Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1007/s10993-021-09589-x
Sabrina Fluegel, Kendall King
This paper analyzes how multi-level marketing companies (MLMs), via direct selling through electronic commerce (e-commerce) and social media, enact and evade federal language policy to maximize profits. Here we describe the federal language policies that govern this type of e-commerce, and in particular, the language policies of the Federal Trade Commission, which dictate what can and cannot be communicated by MLM companies and their contractors. We then illustrate how these federal language policies are enacted, and at times subverted, for financial gain during the COVID-19 economic and health crisis which rendered many people vulnerable. We draw on the discourse analysis of public documents, MLM insider sources via the first author, and over 100,000 public Instagram posts published by MLM independent contractors collected with the third-party Instagram data extraction tool, Phantombuster. We find that MLM independent contractors, although varying widely with respect to their enactment of federal and corporate policy, frequently reference COVID-19 implicitly or explicitly, a practice prohibited by federal policy. We demonstrate that quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis of language policies and practices of MLM social media provides a productive lens for understanding both the communication challenges of and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. This approach reveals the variable ways in which language policies are taken up and discourses recontextualized with new meanings and for new purposes across social media platforms.
{"title":"#workfromhome: how multi-level marketers enact and subvert federal language policy for profit.","authors":"Sabrina Fluegel, Kendall King","doi":"10.1007/s10993-021-09589-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09589-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper analyzes how multi-level marketing companies (MLMs), via direct selling through electronic commerce (e-commerce) and social media, enact and evade federal language policy to maximize profits. Here we describe the federal language policies that govern this type of e-commerce, and in particular, the language policies of the Federal Trade Commission, which dictate what can and cannot be communicated by MLM companies and their contractors. We then illustrate how these federal language policies are enacted, and at times subverted, for financial gain during the COVID-19 economic and health crisis which rendered many people vulnerable. We draw on the discourse analysis of public documents, MLM insider sources via the first author, and over 100,000 public Instagram posts published by MLM independent contractors collected with the third-party Instagram data extraction tool, Phantombuster. We find that MLM independent contractors, although varying widely with respect to their enactment of federal and corporate policy, frequently reference COVID-19 implicitly or explicitly, a practice prohibited by federal policy. We demonstrate that quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis of language policies and practices of MLM social media provides a productive lens for understanding both the communication challenges of and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. This approach reveals the variable ways in which language policies are taken up and discourses recontextualized with new meanings and for new purposes across social media platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"121-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10993-021-09589-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9222562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-13798-3
S. Paichadze
{"title":"Identity, Language and Education of Sakhalin Japanese and Koreans","authors":"S. Paichadze","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-13798-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13798-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50986711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-02DOI: 10.1007/s10993-021-09609-w
Fien De Malsche, M. Vandenbroucke
{"title":"Reconstructing over 20 years of language practice, management and ideology at a multinational corporation in Brussels: A scaled socio-historical approach to language policy","authors":"Fien De Malsche, M. Vandenbroucke","doi":"10.1007/s10993-021-09609-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09609-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"235 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43006537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.1007/s10993-021-09603-2
Endurence Midinette Koumassol Dissake
{"title":"Assessing litigant’s language proficiency: the case of the Bafoussam Court of First Instance","authors":"Endurence Midinette Koumassol Dissake","doi":"10.1007/s10993-021-09603-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09603-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"217 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49078903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.1007/s10993-021-09602-3
James Hawkey, Kristine Horner
{"title":"Officiality and strategic ambiguity in language policy: exploring migrant experiences in Andorra and Luxembourg","authors":"James Hawkey, Kristine Horner","doi":"10.1007/s10993-021-09602-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09602-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"195 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48752713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1007/s10993-021-09601-4
T. Nguyen
{"title":"Educational linguicism: linguistic discrimination against minority students in Vietnamese mainstream schools","authors":"T. Nguyen","doi":"10.1007/s10993-021-09601-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09601-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"167 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47935676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-24DOI: 10.1007/s10993-021-09599-9
B. Spolsky
{"title":"Ritu Jain (ed.): Multilingual Singapore: language policies and linguistic realities, Routledge, London and New York, 2021, 240 pp, Pb, $44.95, ISBN 978-10-320-0043-5","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.1007/s10993-021-09599-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09599-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"155 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10993-021-09599-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45609141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-24DOI: 10.1007/s10993-021-09600-5
John Terry Dundon
{"title":"Hywel Coleman: The Condition of English in Multilingual Afghanistan","authors":"John Terry Dundon","doi":"10.1007/s10993-021-09600-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09600-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"82 9","pages":"159-161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-21DOI: 10.1007/s10993-021-09597-x
Garrett M. Delavan,Juan A. Freire,Kate Menken
{"title":"Editorial introduction: a historical overview of the expanding critique(s) of the gentrification of dual language bilingual education","authors":"Garrett M. Delavan,Juan A. Freire,Kate Menken","doi":"10.1007/s10993-021-09597-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09597-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46781,"journal":{"name":"Language Policy","volume":"84 3","pages":"299-321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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