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Rethinking the Language of Chartism 重新思考宪章的语言
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.10140
Peter Gurney
For decades, the study of Chartism has been one of the most vibrant fields of modern British history. Indeed, this nineteenth-century radical movement was a major empirical focus for proponents of the so-called linguistic turn that has exerted such a major influence on the discipline. Interest in the Chartists does not abate, with valuable recent studies all combining—to greater or lesser extent—close attention to Chartist verbal and symbolic forms of communication with novel thematic concerns. However, more remains to be said about the language of Chartism, the topic that provided the original impetus for so much subsequent work. Specifically, the generally accepted argument that languages of constitutionalism and democracy were inextricably intertwined can be questioned, a task made easier by digitization of key organs of the Chartist press. This article revisits this intertwining in the pages of the Northern Star from the movement’s beginnings in the late 1830s to its disintegration in the late 1840s. It commences with results of a quantitative analysis of Chartist discourse and reconsideration of the relationship between the constitutional and democratic idioms in the movement’s early phase. Four factors are then discussed, which help explain the increasing prevalence of the language of democracy through the 1840s: heightened social conflict during the general strike of 1842; Chartist engagement in formal politics; international developments; and the crisis of 1848. However, despite the dominant linguistic trend, connections between democracy and social class, forged in the early 1840s, were not immutable but contingent.
几十年来,对宪章运动的研究一直是英国现代史上最具活力的领域之一。事实上,这场19世纪的激进运动是对语言学产生重大影响的所谓语言学转向的支持者的主要经验焦点。对宪章派的兴趣并没有减弱,最近有价值的研究都或多或少地密切关注宪章派的口头和符号形式的交流与新颖的主题关注。然而,关于宪章运动的语言还有很多要讲,这个主题为后来的许多工作提供了最初的动力。具体来说,宪政语言和民主语言不可分割地交织在一起这一普遍接受的论点可以受到质疑,宪章报刊主要机构的数字化使这一任务变得更容易。本文从19世纪30年代末该运动的开始到19世纪40年代末的解体,在《北极星》的书页中重新审视了这种相互交织的关系。它从对宪章话语的定量分析的结果开始,并重新考虑宪法和民主习语在运动早期阶段之间的关系。然后讨论了四个因素,这些因素有助于解释19世纪40年代民主语言的日益流行:1842年总罢工期间加剧的社会冲突;宪章运动对正式政治的参与;国际发展;1848年的危机。然而,尽管在语言上占主导地位,民主和社会阶级之间的联系,在19世纪40年代早期形成,并不是一成不变的,而是偶然的。
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引用次数: 0
Sick Leave of Customary Tenants in Late Medieval England 中世纪晚期英格兰传统佃户的病假
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.10130
Grace Owen, A. T. Brown, Tudor Skinner
Historians and archaeologists have extensively studied the history of health and illness in medieval England. Despite uncovering evidence of many diseases, especially fatal ones, questions remain about the impact of infirmity on people’s lives. How often were people unable to work because of illness? Were there seasonal patterns to such absences and did some people suffer recurring bouts of sickness? It has long been recognized that sick customary tenants could, in theory, be excused from performing their labor services (known as “works”) but few examples of this practice have been found. This article presents new evidence of infirmity on the manors of Ramsey Abbey. The monks excused sick tenants from performing their labor services for up to a year and a day, and sixty-two manorial accounts offer new insights into 229 cases of infirmity among their customary tenants in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. These accounts reveal a variety of experiences, from acute illnesses that lasted just two days, to chronic and debilitating infirmities that could result in a year’s absence. Five weeks of autumn accounted for a high number of absences, perhaps reflecting the demands of the harvest, but also the possibility of workplace accidents or even fraudulent claims of infirmity.
历史学家和考古学家广泛研究了中世纪英格兰的健康和疾病史。尽管发现了许多疾病,特别是致命疾病的证据,但关于虚弱对人们生活的影响的问题仍然存在。人们因病不能工作的频率是多少?这种缺勤是否有季节性规律?是否有些人会反复生病?人们早就认识到,生病的习惯租客理论上可以被免除他们的劳动服务(称为“工作”),但这种做法的例子很少发现。这篇文章提出了拉姆齐修道院庄园虚弱的新证据。僧侣们允许生病的房客一年零一天不去做他们的劳动服务,62份庄园记录提供了对14世纪到15世纪早期229例他们的习惯房客身体虚弱的新见解。这些描述揭示了各种各样的经历,从只持续两天的急性疾病,到可能导致一年缺席的慢性和衰弱性疾病。秋天的五周导致了大量的缺勤,这也许反映了收获的需求,但也有可能发生工伤事故,甚至谎称身体虚弱。
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引用次数: 0
What is Family in an Age of Plague? The Liber Lynne and the Urban Family in Late Medieval England 瘟疫时代的家庭是什么?中世纪晚期英格兰的利伯·林恩和城市家庭
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.10123
Christian D. Liddy
The Liber Lynne, a fifteenth-century manuscript in the archive of the City of London Corporation, is a puzzle. Catalogued among the City of London’s collections of written custom (formerly Guildhall MS Cust. 15), it is generally defined as a cartulary. In this article, I study the Liber Lynne as a book that was both about family and for family. Its chance survival, a consequence of its acquisition by the Hanseatic Steelyard in London before the end of the fifteenth century, offers an unusual opportunity to explore the concept of family in the medieval English town. I situate the Liber Lynne in a distinct place and time, and argue that the book is a distinctively urban manuscript, the outcome of urban interests, ambitions, and anxieties. It also reveals the persistent and ubiquitous presence of plague, which exposed the fragility and precarity of families, but helped to give them different shapes. These shapes, or structures, were fluid because of the mutable nature of ideas about family and its voluntaristic qualities. Family, the Liber Lynne suggests, was a choice and a practice.
伦敦金融城公司(City of London Corporation)档案中的一份15世纪手稿《Liber Lynne》是个谜。在伦敦金融城的书面习俗收藏中(以前的伦敦市政厅MS Cust. 15),它通常被定义为一本cartulary。在这篇文章中,我将《自由林恩》作为一本关于家庭和为家庭而写的书来研究。在15世纪末之前,它被伦敦的汉萨萨钢铁厂(Hanseatic Steelyard)收购,这为探索中世纪英国城镇的家庭概念提供了一个不寻常的机会。我把《自由林恩》放在一个独特的地点和时间,并认为这本书是一本独特的城市手稿,是城市利益、野心和焦虑的结果。它还揭示了瘟疫的持续和无处不在,这暴露了家庭的脆弱性和不稳定性,但也使家庭的形态有所不同。这些形状或结构是流动的,因为关于家庭的观念的易变性及其自愿性。《自由林恩》认为,家庭是一种选择,也是一种实践。
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引用次数: 0
Composing and Narrating Black Memories of Sexual and Reproductive Health in Jamaica and England in 1990s Birmingham 20世纪90年代牙买加和英国性与生殖健康黑色记忆的创作与叙述
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.10122
George J. Severs

This article examines the ways in which sexual and reproductive health themes appear in the Birmingham Black Oral History Project. As a community Black oral history project, it did not set out to collect memories of sexual or reproductive health. Despite that, the collection offers rich insights into the underexplored place of sexual and reproductive health within Black British histories. The article argues that archived oral history interviews should be “reused” as part of that historiographical exploration. It analyses the ways in which dominant interest in questions of “illegitimacy”—interest that had colonial roots—led to memories of sex education, courtship, and access to abortion in mid-twentieth-century Jamaica. Through a case study analysis of one interviewee—Carlton Duncan, father to the first “Black test tube twins”—the article concludes by arguing that being attentive to interviewee composure makes more visible the availability of narratives and cultural discourses through which interviewees could narrate or shape their sexual and reproductive health histories. As a whole, the article offers a new lens on postcolonial British history by analyzing the racist stereotyping that endured across the postwar period, especially in relation to Black sexuality and fertility.

