The literature on the appropriate education criteria for training young emergency responders in developing countries is scarce. A gap exists between general education and emergency responder education regarding the criteria used for designing education courses and evaluating students. This study reviewed the criteria used at the University of Fire Prevention and Fighting in Vietnam. Although the university had used Bloom’s taxonomy, one of the well-known evaluation criteria for general education programs, in addition to the professional criteria for emergency management, only the bottom three levels of the taxonomy were considered. The authors designed a new training course to prepare and conduct landslide rescue exercises, and applied all six levels of Bloom’s taxonomy to evaluate students’ performance and responses. The course included lectures, an exercise, and a hot debriefing session for 52 third-year students. Consideration of all levels of Bloom’s taxonomy enabled the identification of differences in learning performance between exercise participants and observers among the students. The evaluation results based on the general and professional education criteria differed regarding the performance of students with work experience. This study showed that the full use of Bloom’s taxonomy could help improve firefighters’ training courses. Assessing students from different perspectives using both general and professional education evaluation criteria is important for measuring students’ diverse abilities.
{"title":"Development of Evaluation Criteria for Training Fire Students to Enable New Rescue Roles in Vietnam","authors":"Hung Le Tien, Nam Pham Van, Takaaki Kato","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0411","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on the appropriate education criteria for training young emergency responders in developing countries is scarce. A gap exists between general education and emergency responder education regarding the criteria used for designing education courses and evaluating students. This study reviewed the criteria used at the University of Fire Prevention and Fighting in Vietnam. Although the university had used Bloom’s taxonomy, one of the well-known evaluation criteria for general education programs, in addition to the professional criteria for emergency management, only the bottom three levels of the taxonomy were considered. The authors designed a new training course to prepare and conduct landslide rescue exercises, and applied all six levels of Bloom’s taxonomy to evaluate students’ performance and responses. The course included lectures, an exercise, and a hot debriefing session for 52 third-year students. Consideration of all levels of Bloom’s taxonomy enabled the identification of differences in learning performance between exercise participants and observers among the students. The evaluation results based on the general and professional education criteria differed regarding the performance of students with work experience. This study showed that the full use of Bloom’s taxonomy could help improve firefighters’ training courses. Assessing students from different perspectives using both general and professional education evaluation criteria is important for measuring students’ diverse abilities.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140355808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Managing crowds is important not only during evacuation in disasters such as earthquakes and fires but also during normal situations. In particular, places where many people gather every day, such as stations or event venues, need such management to prevent crowd accidents. Moreover, efficient guidance that prevents people from waiting or queuing can improve facility services and lead to business opportunities. In this study, we propose a crowd management platform to prevent crowd accidents and provide efficient guidance to visitors. Specifically, we integrate real-time observations of crowd conditions, predictions, and risk assessments through simulation and crowd control in collaboration with security and facility managers. We also present the results of operating this platform in actual fields, which contribute to and support the safety and comfort of individuals.
{"title":"Recent Developments in Crowd Management: Theory and Applications","authors":"Katsuhito Nishinari, Claudio Feliciani, Xiaolu Jia, Sakura Tanida","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0239","url":null,"abstract":"Managing crowds is important not only during evacuation in disasters such as earthquakes and fires but also during normal situations. In particular, places where many people gather every day, such as stations or event venues, need such management to prevent crowd accidents. Moreover, efficient guidance that prevents people from waiting or queuing can improve facility services and lead to business opportunities. In this study, we propose a crowd management platform to prevent crowd accidents and provide efficient guidance to visitors. Specifically, we integrate real-time observations of crowd conditions, predictions, and risk assessments through simulation and crowd control in collaboration with security and facility managers. We also present the results of operating this platform in actual fields, which contribute to and support the safety and comfort of individuals.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140353944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This special issue summarizes the research findings of the “Crowd Control Adaptive to Individual and Group Attributes” project, which is selected as a full-scale research project under the “Development of the Crisis Navigator for Individuals” prioritized theme of the JST Mirai Program.* Despite the lingering memory of the 2022 crowd accident in Itaewon, South Korea, similar accidents have occurred worldwide, including the firework display in Akashi, Japan, and the Love Parade in Germany. Addressing this social issue is imperative. To significantly reduce the risk of crowd accidents, this project aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying human flow stagnation and establish a method to effectively guide the flow of people. Our approach involves creating a mathematical model that can estimate the flow of people by considering individual and group attributes, such as wheelchair and group behavior, to accurately predict flow stagnation. Based on these predictions, we developed a system that provides individuals with information on movement and utilizes technology to guide crowd flow, drawing principles from game theory and nudge theory. This system is characterized by integrating information on human flow, environmental factors, simulation results for predicting future conditions, and crowd control measures within the Crowd Management Platform as a Service (CMPaaS). Furthermore, we conducted demonstration tests at shopping malls, train stations, and event venues, and found that it offers valuable guidance to achieve risk reduction effects at real-world sites. In this special issue, the first paper presents an overview of the newly created crowd management platform. Thereafter, it is organized into 16 articles presenting current research results categorized under Simulation, Theory, Control, Experiment, and Data Analysis, followed by a note on visitor trajectories in indoor facilities. We anticipate that the outcomes of this study will facilitate interdisciplinary research in this field and promote the social implementation of crowd management platforms to prevent crowd accidents, thus creating a society where everyone can move safely, securely, comfortably, and efficiently. * Mirai means “Future” in Japanese. The program is administered by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).
{"title":"Special Issue on Crowd Management and its Applications","authors":"K. Nishinari, Ken-ichi Tanaka","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0237","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue summarizes the research findings of the “Crowd Control Adaptive to Individual and Group Attributes” project, which is selected as a full-scale research project under the “Development of the Crisis Navigator for Individuals” prioritized theme of the JST Mirai Program.*\u0000 Despite the lingering memory of the 2022 crowd accident in Itaewon, South Korea, similar accidents have occurred worldwide, including the firework display in Akashi, Japan, and the Love Parade in Germany. Addressing this social issue is imperative. To significantly reduce the risk of crowd accidents, this project aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying human flow stagnation and establish a method to effectively guide the flow of people. Our approach involves creating a mathematical model that can estimate the flow of people by considering individual and group attributes, such as wheelchair and group behavior, to accurately predict flow stagnation. Based on these predictions, we developed a system that provides individuals with information on movement and utilizes technology to guide crowd flow, drawing principles from game theory and nudge theory. This system is characterized by integrating information on human flow, environmental factors, simulation results for predicting future conditions, and crowd control measures within the Crowd Management Platform as a Service (CMPaaS). Furthermore, we conducted demonstration tests at shopping malls, train stations, and event venues, and found that it offers valuable guidance to achieve risk reduction effects at real-world sites.\u0000 In this special issue, the first paper presents an overview of the newly created crowd management platform. Thereafter, it is organized into 16 articles presenting current research results categorized under Simulation, Theory, Control, Experiment, and Data Analysis, followed by a note on visitor trajectories in indoor facilities.\u0000 We anticipate that the outcomes of this study will facilitate interdisciplinary research in this field and promote the social implementation of crowd management platforms to prevent crowd accidents, thus creating a society where everyone can move safely, securely, comfortably, and efficiently.\u0000 * Mirai means “Future” in Japanese. The program is administered by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140357921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzed behavioral changes in South Korean individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic due to movement restrictions and examined their psychological effects. Attributes considered include age and gender, place of residence, and characteristics of the residential environment and communities they came into contact with, which are considered important factors in individuals’ psychological changes. The results showed that in terms of psychological change, the negative effects were more significant for attributes such as age and gender than for spatial characteristics such as residential area and type of residence. In addition, depression was found in specific gender and age groups. In particular, those in their 20s were found to be more depressed than those in their 30s and 40s, even though they were less prone infection with COVID-19 than older adults. Through the findings of this study, we have discovered materials and factors that should be taken into account when preparing policies to limit the motion of people in circumstances similar to a pandemic.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 Countermeasures on South Korean Citizens’ Behavior and Psychological Changes: An Online Survey Between the First Waves of the Pandemic","authors":"Hiroki Kuroha, Karri Flinkman, Sae Kondo, Chikako Goto, Claudio Feliciani, Hwajin Lim","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0386","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed behavioral changes in South Korean individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic due to movement restrictions and examined their psychological effects. Attributes considered include age and gender, place of residence, and characteristics of the residential environment and communities they came into contact with, which are considered important factors in individuals’ psychological changes. The results showed that in terms of psychological change, the negative effects were more significant for attributes such as age and gender than for spatial characteristics such as residential area and type of residence. In addition, depression was found in specific gender and age groups. In particular, those in their 20s were found to be more depressed than those in their 30s and 40s, even though they were less prone infection with COVID-19 than older adults. Through the findings of this study, we have discovered materials and factors that should be taken into account when preparing policies to limit the motion of people in circumstances similar to a pandemic.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140353706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomoko Takeda, Kazushiro Yoshimori, E. Haramoto, Shingo Toride, Masaaki Kitajima
Monitoring wastewater quality at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant provides an overview of the health of the community connected to the respective wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater monitoring has been increasingly recognized as a valid tool in pandemic risk management, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. However, the results of wastewater monitoring are not yet fully utilized in the decision-making process of public governance across most of the Asia-Pacific region. This study explored the potential of geographic information systems to map the results of wastewater monitoring and provide a common operating picture for swift and informed decision-making, especially in times of disasters. By creating an online dashboard tool, we found that an additional merit of mapping wastewater monitoring is that it allows overlaying various other information, such as evacuation shelters, onto the same map. As the service areas of wastewater treatment plants, or sewersheds, are not necessarily aligned with geopolitical boundaries, mapping provides opportunities for re-calculating wastewater monitoring results at the city or district levels. The potential for recalculation is also applicable to overlayed information, indicating that information from wastewater monitoring may be used to assess disaster preparedness or multi-hazard risks. The dashboard prototype was discussed with government officials and feedback was obtained. We aim to further develop the findings so that the information from wastewater monitoring can be shared on a platform, such as the shared information platform for disaster management, in the future for effective risk governance.
{"title":"Risk Mapping of COVID-19 to Create a Common Operating Picture Using Data from Wastewater Monitoring","authors":"Tomoko Takeda, Kazushiro Yoshimori, E. Haramoto, Shingo Toride, Masaaki Kitajima","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0420","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring wastewater quality at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant provides an overview of the health of the community connected to the respective wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater monitoring has been increasingly recognized as a valid tool in pandemic risk management, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. However, the results of wastewater monitoring are not yet fully utilized in the decision-making process of public governance across most of the Asia-Pacific region. This study explored the potential of geographic information systems to map the results of wastewater monitoring and provide a common operating picture for swift and informed decision-making, especially in times of disasters. By creating an online dashboard tool, we found that an additional merit of mapping wastewater monitoring is that it allows overlaying various other information, such as evacuation shelters, onto the same map. As the service areas of wastewater treatment plants, or sewersheds, are not necessarily aligned with geopolitical boundaries, mapping provides opportunities for re-calculating wastewater monitoring results at the city or district levels. The potential for recalculation is also applicable to overlayed information, indicating that information from wastewater monitoring may be used to assess disaster preparedness or multi-hazard risks. The dashboard prototype was discussed with government officials and feedback was obtained. We aim to further develop the findings so that the information from wastewater monitoring can be shared on a platform, such as the shared information platform for disaster management, in the future for effective risk governance.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140354974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human crowd behavior is an intriguing example of collective behavior where global dynamics emerge from interindividual interactions. Although most studies of human crowds assume that all individuals are independent, the presence and impact of social groups, such as friends or families, have recently been explored. Spatial structures resulting from group behavior and decision-making processes are key aspects of social groups, and how such structures are formed and the impact of these are largely unknown, especially in the scenario of crowd evacuations. Here we experimentally show that in the vicinity of exits, dyads and triads form a representative formation, which would attenuate a disadvantage of small groups that are typically regarded as moving obstacles toward the evacuation dynamics. In laboratory experiments on crowd evacuations regarding small group behavior, we first observed no noticeable differences of egress time between monads and groups, which is contrary to a naïve intuitiveness but in agreement with recent experimental observations. To resolve this contradiction, a detailed analysis focusing on behavior in front of exits suggests that group members constitute a straight-line structure vertical to the exit. Our findings offer a new perspective on how adaptive small group behavior emerges during crowd evacuation.
{"title":"Adaptive Formation by Pedestrian Small Groups During Egresses","authors":"Hisashi Murakami, Claudio Feliciani, K. Nishinari","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0379","url":null,"abstract":"Human crowd behavior is an intriguing example of collective behavior where global dynamics emerge from interindividual interactions. Although most studies of human crowds assume that all individuals are independent, the presence and impact of social groups, such as friends or families, have recently been explored. Spatial structures resulting from group behavior and decision-making processes are key aspects of social groups, and how such structures are formed and the impact of these are largely unknown, especially in the scenario of crowd evacuations. Here we experimentally show that in the vicinity of exits, dyads and triads form a representative formation, which would attenuate a disadvantage of small groups that are typically regarded as moving obstacles toward the evacuation dynamics. In laboratory experiments on crowd evacuations regarding small group behavior, we first observed no noticeable differences of egress time between monads and groups, which is contrary to a naïve intuitiveness but in agreement with recent experimental observations. To resolve this contradiction, a detailed analysis focusing on behavior in front of exits suggests that group members constitute a straight-line structure vertical to the exit. Our findings offer a new perspective on how adaptive small group behavior emerges during crowd evacuation.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140356909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tetsuya Aikoh, Satoshi Yahiro, Yasushi Shoji, Hyerin Kim
In some natural parks, introducing a shuttle bus system as an alternative to private cars can help reduce congestion and protect nature. This study examines the pilot program to effectively induce visitors to switch to the shuttle bus, while examining the visitors’ understanding of the expansion of the restricted vehicle section in Shiretoko National Park—a World Natural Heritage site known for its rich natural resources, especially as a high-density habitat for brown bears. There are concerns about conflicts between visitors and brown bears that appear along roads. Visitor restrictions, such as limited access to transportation, limit the use of a place and alter the behavior and experience. Therefore, careful consideration is needed before introducing visitor restrictions. The results of our questionnaire survey of visitors indicated that most favored the expansion of the shuttle bus section. The choice experiment revealed that the guides on the bus and an optional experience encouraged visitors to switch to the shuttle buses. Nonetheless, awareness of the pilot program was low, and some visitors preferred their cars, indicating the need for further promotion of awareness and understanding of these new measures.
{"title":"Visitors’ Attitudes Toward the Expansion of Alternative Shuttle Bus System in Shiretoko National Park","authors":"Tetsuya Aikoh, Satoshi Yahiro, Yasushi Shoji, