Pub Date : 2022-06-17DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2077219
Sanshiro Hosaka
ABSTRACT This article explores the KGB’s penetration of the transition economy by examining its self-reforms and collective practices during perestroika. A formerly classified KGB in-house journal demonstrates how Chekists adapted their work to economic liberalization. The KGB strengthened counterintelligence measures for Soviet–Western joint ventures by infiltrating active reserve officers and establishing intimate relationships with new Soviet businesses by supplying them with commercial secrets stolen from Western partners. Business and foreign trade positions became new covers for Lubyanka. These institutional arrangements, rather than the individual entrepreneurship of Chekists, paved the way for their prominence in the post-Soviet Russian economy.
{"title":"Chekists Penetrate the Transition Economy: The KGB’s Self-Reforms during Perestroika","authors":"Sanshiro Hosaka","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2077219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2077219","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the KGB’s penetration of the transition economy by examining its self-reforms and collective practices during perestroika. A formerly classified KGB in-house journal demonstrates how Chekists adapted their work to economic liberalization. The KGB strengthened counterintelligence measures for Soviet–Western joint ventures by infiltrating active reserve officers and establishing intimate relationships with new Soviet businesses by supplying them with commercial secrets stolen from Western partners. Business and foreign trade positions became new covers for Lubyanka. These institutional arrangements, rather than the individual entrepreneurship of Chekists, paved the way for their prominence in the post-Soviet Russian economy.","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"70 1","pages":"427 - 438"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43604970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2062385
Zuzanna Brunarska
ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between exposure to immigration in one’s region or locality and sense of socio-territorial belonging, understood as a “we-feeling” toward other inhabitants of the territory. Based on the Russian case, it addresses the question whether higher intensity of in-migration is related to weaker sense of belonging and how this relationship depends on immigrant origin. Using survey data combined with official statistical data, I found a negative relation when immigration from non-CIS states is considered, but not in case of in-migration from CIS states. I interpret these findings in terms of symbolic boundaries and the Soviet legacy.
{"title":"Exposure to Immigration and Sense of Socio-Territorial Belonging: Evidence from Russia","authors":"Zuzanna Brunarska","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2062385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2062385","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between exposure to immigration in one’s region or locality and sense of socio-territorial belonging, understood as a “we-feeling” toward other inhabitants of the territory. Based on the Russian case, it addresses the question whether higher intensity of in-migration is related to weaker sense of belonging and how this relationship depends on immigrant origin. Using survey data combined with official statistical data, I found a negative relation when immigration from non-CIS states is considered, but not in case of in-migration from CIS states. I interpret these findings in terms of symbolic boundaries and the Soviet legacy.","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"70 1","pages":"416 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45332502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2062003
Mariya M. Yarlykova, Xunda Yu
ABSTRACT The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is a controversial event in the history of the Second World War. Some scholars regard the Pact as essential to the security of the Soviet Union; others consider it a reason to equate the Soviet Union with Nazi Germany as the main initiator of the Second World War. Comparison of the historical representations of the Soviet territorial expansion in 1939–1940 in Soviet and post-Soviet Russian textbooks can uncover the conceptual transformations in historical consciousness since the fall of Communism, and reveal: does the current evaluation of the Pact in Russia and Eastern European states vary?
{"title":"Before and After the Fall of Communism: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet Foreign Policy in 1939–1940 in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russian Textbooks","authors":"Mariya M. Yarlykova, Xunda Yu","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2062003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2062003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is a controversial event in the history of the Second World War. Some scholars regard the Pact as essential to the security of the Soviet Union; others consider it a reason to equate the Soviet Union with Nazi Germany as the main initiator of the Second World War. Comparison of the historical representations of the Soviet territorial expansion in 1939–1940 in Soviet and post-Soviet Russian textbooks can uncover the conceptual transformations in historical consciousness since the fall of Communism, and reveal: does the current evaluation of the Pact in Russia and Eastern European states vary?","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"70 1","pages":"439 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44503116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2066005
Adam Potočňák, M. Mareš
ABSTRACT The article deals with Russia’s strategic approach to the frozen conflict in Donbas and the two de facto states it generated, which differs from Russia’s previous practices. It argues that the “Trojan Horse strategy” was tailored explicitly to Donbas due to the second-generation nature of the conflict which was driven by Moscow’s interests in the confrontation with the West. However, when the strategy failed and created a stalemate, Russia had to adjust it. This resulted in Moscow’s recognition of the two people’s republics in the Donbas as independent, followed by an outright invasion of the rest of Ukraine.
