{"title":"1923 Great Kanto Earthquake: Fire Damage and Lessons Learned","authors":"A. Sekizawa","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0558","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42225963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1923 Great Kanto Earthquake: Damages by the Quake and Tsunami","authors":"M. Takemura","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0555","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43341821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan. It was an extremely powerful earthquake that caused a great fire. The death toll reached approximately 105,000, and the economic loss is estimated to have exceeded 30% of the Japanese gross national product at that time. For September 2023, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) has planned a special issue to commemorate 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake. While previous special issues by the JDR have focused on specific disasters, this special issue will focus on the lessons and findings from the catastrophe and will cover even the progress of disaster research since then. We received fourteen important and thought-provoking manuscripts not only on scientific and engineering aspects but also on social and cultural aspects, including comparisons with other disasters, historical views, reconstruction issues, and future perspectives. These fourteen articles can be categorized into the three groups described below. The first four articles are the English translations of articles that originally appeared in “Koho Bosai,” the bimonthly journal on natural disaster reduction that is complied and published by the Disaster Management Section, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. The JDR believes that these four articles provide a concise English description of various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Takemura summarizes the seismic features of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Sekizawa summarizes the large scale urban fires that it caused. Dr. Suzuki describes various aspects of the emergency responses. Dr. Murosaki details the recovery project in Tokyo. Those articles discussed various lessons learned from the 1923 Kanto Earthquake and emphasized the importance of transferring the lessons toward future disaster mitigation. The next six papers were originally works studying various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Midorikawa reviews the strong ground motion of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Kaneko evaluates the resulting tsunami. Mr. Mammen sheds new light on the relationship between Charles A. Beard and Goto Shinpei in terms of the recovery. Dr. Albini studies the voices of foreign residents who left impressive disaster processes at that time. Dr. Murao reviews the urbanization of Tokyo after the Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Shima studies the response of the Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc. to the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The last four papers are works on various aspects of disaster risk reduction, but all of these works were inspired by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake in one way or another. Dr. Shaw provides a framework for repositioning earthquake risk reduction. Dr. Shimbo explores the Phase Free Concept. Dr. Shoji focuses on the possibility of Medium-Wave AM Radio Broadcasting. Dr. Yamaguchi studies the Risk Communication Method. The Editorial Board of the JDR thanks all of these contributors and hopes that th
1923年9月1日，日本东京都发生关东大地震。这是一次极其强烈的地震，引起了一场大火。死亡人数达到约10.5万人，经济损失估计超过当时日本国民生产总值的30%。《灾害研究杂志》(JDR)为纪念关东大地震100周年，计划于2023年9月发行特刊。《共同发展报告》以前的特刊关注的是具体的灾害，而这一期特刊将侧重于灾难的教训和发现，甚至将涵盖自那时以来灾害研究的进展。我们收到了14份重要的、发人深省的手稿，不仅涉及科学和工程方面，而且涉及社会和文化方面，包括与其他灾害的比较、历史观点、重建问题和未来展望。这14篇文章可以分为以下三组。前四篇文章是日本内阁府灾害管理科编纂出版的减少自然灾害的双月刊《Koho Bosai》上的文章的英文翻译。JDR认为，这四篇文章对关东大地震灾害的各个方面提供了简明的英文描述。竹村博士总结了1923年关东大地震的地震特征。Sekizawa博士总结了它造成的大规模城市火灾。铃木博士介绍了应急反应的各个方面。murasaki博士详细介绍了东京的恢复项目。这些文章讨论了从1923年关东地震中吸取的各种教训，并强调了将这些教训用于未来减灾的重要性。接下来的六篇论文最初是研究关东大地震灾害的各个方面的作品。Midorikawa博士回顾了1923年关东地震的强烈地面运动。Kaneko博士评估了由此产生的海啸。Mammen先生从复苏的角度对Charles A. Beard和后藤新平之间的关系进行了新的阐释。阿尔比尼博士研究了当时留下深刻印象的灾难过程的外国居民的声音。Murao博士回顾了关东地震后东京的城市化进程。岛渚博士研究了东京电灯公司对1923年关东大地震的反应。最后四篇论文是关于减少灾害风险的各个方面，但所有这些作品都受到了1923年关东大地震或多或少的启发。肖博士提供了一个重新定位减少地震风险的框架。Shimbo博士探讨了无相概念。Shoji博士专注于中波调幅广播的可能性。山口博士研究风险沟通方法。《JDR》编辑委员会感谢所有这些撰稿人，并希望这些文章能成为进一步研究减少灾害风险的重要来源。
