Race and Social Problems最新文献

This study delves into the escalation of xenophobia amid the COVID-19 pandemic by analyzing data obtained from an online survey conducted with Asians and Asian Americans (n = 333) in Western New York, United States. The findings illustrate that people of Chinese or Asian descent encountered diverse manifestations of xenophobic attitudes during the pandemic and implemented individual and/or collective coping mechanisms. The study introduces a severity scale to understand and classify various xenophobic manifestations and experiences, ranging from subtly biased conduct to more harmful overt actions. The initial phases of xenophobic expressions involve deliberate avoidance of racialized individuals, such as changing seats on the bus, and verbal antagonism, such as making inappropriate jokes. These experiences were prevalent, particularly among Asians within the sample. Subsequent phases of the scale outline progressively severe manifestations of xenophobia, culminating in the denial of fundamental rights like housing and employment, along with instances of physical harassment. Ultimately, the study underscores how these xenophobic encounters may contribute to a diminished sense of belonging within American society for individuals who were subjected to xenophobic expressions. By shedding light on the various forms and intensities of xenophobia experienced by people who are perceived as Asians and attacked during the pandemic, this research enhances our understanding of diverse forms of xenophobic behavior and the implications of such incidents on individuals’ perceptions of their belonging and social inclusion.

Integrating microintervention strategies and the bystander intervention model, we examined social cognitive predictors (i.e., moral disengagement, empathy, and self-efficacy) of the five steps of the bystander intervention model (i.e., Notice, Interpret, Accept, Know, and Act) to address racial microaggressions in a sample of 452 racially diverse college students. Data were collected using an online survey. Path analyses showed that moral disengagement was significantly and negatively related to each step of the model for White students, but for students of color, it was only significantly negatively associated with Act. Empathy was significantly and positively associated with Interpret, Accept, and Act for White students. For student of color, however, there was a significant and positive association solely between Empathy and Act. For both White students and students of color, self-efficacy was positively associated with Notice, Interpret, Accept, Know, and Act. Finally, race did not significantly moderate any relationships. Strengths, limitations, future directions for research, and implications of the study findings are discussed.

Decades of research have confirmed and delimited the effects of interracial contact on racial attitudes. A shortcoming of this literature is its framing of interracial contact as a counterweight to homophily. Accordingly, researchers often measure interracial contact at the same-race/different-race boundary, such as in friendships and dating relationships. Rather than asking whether any interracial friendship leads to any interracial dating, I ask how much crossing a specific boundary actually leads to crossing other boundaries. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), I investigate the consequences of early interracial friendship for later interracial dating across six racial boundaries. The results show that interracial contact with a specific group increases the likelihood of interracial contact primarily with that same group and rarely with other groups. I conclude with implications for future research as well as social policy that relies on interracial contact.

Abstract

Models of resilience in minoritized youth posit that youth need to draw upon multiple different cultural (e.g., identity, values, etc.) and general factors (e.g., coping) to thrive in the face of discrimination. Nonetheless, the integration of these factors in empirical scholarship is lacking, as scholars have typically focused on single factors within these models in isolation. To provide a more holistic test of these theoretical models, we utilized latent profile analysis, a technique well-suited to examine the simultaneous impact of multiple factors, to identify patterns of cultural promotive factors (ethnic-racial identity, religious coping, and familism) and a general coping factor (shift-&-persist) in 694 minoritized (M_age = 17.24, 73.5% women, 46.1% black) youth. We observed four profiles: High Cultural High Coping, Average Cultural Average Coping, Low Religious Low Coping, and Low Cultural Low Coping. Despite a lack of developmental differences, several profile differences emerged with respect to gender, race, and socioeconomic status. Additionally, Average Promotive Average Coping youth experienced the greatest amount of discrimination. Finally, after accounting for the effects of discrimination and covariates, those in the High Cultural High Coping profile displayed fewer depressive symptoms than those in the Average Cultural Average Coping and Low Religious Low Coping profiles.

Despite its presence in everyday life, cultural appropriation is not well understood, perhaps because its definition, bounds, and conditions have not been clearly unpacked. The present study uses a between-subjects, mixed-methods approach and culinary-related scenarios to address possible factors that constitute appropriation (e.g., actor background and intent). Utilizing a sample of emerging adults from a small, liberal arts university (N = 167, 52% female, 65% white), results suggest that an actor’s background is not the sole factor in deeming an act appropriative. Rather, intent appears to be an even more pertinent factor to examine. Participants believe that it is possible to engage with cultural products or practices in a respectful manner, further emphasizing the role intent plays in perceptions of appropriation. Although our results help define the bounds of cultural appropriation, future research should consider connections between authenticity and appropriation as well as how observer background might impact perceptions of appropriation.

Research demonstrates that appropriation of aspects of American Indian cultures, pseudo-culture, and ethno-national identities is harmful to American Indians. Yet, when American Indians strive to eliminate this appropriation, they are often met with resistance from White Americans who are attached to the appropriation. Using a survey of 517 White Americans, we explored whether settler colonial collective memory was associated with this attachment. More specifically, we examined the associations between five ideologies that are part of this memory—glorification of U.S. colonialism, nationalism, militarism, masculine toughness, and White identity pride—and support for American Indian mascots and other types of appropriation. We found that these five ideologies are associated with each other, as well as with support for American Indian mascots and the other types of appropriation. In addition, we found that glorification of U.S. colonialism mediated between belief in each of the other four ideologies and support for appropriation. We situate our findings in the context of settler colonial collective memory and discuss how our findings can inform change.

The practice of credit scoring is ubiquitous in today’s economy. Three-digit credit scores or their underlying data are applied well beyond the lending decisions for which they were originally designed and are routinely used in the contexts of employment, housing, and more. Drawing on carceral logics and abolitionist politics, we develop a framework to critically interpret the practice of credit scoring. We theorize credit scoring as a carceral practice and technology in the afterlife of slavery that expands anti-black discipline and punishment. We suggest that credit scoring is incapable of objectively assessing risk and that claims of objectivity legitimize an exploitative system of evaluation that mediates people’s access to the means of survival. Moreover, credit scoring expands the scope of how people are conscripted into consumerism and disciplined and punished under racial capitalism. We review research literature on credit scoring as a step toward applying this framework and demonstrate how research provides an alibi for anti-black racism embedded in contemporary credit scores. We conclude with a call to abolish the practice of credit scoring and imagine new, abolitionist alternatives for people to live safely and with dignity.

Racial/ethnic minorities, especially people racialized as Black and Latino, face disadvantages at work. Our research reaffirms and adds insight into this disadvantage, showing that compared to people racialized as White, racial minorities experience limited internal mobility and as a result greater geographic instability. Using data from a longitudinal study of the careers of NCAA Division I assistant and associate head basketball coaches, we show first that these coaches are more likely to experience internal job mobility if they are White. We also consider what this means for race differences in geographic mobility, establishing that coaches who are White move shorter distances following a job change on average because they are more likely to experience internal occupational mobility. These findings highlight yet another way restricted work opportunity culminates to disadvantage racial minorities in this profession.