. By examining the transnational aspects of this process and the complex social process underlying it, and drawing on Manuel DeLanda's assemblage theory, this paper proposes the concept of 'techno-diplomatic assemblage' for understanding the transnational construction of knowledge infrastructure such as the emergence of the SCJ.

鉴于通常被称为 "科学 "的知识生产实践和机构被认为起源于 "西方",它们的明显扩散意味着在特定地区塑造科学与外交的谈判和权力动态。本文研究了盟军占领时期日本知识基础设施兴起过程中科学与外交共同生产的一个方面。本文的重点是 1947 年美国国家科学院赴日代表团及其在创建日本科学理事会(SCJ)过程中发挥的作用。虽然历史学家认为派遣该代表团是为了就日本科学委员会的成立提供建议,但这实际上是一个无意的结果。最初的计划是为道格拉斯-麦克阿瑟的总部招募科学政策方面的长期科学顾问。科学委员会的成立并不是某个人的创意,而是通过不同参与者之间的协商,对最初的想法进行了意外改变的结果。通过研究这一过程的跨国方面及其背后复杂的社会过程,并借鉴曼努埃尔-德兰达的组合理论,本文提出了 "技术外交组合 "的概念,用于理解知识基础设施的跨国建设,如科学理事会的出现。
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引用次数: 0
Re-examining globalization and the history of science: Ottoman and Middle Eastern experiences. 重新审视全球化和科学史:奥斯曼和中东的经验。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000334
Jane H Murphy, Sahar Bazzaz

For several decades historians of science have interrogated the relationship between empire and science, largely focusing on European imperial powers. At the same time, scholars have sought alternatives to an early diffusionist model of the spread of modern science, seeking to capture the multi-directional and dialogic development of science and its institutions in most parts of the globe. The papers in this special issue illuminate these questions with added attention to particular claims about the exceptionalism - or not - of Islamic societies' approach to science, modernity and politics. Each contribution centres individuals and groups who engaged with science theoretically or practically, taking seriously their analytical categories and how they understood and grappled with the social, economic and intellectual transformations happening around them. Collectively, these studies make the case for Middle Eastern and Ottoman history as useful sites for furthering our field's understanding of processes of the globalization of science and how authority, politics and science have been and continue to be interconnected.

几十年来,科学史学者一直在探究帝国与科学之间的关系,主要集中在欧洲帝国主义列强身上。与此同时,学者们也在寻找现代科学传播的早期传播模式的替代方案,试图捕捉全球大部分地区科学及其机构的多向性和对话性发展。本特刊中的论文阐明了这些问题,并对伊斯兰社会对待科学、现代性和政治的特殊性(或不特殊性)的具体主张给予了更多关注。每篇论文都以理论上或实践上与科学打交道的个人和团体为中心,认真分析他们的分析范畴,以及他们如何理解和应对周围发生的社会、经济和知识变革。总之,这些研究证明,中东和奥斯曼历史是一个有用的场所,有助于我们进一步了解科学全球化的进程,以及权威、政治和科学是如何一直并继续相互关联的。
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引用次数: 0
Innovations from the Levant: smallpox inoculation and perceptions of scientific medicine. 来自黎凡特的创新:天花接种和对科学医学的认识。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000322
Victoria N Meyer

Modern public-health initiatives in industrialized countries revolve around immunization against contagious diseases. The practice of engendering immunity against disease through disease first emerged in Western European social and medical landscapes in the eighteenth century as inoculation, based on the imported Middle Eastern practice of 'engrafting'. By the nineteenth century, this practice had evolved into the procedure of vaccination, in the first instance directed against smallpox. Popular and academic narratives thus often categorize inoculation as a procedure from the Middle East which was transformed into the truly scientific procedure of vaccination by English and French knowledge. This characterization has obscured the complex traditions of intellectual exchange between English and French networks and Middle Eastern societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article examines these networks in order to show how knowledge was transformed as it circulated between communities during this period. Both Western Europeans and Egyptians across different social hierarchies translated foreign or new medical practices according to the needs of their knowledge and goals, creating cycles of adoption and adaptation. This exploration of inoculation and vaccination furthers our understanding of the bilateral translation processes ingrained in the global circulation of knowledge.

工业化国家的现代公共卫生活动围绕着预防传染病的免疫接种展开。十八世纪,西欧社会和医学界首次出现了通过疾病产生免疫力来预防疾病的做法,即接种,其基础是舶来品中东的 "接种 "做法。到十九世纪,这种做法演变成了疫苗接种程序,最初是针对天花的。因此,大众和学术界往往将接种归类为一种来自中东的程序,而英国和法国的知识将其转变为真正科学的疫苗接种程序。这种描述掩盖了十八和十九世纪英法网络与中东社会之间复杂的知识交流传统。本文对这些网络进行了研究,以说明在这一时期,知识是如何随着社区之间的流通而发生变化的。不同社会阶层的西欧人和埃及人都根据其知识和目标的需要翻译了外国或新的医疗实践,形成了采用和适应的循环。对接种和疫苗接种的探索加深了我们对全球知识流通中根深蒂固的双边翻译过程的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Islamic philosophy and the globalization of science: Ahmed Cevdet's translation of the sixth chapter of Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah. 伊斯兰哲学与科学全球化:Ahmed Cevdet 对伊本-哈勒敦《穆卡迪马》第六章的翻译。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000346
Kenan Tekin

This article contributes to the study of the globalization of science through an analysis of Ahmed Cevdet's nineteenth-century translation of the sixth chapter of Ibn Khaldun's (d. 1406) Muqaddimah, which deals with the nature and history of science. Cevdet's translation and Ottomanization of that text demonstrate that science did not simply originate in Europe to be subsequently distributed to the rest of the world. Instead, knowledge transmitted from Europe was actively engaged with and appropriated by scholars, who sought to put that material within their own cultural context in a manner that could serve their own intellectual and practical needs. Cevdet's case is particularly interesting because it demonstrates that (1) Islamic conceptions of human nature, the soul and the nature of knowledge provided particularly fertile soil in which empiricist and positivist traditions could take root, and (2) aspects of modern science - specifically its ostensive separation from metaphysical debates - made it more attractive to Islamic theologians than was, for example, the work of Aristotelian philosophers. Through an exploration of Cevdet's career and a close analysis of his historiographical treatment of Ibn Khaldun's account of sciences, this article foregrounds the agency of non-Europeans in the late nineteenth-century circulation of scientific knowledge.

本文通过分析艾哈迈德-切夫代特(Ahmed Cevdet)十九世纪对伊本-哈勒敦(卒于 1406 年)《穆卡迪马》(Muqaddimah)第六章的翻译,为科学全球化研究做出了贡献。Cevdet 对该书的翻译和奥斯曼化表明,科学并不是简单地起源于欧洲,然后再传播到世界其他地方。相反,从欧洲传播过来的知识被学者们积极参与和利用,他们试图将这些材料置于自己的文化背景中,以满足自己的知识和实际需要。Cevdet 的案例特别有趣,因为它表明:(1) 伊斯兰关于人性、灵魂和知识本质的概念为经验主义和实证主义传统的扎根提供了特别肥沃的土壤;(2) 现代科学的某些方面--特别是它与形而上学辩论的明显分离--使它比亚里士多德哲学家的作品等更能吸引伊斯兰神学家。本文通过对 Cevdet 的职业生涯进行探讨,并仔细分析了他对伊本-哈勒敦科学论述的史学处理,突出了非欧洲人在 19 世纪晚期科学知识流通中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Malinowski and malacology: global value systems and the issue of duplicates. 马林诺夫斯基与malacology:全球价值体系与重复问题。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000255
Dániel Margócsy

This article situates the collecting practices of museums of natural history in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in dialogue with similar practices amongst societies in the Pacific by focusing on how European curators, dealers in natural history and Pacific Islanders shared a common fascination with Spondylus shells. In particular, this article examines the processes for turning Spondylus shells into unique or duplicate specimens. Spondylus shells were crucial for regulating gift and commercial exchanges in the societies of both regions. Famously, the anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski claimed that these shells were an essential element of the gift-based kula exchange, which helped him distinguish Western capitalist society from less developed societies without commercial trade. Yet Spondylus shells were also collected and exchanged as gifts amongst British and European naturalists in this period, performing the same roles as in Melanesia. In addition, such gift exchanges could only come into being thanks to the actions of commercially motivated dealers, located both in the Pacific and in Europe, who were the suppliers of these shells both to Melanesian participants in the kula and to Western natural historians and collectors. These observations call into question earlier arguments that equate modernity with the rise of commercial capitalism. It is instead claimed that commercial and gift exchanges were intricately connected and reliant on each other throughout the period, whether in the worlds of Western museums or in Pacific archipelagos. The act of turning Spondylus shells into unique or duplicate specimens was the key tool for regulating these exchanges.