本文考察了伯明翰黑人口述历史项目中出现的性和生殖健康主题的方式。作为一个社区黑人口述历史项目,它并没有开始收集性或生殖健康的记忆。尽管如此,这些藏品为英国黑人历史中未被充分探索的性健康和生殖健康领域提供了丰富的见解。这篇文章认为,作为历史研究的一部分,口述历史访谈档案应该被“重新利用”。它分析了在“私生子”问题上占主导地位的兴趣——这种兴趣有殖民的根源——是如何导致人们对20世纪中期牙买加的性教育、求爱和堕胎的记忆的。通过对一位受访者——卡尔顿·邓肯,第一个“黑色试管双胞胎”的父亲——的案例研究分析,文章的结论是,注意受访者的镇静,可以更明显地看到叙事和文化话语的可用性,通过这些叙事和文化话语,受访者可以叙述或塑造他们的性和生殖健康史。总体而言,这篇文章通过分析战后时期持续存在的种族主义刻板印象,特别是与黑人的性行为和生育能力有关的刻板印象,为后殖民时期的英国历史提供了一个新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Capturing the World: Exhibition Trophies, Ethnography, and Displays of Imperial Power 《夺取世界:展览奖杯、民族志和帝国权力的展示》
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.15
Amy Woodson-Boulton

Exhibition trophies have become invisible to most people reading about and looking at images of the great world’s fairs. This is not surprising; trophies have fallen out of our awareness because they, and the criticisms they provoked, have received surprisingly little scholarly attention. This article reveals not only this largely overlooked form, but also just how much cultural work they were doing and why so many people found them disturbing. Exhibition trophies became a solution to the nineteenth-century design problem of representing progress, imperial power, extractive superabundance, control of the natural world, and industrial capacity. Nineteenth-century exhibitors and collectors made trophies out of a wide array of commodities, animals, raw materials, manufactured goods, weapons, and “primitive” objects. But by carrying with them ancient connotations of high-minded victory and violence, exhibition trophies also inspired criticisms that got to the heart of modern forms of conquest. Divisive in the middle of the nineteenth century, trophies were ubiquitous by the turn of the twentieth. Meanwhile a new, rival way of displaying imperial power emerged that challenged ethnographic trophies in particular: the new science of anthropology. This article begins to recover this lost form and its implications—from disquiet to the acceptance of abundance (even overabundance) as a collective goal.

大多数阅读和观看世界博览会图片的人已经看不见展览奖杯了。这并不奇怪;奖杯已经从我们的意识中消失了,因为它们以及它们所引发的批评,几乎没有得到学术界的关注。这篇文章不仅揭示了这种在很大程度上被忽视的形式,还揭示了他们做了多少文化工作,以及为什么这么多人觉得他们令人不安。展览奖杯成为19世纪象征进步、皇权、开采过剩、控制自然世界和工业能力的设计问题的解决方案。19世纪的参展商和收藏家用各种各样的商品、动物、原材料、制成品、武器和“原始”物品制作奖杯。但是,由于带有高尚的胜利和暴力的古老内涵,展览奖杯也引发了批评,这些批评直指现代征服形式的核心。奖杯在19世纪中期还存在分歧,但到了20世纪初已经无处不在。与此同时,一种新的、与之竞争的展示皇权的方式出现了,它特别挑战了民族志的战利品:新科学人类学。本文开始恢复这种失落的形式及其含义——从不安到接受富足(甚至是过剩)作为一个集体目标。
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引用次数: 0
“A Bold Experiment in the Technique of Administration”: Nutrition Science and Development in the Gambia, 1946–50 “管理技术的大胆实验”:1946 - 1950年冈比亚的营养科学与发展
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.32
Arnaud Page
Historians of colonial and postcolonial attempts to deal with undernutrition in Africa have generally argued that, after the Second World War, scientists and doctors “medicalized” hunger by emphasizing specific deficiencies that could be medically “cured” or alleviated through dietary supplements, thereby covering up the economic, social, and political causes of (post)colonial hunger. This article argues that this explanation obscures the persistence of a more holistic approach immediately after the Second World War, which rejected this narrow vision of hunger and, on the contrary, framed it as a very broad problem requiring interdisciplinary research and ambitious economic and social solutions. It focuses in particular on the work of British nutrition specialist B. S. Platt and his “experiment” in The Gambia that was meant to devise a replicable recipe to cure colonial malnutrition through mechanization and agricultural development. Like many other such colonial projects, the project ended in dismal failure, but it illustrates how malnutrition was understood at the end of the war as a broad economic and social problem. It also shows how this more holistic approach was tightly associated with the postwar project of colonial “development” and was predicated on an ambition to thoroughly re-engineer colonial landscapes and subjects.