{"title":"Special Issue on the 100th Anniversary of the Great Kanto Earthquake","authors":"H. Hayashi, S. Koshimura","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0553","url":null,"abstract":"On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan. It was an extremely powerful earthquake that caused a great fire. The death toll reached approximately 105,000, and the economic loss is estimated to have exceeded 30% of the Japanese gross national product at that time.\u0000 For September 2023, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) has planned a special issue to commemorate 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake. While previous special issues by the JDR have focused on specific disasters, this special issue will focus on the lessons and findings from the catastrophe and will cover even the progress of disaster research since then. We received fourteen important and thought-provoking manuscripts not only on scientific and engineering aspects but also on social and cultural aspects, including comparisons with other disasters, historical views, reconstruction issues, and future perspectives. These fourteen articles can be categorized into the three groups described below.\u0000 The first four articles are the English translations of articles that originally appeared in “Koho Bosai,” the bimonthly journal on natural disaster reduction that is complied and published by the Disaster Management Section, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. The JDR believes that these four articles provide a concise English description of various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Takemura summarizes the seismic features of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Sekizawa summarizes the large scale urban fires that it caused. Dr. Suzuki describes various aspects of the emergency responses. Dr. Murosaki details the recovery project in Tokyo. Those articles discussed various lessons learned from the 1923 Kanto Earthquake and emphasized the importance of transferring the lessons toward future disaster mitigation.\u0000 The next six papers were originally works studying various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Midorikawa reviews the strong ground motion of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Kaneko evaluates the resulting tsunami. Mr. Mammen sheds new light on the relationship between Charles A. Beard and Goto Shinpei in terms of the recovery. Dr. Albini studies the voices of foreign residents who left impressive disaster processes at that time. Dr. Murao reviews the urbanization of Tokyo after the Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Shima studies the response of the Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc. to the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake.\u0000 The last four papers are works on various aspects of disaster risk reduction, but all of these works were inspired by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake in one way or another. Dr. Shaw provides a framework for repositioning earthquake risk reduction. Dr. Shimbo explores the Phase Free Concept. Dr. Shoji focuses on the possibility of Medium-Wave AM Radio Broadcasting. Dr. Yamaguchi studies the Risk Communication Method.\u0000 The Editorial Board of the JDR thanks all of these contributors and hopes that th","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42858400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When the Kanto earthquake struck on Saturday the 1st of September 1923 at a few minutes to noon, the foreign residents from western countries in the harbour city of Yokohama reached 2,500, and a similar presence was in Tokyo, which as the capital hosted the officers of embassies, consulates, and trade companies. These foreign residents left impressive records of the earthquake occurrence, as well as the fire that started immediately after. To add a different viewpoint to the overall understanding of this earthquake disaster, we concentrated on the considerable quantity of documents now stored at the National Archives (Kew Gardens, UK) and at the Affaires étrangères-Archives diplomatiques (La Courneuve, France). These documents were produced by British and French diplomats and naval commanders as well as foreign residents of different nationalities who were in Yokohama and Tokyo at the time of the earthquake. The immediacy of the descriptions they contain and the details they supply about the earthquake, the fire, and the rescue and relief actions bring us back to the shaking and shocking moments experienced by the people living in Yokohama and Tokyo one hundred years ago.
{"title":"Voices of Foreign Residents in Yokohama and Tokyo at the Time of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake","authors":"P. Albini, K. Satake","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0598","url":null,"abstract":"When the Kanto earthquake struck on Saturday the 1st of September 1923 at a few minutes to noon, the foreign residents from western countries in the harbour city of Yokohama reached 2,500, and a similar presence was in Tokyo, which as the capital hosted the officers of embassies, consulates, and trade companies. These foreign residents left impressive records of the earthquake occurrence, as well as the fire that started immediately after. To add a different viewpoint to the overall understanding of this earthquake disaster, we concentrated on the considerable quantity of documents now stored at the National Archives (Kew Gardens, UK) and at the Affaires étrangères-Archives diplomatiques (La Courneuve, France). These documents were produced by British and French diplomats and naval commanders as well as foreign residents of different nationalities who were in Yokohama and Tokyo at the time of the earthquake. The immediacy of the descriptions they contain and the details they supply about the earthquake, the fire, and the rescue and relief actions bring us back to the shaking and shocking moments experienced by the people living in Yokohama and Tokyo one hundred years ago.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46235467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the Great Kanto Earthquake, fire ravaged the city beyond its firefighting capabilities at that time. This also applies to contemporary society. Today, as Japan is facing a declining birthrate and an aging population, resources for public assistance-led disaster prevention measures are also dwindling. We have experienced the limitations of public-assistance-led disaster reduction measures for numerous disasters; for example, the Great East Japan Earthquake. Following the background, in recent years, the concept of “phase-free” has attracted the consideration as a means of preparing for disasters that exceed the scope of our corresponding range. The purpose of this study was to formulate a process of disseminating disaster prevention education that is effective in terms of both children’s learning ability and disaster preparedness through an analysis of a case study on the application of the phase-free concept (PFC) to school disaster prevention education. In PFC, disaster prevention and mitigation considerations are integrated into daily life. In Japan, several companies and local governments have begun to implement this concept. This study is based on a case study of phase-free efforts in school disaster prevention education in Naruto City, Japan. Through qualitative surveys conducted from the stakeholders, this research is focused to answer the question “Why was the PFC able to spread in actual schools throughout Naruto City?” These findings indicate that the PFC helps explain Naruto City’s proactive approach to disaster management as well as explains actors’ dynamic participation in phase-free activities. Furthermore, the research findings suggest that the term “phase-free” has become a marker of the perception of quality (Merkmal in German) in disaster prevention that promotes collaboration among diverse stakeholders.
{"title":"Formulation of Dissemination Process of Phase-Free Concept for Effective Promotion of Disaster Prevention Education: A Case Study of Naruto City, Japan","authors":"Akiko Shimbo, A. Javed, H. Gokon, Y. Kohda","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0656","url":null,"abstract":"During the Great Kanto Earthquake, fire ravaged the city beyond its firefighting capabilities at that time. This also applies to contemporary society. Today, as Japan is facing a declining birthrate and an aging population, resources for public assistance-led disaster prevention measures are also dwindling. We have experienced the limitations of public-assistance-led disaster reduction measures for numerous disasters; for example, the Great East Japan Earthquake. Following the background, in recent years, the concept of “phase-free” has attracted the consideration as a means of preparing for disasters that exceed the scope of our corresponding range. The purpose of this study was to formulate a process of disseminating disaster prevention education that is effective in terms of both children’s learning ability and disaster preparedness through an analysis of a case study on the application of the phase-free concept (PFC) to school disaster prevention education. In PFC, disaster prevention and mitigation considerations are integrated into daily life. In Japan, several companies and local governments have begun to implement this concept. This study is based on a case study of phase-free efforts in school disaster prevention education in Naruto City, Japan. Through qualitative surveys conducted from the stakeholders, this research is focused to answer the question “Why was the PFC able to spread in actual schools throughout Naruto City?” These findings indicate that the PFC helps explain Naruto City’s proactive approach to disaster management as well as explains actors’ dynamic participation in phase-free activities. Furthermore, the research findings suggest that the term “phase-free” has become a marker of the perception of quality (Merkmal in German) in disaster prevention that promotes collaboration among diverse stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43059522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"September 1st, 1923: The Great Kanto Earthquake (1) and (2)","authors":"J. Suzuki","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0562","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41355264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles A. Beard, a prominent American scholar, and Shinpei Goto, Home Minister and former mayor of Tokyo, forged a close friendship in 1922–23 based on their mutual interest in the so-called scientific management approach to planning, urban management, and public administration. In New York City, Beard directed the programs of the fifteen-year-old Bureau of Municipal Research and Training School for Public Service, which fostered reform and practical improvements in public management through applied studies. Goto invited Beard to Japan to lecture, study the problems of Tokyo, and help develop the Tokyo Institute for Municipal Research which Goto established and chaired. Beard’s influence was already cemented by June 1923 when his report—later published as “The Administration and Politics of Tokyo”—was presented to Goto. Their relationship would deepen and expand after September 1, 1923 when the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred and Goto again reached out to Beard in what was likely the first telegram out of the country after the disaster, asking Beard to return to help. Beard returned for six weeks, during which the general outlines of reconstruction were developed by the Reconstruction Bureau headed by Goto. Much has been written about those six weeks, about the failure of Goto to win support for his grandest plans, and about the role Beard may have played in helping to shape both Goto’s thinking and the actual, scaled down plans that were approved and built. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Great Kanto Earthquake, it is worth revisiting the literature and looking more closely at Beard’s contributions.
{"title":"Charles A. Beard, Shinpei Goto, and “The Light of Western Experience”","authors":"David Mammen","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0590","url":null,"abstract":"Charles A. Beard, a prominent American scholar, and Shinpei Goto, Home Minister and former mayor of Tokyo, forged a close friendship in 1922–23 based on their mutual interest in the so-called scientific management approach to planning, urban management, and public administration. In New York City, Beard directed the programs of the fifteen-year-old Bureau of Municipal Research and Training School for Public Service, which fostered reform and practical improvements in public management through applied studies. Goto invited Beard to Japan to lecture, study the problems of Tokyo, and help develop the Tokyo Institute for Municipal Research which Goto established and chaired. Beard’s influence was already cemented by June 1923 when his report—later published as “The Administration and Politics of Tokyo”—was presented to Goto. Their relationship would deepen and expand after September 1, 1923 when the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred and Goto again reached out to Beard in what was likely the first telegram out of the country after the disaster, asking Beard to return to help. Beard returned for six weeks, during which the general outlines of reconstruction were developed by the Reconstruction Bureau headed by Goto. Much has been written about those six weeks, about the failure of Goto to win support for his grandest plans, and about the role Beard may have played in helping to shape both Goto’s thinking and the actual, scaled down plans that were approved and built. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Great Kanto Earthquake, it is worth revisiting the literature and looking more closely at Beard’s contributions.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44366198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 1923 Kanto earthquake (MJ=7.9) has great significance for seismic hazard assessments of the Tokyo metropolitan area, because it caused extensive damage to the area. To deepen our understanding of the strong ground motion of the Kanto earthquake, this paper reviewed studies on its observed strong ground motion and found that 1) seismic intensity VI on the Japanese scale (IX or X on the M. M. scale) was widely distributed in an area of approximately 8,000 km2, which is equivalent of that of the 2011 M9 Tohoku earthquake, 2) strong effects of soil amplification on ground motion were suggested by the correlation of the damage distribution with surface geology, 3) the restoration of the scaled-out seismogram indicated that the ground motion at the upland of Tokyo would be roughly 50 cm/s for maximum velocity and 50 cm for maximum displacement, and 4) the ground motion in the epicentral area is unclear, but would be roughly twice or more as strong as that at Tokyo.
1923年关东7.9级地震对东京大都市区造成了广泛的破坏，对东京大都市区的地震危险性评价具有重要意义。加深我们的理解强地面运动的关东大地震,综述了研究其观察到的强地面运动,发现1)地震烈度六世在日本规模(第九或X m . m .规模)是广泛分布在一个面积约8000平方公里,这是相当于2011 M9东北地震,2)强烈的土壤放大对地面运动的影响提出了相关的损伤分布与地表地质、3)按比例恢复的地震记录表明，东京高地的地面运动最大速度约为50 cm/s，最大位移约为50 cm/s; 4)震中地区的地面运动不清楚，但强度约为东京的两倍或更多。
{"title":"Strong Ground Motion of the 1923 Kanto, Japan Earthquake","authors":"S. Midorikawa","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0570","url":null,"abstract":"The 1923 Kanto earthquake (MJ=7.9) has great significance for seismic hazard assessments of the Tokyo metropolitan area, because it caused extensive damage to the area. To deepen our understanding of the strong ground motion of the Kanto earthquake, this paper reviewed studies on its observed strong ground motion and found that 1) seismic intensity VI on the Japanese scale (IX or X on the M. M. scale) was widely distributed in an area of approximately 8,000 km2, which is equivalent of that of the 2011 M9 Tohoku earthquake, 2) strong effects of soil amplification on ground motion were suggested by the correlation of the damage distribution with surface geology, 3) the restoration of the scaled-out seismogram indicated that the ground motion at the upland of Tokyo would be roughly 50 cm/s for maximum velocity and 50 cm for maximum displacement, and 4) the ground motion in the epicentral area is unclear, but would be roughly twice or more as strong as that at Tokyo.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48779930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake is one of the earthquakes that have occurred multiple times in the past as part of the Sagami Trough earthquakes. These earthquakes, which occurred at the plate boundary, occurred in 1495 (Meio Earthquake), 1703 (Genroku Earthquake), and again in 1923, causing significant damage to various areas in Kanto, including Tokyo and Yokohama, and it came to be known as the Great Kanto Earthquake. The Sagami Trough earthquakes have consistently brought strong tsunami disasters to various areas in Kanto, extending from the Sagami Bay coast to the Boso Peninsula, and residents along the coast were highly aware of the risk of tsunamis occurring after major earthquakes. Although a tsunami occurred in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, it is believed to have had a wave height approximately half that of the tsunami in the Genroku Earthquake. However, this tsunami destroyed the livelihoods of villages and caused significant damage. In this study, we aim to reexamine historical records related to the tsunami in the Great Kanto Earthquake and objectively evaluate the actual situation of this tsunami disaster.
{"title":"Evaluation of Tsunami Disasters Caused by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake","authors":"Hiroyuki Kaneko","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0578","url":null,"abstract":"The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake is one of the earthquakes that have occurred multiple times in the past as part of the Sagami Trough earthquakes. These earthquakes, which occurred at the plate boundary, occurred in 1495 (Meio Earthquake), 1703 (Genroku Earthquake), and again in 1923, causing significant damage to various areas in Kanto, including Tokyo and Yokohama, and it came to be known as the Great Kanto Earthquake. The Sagami Trough earthquakes have consistently brought strong tsunami disasters to various areas in Kanto, extending from the Sagami Bay coast to the Boso Peninsula, and residents along the coast were highly aware of the risk of tsunamis occurring after major earthquakes. Although a tsunami occurred in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, it is believed to have had a wave height approximately half that of the tsunami in the Genroku Earthquake. However, this tsunami destroyed the livelihoods of villages and caused significant damage. In this study, we aim to reexamine historical records related to the tsunami in the Great Kanto Earthquake and objectively evaluate the actual situation of this tsunami disaster.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42232952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"September 1st, 1923: The Great Kanto Earthquake (3) and (4)","authors":"Yoshiteru Murosaki","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0566","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46310790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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