This study focuses on how the Uzbek public perceives the Aral Sea disaster, the role of the government, the UN, and other agencies, and their overall attitude toward the future of the region. This research is based on an online survey of 599 people across Uzbekistan. The results show that the participants are largely supportive of government and optimistic for the future of the Aral Sea region, despite also being concerned for its environment. The role of traditional and social media plays a crucial role in informing and shaping people’s opinions. A sense of inclusion and representation within the decision-making process led to increased government support amongst the attitudes of the participants.
{"title":"Public Perceptions of the Aral Sea Disaster in Uzbekistan","authors":"Steven Lloyd, Tetsuya Nakamura, Satoru Masuda","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0783","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on how the Uzbek public perceives the Aral Sea disaster, the role of the government, the UN, and other agencies, and their overall attitude toward the future of the region. This research is based on an online survey of 599 people across Uzbekistan. The results show that the participants are largely supportive of government and optimistic for the future of the Aral Sea region, despite also being concerned for its environment. The role of traditional and social media plays a crucial role in informing and shaping people’s opinions. A sense of inclusion and representation within the decision-making process led to increased government support amongst the attitudes of the participants.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“SIP4D-ZIP,” developed by the authors, is a common data framework for sharing disaster information among systems operated by different organizations. In past large-scale disaster responses, it has often been necessary to share information that could not be predicted in advance with several organizations. Even if such information could be converted into electronic data, the valuable information was sometimes not fully utilized due to the lack of a common format for describing the meaning of the data or lack of the data format that can be read by different systems. To solve such problems, we developed SIP4D-ZIP as a common data framework that enables data to be exchanged between systems without prior arrangement. We demonstrate how SIP4D-ZIP can solve the problems found in actual disaster response, which are the background of the design concept of SIP4D. Furthermore, we explain in detail how SIP4D-ZIP works and show that it can automate the processes required to share information between systems. We believe that designing both the information source system and the utilization system based on SIP4D-ZIP will enable highly versatile and automatic mutual sharing of disaster information and promote digital transformation in disaster response.
{"title":"Disaster Information Sharing Technology Among Heterogeneous Information Systems Through SIP4D-ZIP Framework","authors":"Makoto Hanashima, Yuichiro Usuda","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0763","url":null,"abstract":"“SIP4D-ZIP,” developed by the authors, is a common data framework for sharing disaster information among systems operated by different organizations. In past large-scale disaster responses, it has often been necessary to share information that could not be predicted in advance with several organizations. Even if such information could be converted into electronic data, the valuable information was sometimes not fully utilized due to the lack of a common format for describing the meaning of the data or lack of the data format that can be read by different systems. To solve such problems, we developed SIP4D-ZIP as a common data framework that enables data to be exchanged between systems without prior arrangement. We demonstrate how SIP4D-ZIP can solve the problems found in actual disaster response, which are the background of the design concept of SIP4D. Furthermore, we explain in detail how SIP4D-ZIP works and show that it can automate the processes required to share information between systems. We believe that designing both the information source system and the utilization system based on SIP4D-ZIP will enable highly versatile and automatic mutual sharing of disaster information and promote digital transformation in disaster response.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ayuko Hirani Saleh, Akira Tai, Shinichiro Yano, Mukhsan Putra Hatta
In South Sulawesi, the development of irrigation may be hindered by the continuing limitations and inadequacies of hydrological data. It is well known that the rainfall monitoring station is more extensive than the river flow monitoring station. Therefore, the Malino Catchment Area was selected to illustrate the theory of four tank components. The 1st tank (tank A) has two horizontal outlets ( Q a 1 and Q a 2 ) and one vertical outlet ( I a ); the 2nd tank (tank B) has one horizontal outlet ( Q b ) and one vertical outlet ( I b ); the 3rd tank (tank C) has the same conceptual structure as tanks A and B; and the 4th tank (tank D) has only one horizontal outlet ( Q d ). To ensure that the tank model represents vertical and horizontal flows in a watershed region, the flows ( Q a 1 , Q a 2 , Q b , Q c , and Q d ) are predicted to accumulate in one flow, more or less, and must equal the measured discharge ( Q o ) at the specified time. Rainfall and evapotranspiration data are required to calculate this model. The 264.55 km 2 (25902 ha) research area has an elevation range of 400–2400 masl. The findings for land use are dominated by plantations (41.01%), forests (40.79%), rice fields (15.44%), and residential areas (0.96%). In the calibration of the tank model, R 2 is evaluated at 0.560% (good) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency is evaluated at 0.526% (good) to ensure that the model can represent the distribution of water flow components. Additionally, the measurements for the total water flow ( Q total ) were 13702 m 3 /y with a total rainfall of 3996 mm/y. Furthermore, surface flow accounts for 77.26% of the total runoff water, while intermediate flow accounts for 20.25%.