本文将19世纪和20世纪早期自然历史博物馆的收藏实践与太平洋社会的类似实践进行对话,重点关注欧洲策展人,自然历史经销商和太平洋岛民如何分享对Spondylus贝壳的共同迷恋。特别地,本文探讨了将脊椎骨壳变成独特或重复标本的过程。在这两个地区的社会中,螺壳对规范礼物和商业交换至关重要。著名的人类学家Bronisław Malinowski声称,这些贝壳是以礼物为基础的库拉交换的基本要素,这有助于他将西方资本主义社会与没有商业贸易的欠发达社会区分开来。然而,在这一时期,英国和欧洲的博物学家也收集和交换了Spondylus的贝壳作为礼物,扮演着和美拉尼西亚一样的角色。此外,这种礼物交换只能归功于太平洋和欧洲有商业动机的商人的行为,他们是这些贝壳的供应商,既提供给美拉尼西亚的库拉参与者,也提供给西方的自然历史学家和收藏家。这些观察结果让人们对之前将现代性等同于商业资本主义兴起的观点产生了质疑。相反,它声称,无论是在西方博物馆的世界还是在太平洋群岛上,商业和礼物交换在整个时期都是错综复杂的联系和相互依赖的。把脊椎骨壳变成独特的或重复的标本是调节这些交换的关键工具。
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引用次数: 0
Contested duplicates: disputed negotiations surrounding ethnographic doppelgängers in German New Guinea, 1898-1914. 有争议的副本:围绕德属新几内亚的人种学doppelgängers的有争议的谈判,1898-1914。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000243
Rainer F Buschmann

The issue of duplicates and duplication in ethnographic collection is frequently regarded as a process that begins and ends in the museum as a fundamental act of the process of curating. In contrast, this article maintains, this practice occurred all along the chain of collecting, where indigenous artefacts operated as items of exchange in the context of the colonial encounter. Using the example of German New Guinea, the article maintains that epistemological concerns, as symbolic currency both in terms of inter-museum exchange and in terms of contributing to individual and institutional prestige, guiding ethnographic intuitions had little influence on colonial resident collectors. Colonial residents, who resented the heavy hand of colonial and museum officials in Berlin, infused duplication with their own desires, which included commercial gain or the conferment of the many German state decorations. The colonized indigenous population benefited from the increasing demand for their material culture, which provided valuable items and bargaining chips in the emerging colonial exchange. Duplicates are identified as doppelgängers to explore the political tensions that emerged in connection with duplication among museum officials and European and indigenous colonial residents.

民族志收藏中的复制和复制问题经常被视为一个过程,在博物馆开始和结束,作为策展过程的基本行为。相比之下,这篇文章认为,这种做法发生在整个收集链中,在殖民地遭遇的背景下,土著文物作为交换物品运作。以德属新几内亚为例,文章认为认识论的关注,作为博物馆间交流和促进个人和机构声望的象征性货币,指导民族志直觉对殖民地居民收藏家的影响很小。殖民地居民对柏林殖民地和博物馆官员的高压手段感到不满,他们把自己的欲望注入复制品中,其中包括商业利益或授予许多德国国家勋章。被殖民的土著居民受益于对其物质文化日益增长的需求,这为新兴的殖民交流提供了宝贵的物品和讨价还价的筹码。复制品被确定为doppelgängers,以探索博物馆官员与欧洲和土著殖民地居民之间因复制品而出现的政治紧张局势。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: the issue of duplicates. 简介:副本的问题。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000267
Ina Heumann, Anne Greenwood MacKinney, Rainer Buschmann

The permanent preservation of objects in global custodianship is a captivating ideal that informs countless museums' corporate identities and governs collection guidelines as well as politics. Recent research has challenged the alleged perpetuity of collections and collected items, revealing their coherence as fragile and dependent on historically, politically and culturally specific conditions. Duplicates offer an instructive point of entry to explore the idea of collection permanence, museum politics, and the mobility of museum objects. The history of duplicates, moreover, comprises a constellation of practises, concepts and debates that can be found in various forms throughout the intertwined histories of natural-scientific, ethnographic and artistic collections. This history, however, has rarely been questioned or explored. By introducing the issue of duplicates, this paper opens up a discussion that not only connects different forms of collections, but also situates the history of collecting institutions across the disciplinary spectrum within broader political, economic and epistemic frameworks.

在全球托管下永久保存文物是一个迷人的理想,它为无数博物馆的企业形象提供了信息,并支配着收藏指南和政治。最近的研究挑战了所谓的收藏和收藏物品的永恒性,揭示了它们的一致性是脆弱的,依赖于历史、政治和文化的特定条件。复制品为探索收藏的持久性、博物馆政治和博物馆物品的流动性提供了一个有启发性的切入点。此外,复制品的历史包含了一系列的实践、概念和辩论,这些实践、概念和辩论可以在自然科学、民族志和艺术收藏的交织历史中以各种形式找到。然而,这段历史很少受到质疑或探索。通过引入重复问题,本文开启了一场讨论,不仅将不同形式的收藏联系起来,而且将收藏机构的历史置于更广泛的政治、经济和认知框架内的学科范围内。
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引用次数: 1
Visual duplication: specimens, works of art and photographs at the Musée d'ethnographie du Trocadéro (1928-1935). 视觉复制:标本、艺术品和照片,收藏于trocad<s:1>民族志博物馆(1928-1935)。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000309
Anaïs Mauuarin

The article considers how the use of duplicates and the practice of photography interacted in museums of ethnography, contributing to the ambivalent framing of ethnographic objects as items that can be both scientific specimens and works of art. It focuses on the Musée d'ethnographie du Trocadéro in Paris and on the key period of its reorganization between 1928 and 1935, which was central to the institutionalization of French ethnology. By examining the place of duplicates in this museum, as well as the major role attributed to photographs of objects and their materiality, the paper shows that these others of the ethnographic artefacts, often considered separately from their originals, still participated in the same project: the development of the museum and its growing cultural influence. While the duplicates positioned the museum in the various networks of the scientific community, the photographs appealed to the avant-garde, amateurs, African and Oceanian art dealers and the general public.

本文考虑了复制品的使用和摄影的实践如何在民族志博物馆中相互作用,导致民族志对象既可以是科学标本又可以是艺术作品的矛盾框架。它着重于巴黎的muscade d'ethnographie du trocadacimro及其重组的关键时期1928年至1935年,这是法国民族学制度化的核心。通过研究博物馆中复制品的位置,以及归因于物品照片及其物质性的主要作用,本文表明,这些其他民族志文物,通常与原件分开考虑,仍然参与同一个项目:博物馆的发展及其日益增长的文化影响。虽然复制品将博物馆置于科学界的各种网络中,但这些照片吸引了前卫、业余爱好者、非洲和大洋洲的艺术品经销商以及普通公众。
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引用次数: 0
Globalizing 'science and religion': examples from the late Ottoman Empire. 科学与宗教 "全球化:奥斯曼帝国晚期的实例。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000292
M Alper Yalçınkaya

This article brings together insights from efforts to develop a global history of science and recent historical and sociological studies on the relations between science and religion. Using the case of the late Ottoman Empire as an example, it argues that 'science and religion' can be seen as a debate that travelled globally in the nineteenth century, generating new conceptualizations of both science and religion in many parts of the world. In their efforts to counter arguments that represented Islam as the enemy of science and progress, young Ottoman intellectuals wrote many texts addressing a specific European author, or an imagined, broad European audience in the mid- to late nineteenth century. These texts described a 'science-friendly' Islam of which not only Europeans but also 'ignorant Muslims' were unaware. Using examples from the Ottoman press, the article demonstrates how this effort involved separating Islam from the lived reality of Muslims, transforming the religion essentially into a text that referred to scientific facts or that instructed adherents to appreciate science. In their contributions to the debate on science and religion, these young intellectuals thus also defined themselves as the legitimate interpreters of Islam in the 'age of science'.

本文汇集了为发展全球科学史所做的努力以及近期关于科学与宗教关系的历史和社会学研究的见解。文章以奥斯曼帝国晚期为例,认为 "科学与宗教 "可被视为一场在十九世纪遍及全球的辩论,在世界许多地方产生了关于科学与宗教的新概念。为了反驳将伊斯兰教视为科学与进步之敌的论点,奥斯曼帝国的年轻知识分子在 19 世纪中后期撰写了许多针对特定欧洲作者或想象中的广大欧洲读者的文章。这些文章描述了一个 "对科学友好 "的伊斯兰教,但不仅欧洲人,就连 "无知的穆斯林 "也不了解伊斯兰教。文章以奥斯曼报刊为例,说明了这种努力是如何将伊斯兰教与穆斯林的生活现实分离开来,将宗教本质上转化为提及科学事实或指导信徒欣赏科学的文本。因此,这些年轻的知识分子在为科学与宗教的辩论做出贡献的同时,也将自己定义为 "科学时代 "伊斯兰教的合法解释者。
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引用次数: 0
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British Journal for the History of Science
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