殖民时期和后殖民时期试图解决非洲营养不良问题的历史学家普遍认为,在第二次世界大战后,科学家和医生通过强调可以在医学上“治愈”或通过膳食补充剂减轻的特定缺陷来“医学化”饥饿,从而掩盖了(后)殖民时期饥饿的经济、社会和政治原因。本文认为,这种解释掩盖了第二次世界大战后一种更全面的方法的持久性,这种方法拒绝了这种对饥饿的狭隘看法,相反,将其视为一个非常广泛的问题,需要跨学科的研究和雄心勃勃的经济和社会解决方案。它特别关注英国营养专家b·s·普拉特的工作和他在冈比亚的“实验”,该实验旨在设计一种可复制的配方,通过机械化和农业发展来治疗殖民地的营养不良。像许多其他类似的殖民项目一样,该项目以惨淡的失败告终,但它说明了在战争结束时,营养不良是如何被理解为一个广泛的经济和社会问题的。它还展示了这种更全面的方法是如何与战后殖民地“发展”项目紧密联系在一起的,并以彻底重新设计殖民地景观和主题的雄心为基础。
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引用次数: 0
In Search of Ned: A Zulu Man in Mid-Victorian Britain 寻找内德:维多利亚时代中期英国的一个祖鲁人
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.33
R. J. Knight, Esme Cleall
This article takes a micro-history approach, focusing on the life of a man identified only in the British records as “Ned” in order to illuminate the complexity and slipperiness of categories of “race.” Ned had lived in the Zulu Kingdom and, after fleeing a civil war there, became employed in Natal by an English colonist-settler, Thomas Handley. Ned traveled with the Handley family to England in 1859, and during this time, unexpectedly “disappeared” from the Handley's residence near Sheffield. A manhunt ensued and, as locals ruminated on Ned's possible status as a “slave,” the case attracted the interest of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Ned was eventually taken to London and housed in the Strangers’ Home for Asiatics, Africans and South Sea Islanders before his tragic death a few months later. His repeated escapes transfixed the public and resulted in detailed press coverage. Numerous parties became interested in his case, and complex and changing processes of racialization were key to the shifting ways in which he was represented. In this article, we both search for Ned's agency and volition, and demonstrate how the case also speaks to major issues in British history, including race, humanitarianism, and enslavement.
本文采用微观历史的方法,聚焦于一个只在英国记录中被称为“内德”的人的生活,以阐明“种族”分类的复杂性和不稳定性。内德曾住在祖鲁王国,在逃离内战后,在纳塔尔受雇于英国殖民者托马斯·汉德利(Thomas Handley)。1859年,内德随汉德利一家前往英国,在此期间,他意外地从位于谢菲尔德附近的汉德利家“消失”了。警方随即展开搜捕,当地人开始思考内德可能的“奴隶”身份,此案引起了英国和外国反奴隶制协会(British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society)的兴趣。内德最终被带到伦敦,住在专门接待亚洲人、非洲人和南海岛民的陌生人之家,几个月后他不幸去世。他的多次逃跑震惊了公众,并引起了媒体的详细报道。许多当事人对他的案件产生了兴趣,复杂而不断变化的种族化过程是他的代理方式不断变化的关键。在这篇文章中,我们既寻找内德的能动性和意志,也展示了这个案件如何也反映了英国历史上的主要问题,包括种族、人道主义和奴役。
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引用次数: 0
Buying People Is Wrong 收买人是错误的
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.12
Carolyn Steedman
In 1805, during a lull in hostilities between England and France, minor Warwickshire landowner and slaveholder Bertie Greatheed was on a European tour with his family when his son died, leaving behind an illegitimate child. Greatheed acquired his granddaughter from her Dresden-based mother and brought the child up as his own. This article revisits Steedman's earlier scholarship on Greatheed, which focused on questions of domestic service, through the lens of slavery. It uses the seventeen volumes of his diary-writing compiled between 1805 and 1825 to explore the connections between Greatheed's ownership of enslaved people on his St. Kitts estate and his possession and nurturing of his grandchild. It considers the contradiction between Greatheed's position as an abolitionist and his profit from slavery and slave ownership, which he used not only to sustain a way of life, but also to develop Leamington, Warwickshire, into a spa town and pleasure resort.
1805年,在英法两国战争暂时平息之际,沃里克郡的小地主兼奴隶主伯蒂·格雷德(Bertie Greatheed)和家人在欧洲旅行时,他的儿子去世了,留下了一个私生子。Greatheed从她住在德累斯顿的母亲那里得到了他的孙女,并把她当作自己的孩子抚养长大。这篇文章回顾了Steedman早期关于Greatheed的研究,通过奴隶制的视角关注家政服务的问题。这本书使用了他在1805年至1825年间编纂的17卷日记,探索了格雷赫德在圣基茨庄园拥有奴隶与他拥有并抚养孙子之间的联系。它考虑了Greatheed作为废奴主义者的地位与他从奴隶制和奴隶所有权中获得的利润之间的矛盾,他不仅用这些利润来维持一种生活方式,而且还把沃里克郡的Leamington发展成一个温泉小镇和娱乐胜地。
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引用次数: 0
One British Archive: The Medieval Londoners Database 一个英国档案:中世纪伦敦人数据库
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.36
Maryanne Kowaleski
This article introduces the scope, content, and capabilities of a new born-digital archive. The Medieval Londoners Database (MLD) uses an online platform to collect from and connect to both documents (printed and archival) and digitized resources (such as British History Online and the History of Parliament Online). As a digital prosopography, MLD is a freely available resource that offers sophisticated search options to discover more about the lives of both the civic elite and ordinary individuals who resided in the city of London or its suburbs of Southwark and Westminster between ca. 1100 and 1520. MLD exemplifies how digitization and the semantic web enhance historical research by creating super-powered archival collections that are ever-expanding, accessible via multiple entry points, and able to facilitate highly analytical research.
本文介绍了一种新生的数字档案的范围、内容和功能。中世纪伦敦人数据库(MLD)使用一个在线平台来收集和连接文件(印刷和档案)和数字化资源(如英国历史在线和议会历史在线)。作为一种数字人谱,MLD是一种免费的资源,它提供了复杂的搜索选项,可以发现更多关于1100年至1520年间居住在伦敦市或其南华克和威斯敏斯特郊区的公民精英和普通个人的生活。MLD举例说明了数字化和语义网如何通过创建不断扩展的、可通过多个入口点访问的超级强大的档案集合来增强历史研究,并能够促进高度分析研究。
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引用次数: 0
One British Archive: ExtraORDINARY Women at Belfast’s Linen Hall Library 英国档案馆:贝尔法斯特亚麻布馆图书馆的杰出女性
IF 1 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1017/jbr.2025.37
Bruce Wade Hodell
Three decades after the Good Friday Agreement, repositories such as the Linen Hall Library in Belfast have built collections that explore the impact of sectarian violence and the path to peace. While the Northern Ireland Political Collection is a must for any scholar of The Troubles, the library is also filled with resources for British scholars in a number of areas. One such innovative resource – the ExtraORDINARY Women collection – helps scholars answer questions of how gender history interacts with contemporary and local political history. The collection documents the history of a range of women's political and civil rights in holdings that range from 1965 to the present.
在《耶稣受难日协议》签署三十年后,贝尔法斯特的亚麻布厅图书馆(Linen Hall Library)等图书馆建立了一系列藏品,探索宗派暴力的影响和通往和平的道路。虽然北爱尔兰政治收藏是任何学者的必备品,但图书馆也为英国学者在许多领域提供了丰富的资源。其中一项创新资源——“非凡女性”系列——帮助学者们回答性别历史如何与当代和当地政治史相互作用的问题。该收藏记录了从1965年至今一系列妇女政治和公民权利的历史。
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引用次数: 0
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