{"title":"Donbas Conflict: How Russia’s Trojan Horse Failed and Forced Moscow to Alter Its Strategy","authors":"Adam Potočňák, M. Mareš","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2066005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2066005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article deals with Russia’s strategic approach to the frozen conflict in Donbas and the two de facto states it generated, which differs from Russia’s previous practices. It argues that the “Trojan Horse strategy” was tailored explicitly to Donbas due to the second-generation nature of the conflict which was driven by Moscow’s interests in the confrontation with the West. However, when the strategy failed and created a stalemate, Russia had to adjust it. This resulted in Moscow’s recognition of the two people’s republics in the Donbas as independent, followed by an outright invasion of the rest of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"70 1","pages":"341 - 351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43497396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2066006
Artyom Kosmarski, V. Kartavtsev, Alexander Odintsov
ABSTRACT Global transformation of academia under “new public management” and metrics-based assessment has brought forth intense debates on the governance of science. This study investigates key values and visions of academic governance in Russia through a set of focus groups with scientists plus a nationwide survey (n = 6,166) conducted in 2019. Russian scholars defy both state pressures and grassroots self-governance (due to fundamental distrust of peers); the preservation of privacy is their key concern. Finally, we present basic self-images of science (competitive, cooperative, and mobilizational) and point out the tensions between liberalism and democracy in post-Soviet academia.
{"title":"Evading Transparency, Doubting Democracy, Dreaming Big: Grassroots Perspectives on Science Governance in Russia","authors":"Artyom Kosmarski, V. Kartavtsev, Alexander Odintsov","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2066006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2066006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Global transformation of academia under “new public management” and metrics-based assessment has brought forth intense debates on the governance of science. This study investigates key values and visions of academic governance in Russia through a set of focus groups with scientists plus a nationwide survey (n = 6,166) conducted in 2019. Russian scholars defy both state pressures and grassroots self-governance (due to fundamental distrust of peers); the preservation of privacy is their key concern. Finally, we present basic self-images of science (competitive, cooperative, and mobilizational) and point out the tensions between liberalism and democracy in post-Soviet academia.","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"70 1","pages":"453 - 466"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47208538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2062001
Aleš Kudrnáč, Airi-Alina Allaste
ABSTRACT Former socialist states made great progress in the institutional set up and development of civil societies after the fall of their non-democratic regimes. However, the gap in levels of political participation between former socialist states and old democracies remains. Using two-wave panel data, this study explores how four different types of participation are related to each other and whether a sense of internal political efficacy is a prerequisite or a product of these types of participation. The results imply that facilitation of a sense of internal political efficacy is the key for enhancing the level of youth political participation.
{"title":"Students’ School and Political Participation in a Former Socialist Country","authors":"Aleš Kudrnáč, Airi-Alina Allaste","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2062001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2062001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Former socialist states made great progress in the institutional set up and development of civil societies after the fall of their non-democratic regimes. However, the gap in levels of political participation between former socialist states and old democracies remains. Using two-wave panel data, this study explores how four different types of participation are related to each other and whether a sense of internal political efficacy is a prerequisite or a product of these types of participation. The results imply that facilitation of a sense of internal political efficacy is the key for enhancing the level of youth political participation.","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47802398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2062002
Karolina Kluczewska
ABSTRACT This article analyzes why and how women’s sex work is securitized in Tajikistan. It argues that state actors view sex work as a threat to the nation in the context of two simultaneous processes: nation-building, centered around the family unit, and the fight against HIV/AIDS. The article explores the narratives, laws, and practices that are deployed to limit sex work. It also analyzes how security frameworks are experienced and navigated by women sex workers on a very local level. Three coping strategies are identified: hiding techniques, developing networks and befriending influential clients, and seeking companionship with other sex workers.
{"title":"Securitization and Coping Strategies of Women Sex Workers in Tajikistan","authors":"Karolina Kluczewska","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2062002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2062002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article analyzes why and how women’s sex work is securitized in Tajikistan. It argues that state actors view sex work as a threat to the nation in the context of two simultaneous processes: nation-building, centered around the family unit, and the fight against HIV/AIDS. The article explores the narratives, laws, and practices that are deployed to limit sex work. It also analyzes how security frameworks are experienced and navigated by women sex workers on a very local level. Three coping strategies are identified: hiding techniques, developing networks and befriending influential clients, and seeking companionship with other sex workers.","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"70 1","pages":"329 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45375686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2050926
A. Krstić, Filip Ejdus, N. Vladisavljević
ABSTRACT Serbia was highly polarized ahead of the 2010 Pride parade in Belgrade, an event marred by violence. It is often assumed that the media played a negative role by uncritically giving voice to anti-LGBT activists. To investigate this claim, we conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis of media reporting as well as 25 in-depth interviews with journalists. We conclude that the media denied extremists direct access to the media. However, due to the high polarization, the media did empower nonviolent opponents of the parade, and hence indirectly contributed to the stereotypical and sometimes derogatory representation of the LGBT population.
{"title":"The Politics of Giving Voice: Media Framing of Extremist Groups in the 2010 Pride Parade in Serbia","authors":"A. Krstić, Filip Ejdus, N. Vladisavljević","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2050926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2050926","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Serbia was highly polarized ahead of the 2010 Pride parade in Belgrade, an event marred by violence. It is often assumed that the media played a negative role by uncritically giving voice to anti-LGBT activists. To investigate this claim, we conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis of media reporting as well as 25 in-depth interviews with journalists. We conclude that the media denied extremists direct access to the media. However, due to the high polarization, the media did empower nonviolent opponents of the parade, and hence indirectly contributed to the stereotypical and sometimes derogatory representation of the LGBT population.","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"70 1","pages":"185 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45797213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-13DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x
Paula G Slater, Miguel E Domínguez-Romero, Maximiliano Villarreal, Verónica Eisner, Juan Larraín
Many people around the world suffer from some form of paralysis caused by spinal cord injury (SCI), which has an impact on quality and life expectancy. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS), which in mammals is unable to regenerate, and to date, there is a lack of full functional recovery therapies for SCI. These injuries start with a rapid and mechanical insult, followed by a secondary phase leading progressively to greater damage. This secondary phase can be potentially modifiable through targeted therapies. The growing literature, derived from mammalian and regenerative model studies, supports a leading role for mitochondria in every cellular response after SCI: mitochondrial dysfunction is the common event of different triggers leading to cell death, cellular metabolism regulates the immune response, mitochondrial number and localization correlate with axon regenerative capacity, while mitochondrial abundance and substrate utilization regulate neural stem progenitor cells self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the cellular responses during the secondary phase of SCI, the mitochondrial contribution to each of them, as well as evidence of mitochondrial involvement in spinal cord regeneration, suggesting that a more in-depth study of mitochondrial function and regulation is needed to identify potential targets for SCI therapeutic intervention.
{"title":"Mitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration.","authors":"Paula G Slater, Miguel E Domínguez-Romero, Maximiliano Villarreal, Verónica Eisner, Juan Larraín","doi":"10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many people around the world suffer from some form of paralysis caused by spinal cord injury (SCI), which has an impact on quality and life expectancy. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS), which in mammals is unable to regenerate, and to date, there is a lack of full functional recovery therapies for SCI. These injuries start with a rapid and mechanical insult, followed by a secondary phase leading progressively to greater damage. This secondary phase can be potentially modifiable through targeted therapies. The growing literature, derived from mammalian and regenerative model studies, supports a leading role for mitochondria in every cellular response after SCI: mitochondrial dysfunction is the common event of different triggers leading to cell death, cellular metabolism regulates the immune response, mitochondrial number and localization correlate with axon regenerative capacity, while mitochondrial abundance and substrate utilization regulate neural stem progenitor cells self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the cellular responses during the secondary phase of SCI, the mitochondrial contribution to each of them, as well as evidence of mitochondrial involvement in spinal cord regeneration, suggesting that a more in-depth study of mitochondrial function and regulation is needed to identify potential targets for SCI therapeutic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"50 1","pages":"239"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11072423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82254618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-11DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2043757
Anna Diedkova, E. Shestopal, Christ’l De Landtsheer
ABSTRACT Little is currently known about how voters arrive at their vision of an ideal president. Along with an ideal president’s traits, this study examines the domains Russian voters draw upon when formulating these expectations. 20 in-depth interviews allowed an initial list of qualities that fall into broad categories of leadership effectiveness, morality, qualifications, and sociability. The domains from which voters derive their expectations include comparative, contextual, functional sources, and leadership style domain. Furthermore, 450 interviews examined the commonness of personality expectations in a quantitative sample. The respondents were more likely to discuss specific leadership traits than social skills or qualifications.
{"title":"An Ideal President’s Personality: Understanding the Expectations of Russian Citizens","authors":"Anna Diedkova, E. Shestopal, Christ’l De Landtsheer","doi":"10.1080/10758216.2022.2043757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2043757","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Little is currently known about how voters arrive at their vision of an ideal president. Along with an ideal president’s traits, this study examines the domains Russian voters draw upon when formulating these expectations. 20 in-depth interviews allowed an initial list of qualities that fall into broad categories of leadership effectiveness, morality, qualifications, and sociability. The domains from which voters derive their expectations include comparative, contextual, functional sources, and leadership style domain. Furthermore, 450 interviews examined the commonness of personality expectations in a quantitative sample. The respondents were more likely to discuss specific leadership traits than social skills or qualifications.","PeriodicalId":46824,"journal":{"name":"Problems of Post-Communism","volume":"70 1","pages":"388 - 401"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41337908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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