{"title":"Implementation of Hydrological Model for the Malino Catchment Area in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia","authors":"Ayuko Hirani Saleh, Akira Tai, Shinichiro Yano, Mukhsan Putra Hatta","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0806","url":null,"abstract":"In South Sulawesi, the development of irrigation may be hindered by the continuing limitations and inadequacies of hydrological data. It is well known that the rainfall monitoring station is more extensive than the river flow monitoring station. Therefore, the Malino Catchment Area was selected to illustrate the theory of four tank components. The 1st tank (tank A) has two horizontal outlets ( Q a 1 and Q a 2 ) and one vertical outlet ( I a ); the 2nd tank (tank B) has one horizontal outlet ( Q b ) and one vertical outlet ( I b ); the 3rd tank (tank C) has the same conceptual structure as tanks A and B; and the 4th tank (tank D) has only one horizontal outlet ( Q d ). To ensure that the tank model represents vertical and horizontal flows in a watershed region, the flows ( Q a 1 , Q a 2 , Q b , Q c , and Q d ) are predicted to accumulate in one flow, more or less, and must equal the measured discharge ( Q o ) at the specified time. Rainfall and evapotranspiration data are required to calculate this model. The 264.55 km 2 (25902 ha) research area has an elevation range of 400–2400 masl. The findings for land use are dominated by plantations (41.01%), forests (40.79%), rice fields (15.44%), and residential areas (0.96%). In the calibration of the tank model, R 2 is evaluated at 0.560% (good) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency is evaluated at 0.526% (good) to ensure that the model can represent the distribution of water flow components. Additionally, the measurements for the total water flow ( Q total ) were 13702 m 3 /y with a total rainfall of 3996 mm/y. Furthermore, surface flow accounts for 77.26% of the total runoff water, while intermediate flow accounts for 20.25%.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of a cross-sectional study on adolescents’ behavioral and emotional reactions during and immediately after the 2017 Puebla earthquake that occurred in Mexico City. Convenience sampling was used to achieve a sample size of n =362. Some of the key findings are as follows: a) some 57.0% of adolescent women and over 60.0% of men “ran out of the building” during the earthquake; only 17.4% of women and 14.2% of men took shelter. Early and late adolescent women were significantly associated with building “evacuation” immediately after the earthquake. b) Early and late adolescent men were “surprised” by the earthquake occurrence. c) The perceived vulnerability of the city (PVC) was significantly associated with men but not with women. d) Adolescents exhibited strong information-seeking behavior regarding seismic risk. The results of the study highlight a lack of adolescents’ preparedness for earthquakes in terms of the protective actions taken during the ground shaking and knowledge of the functioning of the Mexican seismic alert system. An educational program aimed at better educating and preparing adolescents for a seismic emergency should be implemented in preparatory schools.
{"title":"Adolescents’ Responses to the 2017 Puebla Earthquake in Mexico City","authors":"Jaime Santos-Reyes, Tatiana Gouzeva","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0771","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of a cross-sectional study on adolescents’ behavioral and emotional reactions during and immediately after the 2017 Puebla earthquake that occurred in Mexico City. Convenience sampling was used to achieve a sample size of n =362. Some of the key findings are as follows: a) some 57.0% of adolescent women and over 60.0% of men “ran out of the building” during the earthquake; only 17.4% of women and 14.2% of men took shelter. Early and late adolescent women were significantly associated with building “evacuation” immediately after the earthquake. b) Early and late adolescent men were “surprised” by the earthquake occurrence. c) The perceived vulnerability of the city (PVC) was significantly associated with men but not with women. d) Adolescents exhibited strong information-seeking behavior regarding seismic risk. The results of the study highlight a lack of adolescents’ preparedness for earthquakes in terms of the protective actions taken during the ground shaking and knowledge of the functioning of the Mexican seismic alert system. An educational program aimed at better educating and preparing adolescents for a seismic emergency should be implemented in preparatory schools.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Indo-Gangetic plains are considered to be the most fertile land area within India. It contains alluvium type of soil which is rich in nutrients and have high water retention capacity. According to many agricultural think tanks, including Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the northern belt of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and Bihar are the only states having naturally sustainable soil conditions for the cultivation of water-intensive rice crops in India and are also among very few regions of Asia. This paper will be an attempt to propose an integrated system where Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets like poverty, well-being, economic growth, innovation and infrastructure, and sustainable communities will be addressed. With the optimum production of rice in the region and with the support of government schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampda Yojana scheme for overall growth and development of food processing units, food processing industries can be established in selected pockets of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The food processing industries based on rice processing will produce varied local sweets such as Anarsa , Lakhtho , Thekua , etc., and food products that can get a vital push from the government’s One District One Product (ODOP) scheme. With the help of the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), the products can be promoted for international exports as well. Also, it will address the much-known menace of outmigration (4–5 million of workforce per annum) from states and will provide local human capital with income growth and identity. A whole integrated system can be built where linkages from farm to market can be created which will reap farmers: good prices and regular procurement, food industries: good promotion of products plus profits, and local people: economic and social protection. Therefore, by using locally climate suited crop and government supported food parks or industrial system, the holistic aim of 3P’s – people, planet, and profit, will be realized.
{"title":"Potential of Rice-Based Food Processing Industries Along Eastern Plains of River Ganga","authors":"Shyamli Singh","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0708","url":null,"abstract":"The Indo-Gangetic plains are considered to be the most fertile land area within India. It contains alluvium type of soil which is rich in nutrients and have high water retention capacity. According to many agricultural think tanks, including Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the northern belt of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and Bihar are the only states having naturally sustainable soil conditions for the cultivation of water-intensive rice crops in India and are also among very few regions of Asia. This paper will be an attempt to propose an integrated system where Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets like poverty, well-being, economic growth, innovation and infrastructure, and sustainable communities will be addressed. With the optimum production of rice in the region and with the support of government schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampda Yojana scheme for overall growth and development of food processing units, food processing industries can be established in selected pockets of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The food processing industries based on rice processing will produce varied local sweets such as Anarsa , Lakhtho , Thekua , etc., and food products that can get a vital push from the government’s One District One Product (ODOP) scheme. With the help of the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), the products can be promoted for international exports as well. Also, it will address the much-known menace of outmigration (4–5 million of workforce per annum) from states and will provide local human capital with income growth and identity. A whole integrated system can be built where linkages from farm to market can be created which will reap farmers: good prices and regular procurement, food industries: good promotion of products plus profits, and local people: economic and social protection. Therefore, by using locally climate suited crop and government supported food parks or industrial system, the holistic aim of 3P’s – people, planet, and profit, will be realized.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Established in 2010 as an integrated research program for disaster risk reduction, the IRDR ICoE Taipei is co-sponsored by the International Science Council (ISC) and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). In the past decade, the IRDR ICoE Taipei has received hundreds of participants around the world to the more than a dozen international training workshops (AI, Advanced Institute) it has organized. These workshops focused mostly on the capacity building program for disaster risk reduction. Bearing this in mind, one important motivation for this Special Issue was to encourage the participants of each Advanced Institute, in particular those who were awarded Seed Grants to conduct one-year projects following each workshop, to publish the results of their studies on the topics related to disaster risk reduction. In this Special Issue, the first paper provides a brief review of the capacity building program of the IRDR ICoE Taipei, followed by three research articles. Viola van Onselen and her co-workers in Taiwan present a methodology of strategies of ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction, with several case studies in coastal environments of Taiwan. Shyamli Singh of India proposes an integrated system for sustainable rice economics linking from farm to market, a case study on one of the largest rice production fields on the Indo-Gangetic plain. From the engineering perspective, Wen-Yi Huang and his colleagues in Taiwan and Australia present a paper dealing with the reinforcement of soil walls to prevent geohazards on the roads. This is the first special issue produced as a collaboration between the IRDR ICoE Taipei and the JDR, with great support from the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR) and Academia Sinica of Taiwan. We hope there will be more Special Issues to come in the next few years.
IRDR ICoE成立于2010年，是一个减少灾害风险的综合研究项目，由国际科学理事会(ISC)和联合国减少灾害风险办公室(UNDRR)共同主办。在过去的十年里，IRDR ICoE台北已经接待了来自世界各地的数百名参与者参加了它组织的十几个国际培训研讨会(人工智能，高级研究所)。这些讲习班主要侧重于减少灾害风险的能力建设方案。考虑到这一点，本期特刊的一个重要动机是鼓励每个高级研究所的参与者，特别是那些获得种子资助的参与者，在每次讲习班之后进行为期一年的项目，发表他们关于减少灾害风险相关主题的研究成果。在这期特刊中，第一篇论文简要回顾了IRDR ICoE台北的能力建设项目，随后是三篇研究文章。台湾的Viola van Onselen和她的同事提出了一种基于生态系统的减灾策略方法，并对台湾沿海环境进行了几个案例研究。印度的Shyamli Singh提出了一个从农场到市场的可持续水稻经济综合系统，这是对印度恒河平原上最大的水稻产区之一的一个案例研究。从工程的角度来看，黄文义和他在台湾和澳大利亚的同事发表了一篇关于加固土墙以防止道路地质灾害的论文。这是在国家减灾科学技术中心和台湾中央研究院的大力支持下，由IRDR ICoE台北与JDR合作出版的第一期特刊。我们希望在接下来的几年里会有更多的特刊。
{"title":"Special Issue on ICoE Taipei Integrated Research on Disaster Risk","authors":"Jian-Cheng Lee, Chung-Pai Chang, Haruo Hayashi, Hongey Chen","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0689","url":null,"abstract":"Established in 2010 as an integrated research program for disaster risk reduction, the IRDR ICoE Taipei is co-sponsored by the International Science Council (ISC) and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). In the past decade, the IRDR ICoE Taipei has received hundreds of participants around the world to the more than a dozen international training workshops (AI, Advanced Institute) it has organized. These workshops focused mostly on the capacity building program for disaster risk reduction. Bearing this in mind, one important motivation for this Special Issue was to encourage the participants of each Advanced Institute, in particular those who were awarded Seed Grants to conduct one-year projects following each workshop, to publish the results of their studies on the topics related to disaster risk reduction. In this Special Issue, the first paper provides a brief review of the capacity building program of the IRDR ICoE Taipei, followed by three research articles. Viola van Onselen and her co-workers in Taiwan present a methodology of strategies of ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction, with several case studies in coastal environments of Taiwan. Shyamli Singh of India proposes an integrated system for sustainable rice economics linking from farm to market, a case study on one of the largest rice production fields on the Indo-Gangetic plain. From the engineering perspective, Wen-Yi Huang and his colleagues in Taiwan and Australia present a paper dealing with the reinforcement of soil walls to prevent geohazards on the roads. This is the first special issue produced as a collaboration between the IRDR ICoE Taipei and the JDR, with great support from the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR) and Academia Sinica of Taiwan. We hope there will be more Special Issues to come in the next few years.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viola van Onselen, Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak, Tsung-Yi Lin
Taiwan’s rapid economic and industrial growth has put enormous pressure on its natural environment. This is especially visible in the coastal zone, where risks such as sea-level rise, coastal erosion, land subsidence, and flooding threaten the already vulnerable ecosystems. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) is a management strategy that uses ecosystems to reduce disaster risks. While this type of strategy is promoted in the ‘Taiwan Coastal Zone Management Act’ (TCZMA), there is still a lack of data on the implementation of Eco-DRR methods in Taiwan. This study examines papers on policy analyses of the TCZMA, and five main barriers for implementation of Eco-DRR in Taiwan are identified. Subsequently, in order to assess Eco-DRR strategies in the coastal zone of Taiwan, case studies and evaluation data on ecosystem-based management strategies were assembled and evaluated. The results of this study show that initial strategies to plant mangroves for reduction of wave energy have not always been successful; in certain areas they were removed again due to invasiveness in endemic wetland ecosystems. Moreover, artificially building sand dunes can have negative side effects, like oversteepening of the dune profile or deteriorating the natural dune dynamics. To address and tackle aforementioned challenges, a novel framework is introduced for improved uptake of Eco-DRR in Taiwan and beyond, and suggestions for future strategies are proposed.
{"title":"Assessment of Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies in Coastal Environments of Taiwan","authors":"Viola van Onselen, Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak, Tsung-Yi Lin","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0700","url":null,"abstract":"Taiwan’s rapid economic and industrial growth has put enormous pressure on its natural environment. This is especially visible in the coastal zone, where risks such as sea-level rise, coastal erosion, land subsidence, and flooding threaten the already vulnerable ecosystems. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) is a management strategy that uses ecosystems to reduce disaster risks. While this type of strategy is promoted in the ‘Taiwan Coastal Zone Management Act’ (TCZMA), there is still a lack of data on the implementation of Eco-DRR methods in Taiwan. This study examines papers on policy analyses of the TCZMA, and five main barriers for implementation of Eco-DRR in Taiwan are identified. Subsequently, in order to assess Eco-DRR strategies in the coastal zone of Taiwan, case studies and evaluation data on ecosystem-based management strategies were assembled and evaluated. The results of this study show that initial strategies to plant mangroves for reduction of wave energy have not always been successful; in certain areas they were removed again due to invasiveness in endemic wetland ecosystems. Moreover, artificially building sand dunes can have negative side effects, like oversteepening of the dune profile or deteriorating the natural dune dynamics. To address and tackle aforementioned challenges, a novel framework is introduced for improved uptake of Eco-DRR in Taiwan and beyond, and suggestions for future strategies are proposed.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S-net is a large-scale seafloor observation network for earthquakes and tsunamis around the Japan Trench, consisting of 150 observatories equipped with seismometers and pressure gauges. The sensors have been set up inside cylindrical pressure vessels, which have been buried in the shallow-water regions (water depth <1,500 m), while the vessels have been laid freely on the seafloor in the deeper-water regions. Previous studies showed that the cylindrical pressure vessels rotate during strong shakings due to poor coupling with the seabed sediments, thus making it difficult to retrieve the actual ground motions. We investigated the static changes in the orientations of S-net accelerometers due to shakings from 1,878 earthquakes of Mj greater than 4 that occurred around the network, and found that rotations as large values as 16° were observed during the 2022, Mj 7.4, off-Fukushima Prefecture earthquake. We estimated the threshold acceleration levels after which the sensors are likely to rotate at all S-net stations separately and found that the threshold values lie mostly between 5 and 50 cm/s 2 . Finally, we discussed the observed peak accelerations and velocities at the S-net stations with those recorded on land, where high-quality records were obtained, during the 2022, Mj 7.4 earthquake, which was also the largest magnitude earthquake to occur in the region after the network commenced operation. The results presented herein complement several previous studies and form the basis for more comprehensive future investigations.
{"title":"Analysis of Orientation Changes of S-Net Accelerometers due to Earthquake Motions","authors":"Yadab P. Dhakal, Takashi Kunugi","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0730","url":null,"abstract":"S-net is a large-scale seafloor observation network for earthquakes and tsunamis around the Japan Trench, consisting of 150 observatories equipped with seismometers and pressure gauges. The sensors have been set up inside cylindrical pressure vessels, which have been buried in the shallow-water regions (water depth <1,500 m), while the vessels have been laid freely on the seafloor in the deeper-water regions. Previous studies showed that the cylindrical pressure vessels rotate during strong shakings due to poor coupling with the seabed sediments, thus making it difficult to retrieve the actual ground motions. We investigated the static changes in the orientations of S-net accelerometers due to shakings from 1,878 earthquakes of Mj greater than 4 that occurred around the network, and found that rotations as large values as 16° were observed during the 2022, Mj 7.4, off-Fukushima Prefecture earthquake. We estimated the threshold acceleration levels after which the sensors are likely to rotate at all S-net stations separately and found that the threshold values lie mostly between 5 and 50 cm/s 2 . Finally, we discussed the observed peak accelerations and velocities at the S-net stations with those recorded on land, where high-quality records were obtained, during the 2022, Mj 7.4 earthquake, which was also the largest magnitude earthquake to occur in the region after the network commenced operation. The results presented herein complement several previous studies and form the basis for more comprehensive future investigations.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc., the largest electric power company in pre-war Japan, took an active merger policy and started accounting manipulations to maintain high dividends in the 1920’s. It, however, suffered extensive damage in 1923 when the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred and covered the damage by devising the appraisal profits of its fixed capital, which, though frequent in those days, constituted arbitrary accounting manipulations with no objective criteria. The Great Kanto Earthquake induced moral hazards to its management resulting in normalization of the accounting manipulations in the best interest of high dividends. Such accounting manipulations triggered the intervention of Mitsui Bank, Ltd. in its management, and partly contributed to the government control of electric power. As disasters are likely to show the inherent problems within companies, any temporary solution would instead result in more severe consequences.
{"title":"The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc.: Moral Hazards Exacerbated by the Great Kanto Earthquake","authors":"Rihito Shima","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0632","url":null,"abstract":"The Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc., the largest electric power company in pre-war Japan, took an active merger policy and started accounting manipulations to maintain high dividends in the 1920’s. It, however, suffered extensive damage in 1923 when the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred and covered the damage by devising the appraisal profits of its fixed capital, which, though frequent in those days, constituted arbitrary accounting manipulations with no objective criteria. The Great Kanto Earthquake induced moral hazards to its management resulting in normalization of the accounting manipulations in the best interest of high dividends. Such accounting manipulations triggered the intervention of Mitsui Bank, Ltd. in its management, and partly contributed to the government control of electric power. As disasters are likely to show the inherent problems within companies, any temporary solution would instead result in more severe consequences.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46472999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Murao, Kyota Fujiwara, Haruna Kato, Fumitake Yonemura, Keiko Inagaki, K. Meguro
The year 2023 marks the 100th commemoration of the disastrous Kanto Earthquake in Japan, which shattered the urban fabric of Tokyo and other southern prefectures. In the years following 1923, much research into disaster risk reduction (especially fire prevention) was undertaken. This study evaluated research trends and the impact of the earthquake on the city using metropolitan population data. The following is reported: (1) This study summarized English and Japanese academic papers and reports on the Great Kanto Earthquake that have been published over the last 100 years. (2) The area of fire spread and number of damaged buildings in Tokyo due to the Great Kanto Earthquake were overwhelmingly larger than those in other areas. (3) The difference in the relative amount of damage caused by natural disasters with more than 1,000 death toll to the annual national budget in Japan became clear. (4) The Great Kanto Earthquake was the only natural disaster that caused a net worth of damage exceeding the Japanese national budget by 3.8 times. (5) The expansion of the Tokyo metropolitan area over the 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake was visually clarified based on demographics. (6) Today, many people live densely on soft ground, with an amplification factor of 1.8 or higher, which is 23.0% of the total population.
{"title":"Reconsideration of Urbanization in Tokyo Metropolitan Area Since 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake from the Perspective of Exposure","authors":"O. Murao, Kyota Fujiwara, Haruna Kato, Fumitake Yonemura, Keiko Inagaki, K. Meguro","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0611","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2023 marks the 100th commemoration of the disastrous Kanto Earthquake in Japan, which shattered the urban fabric of Tokyo and other southern prefectures. In the years following 1923, much research into disaster risk reduction (especially fire prevention) was undertaken. This study evaluated research trends and the impact of the earthquake on the city using metropolitan population data. The following is reported: (1) This study summarized English and Japanese academic papers and reports on the Great Kanto Earthquake that have been published over the last 100 years. (2) The area of fire spread and number of damaged buildings in Tokyo due to the Great Kanto Earthquake were overwhelmingly larger than those in other areas. (3) The difference in the relative amount of damage caused by natural disasters with more than 1,000 death toll to the annual national budget in Japan became clear. (4) The Great Kanto Earthquake was the only natural disaster that caused a net worth of damage exceeding the Japanese national budget by 3.8 times. (5) The expansion of the Tokyo metropolitan area over the 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake was visually clarified based on demographics. (6) Today, many people live densely on soft ground, with an amplification factor of 1.8 or higher, which is 23.0% of the total population.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46502867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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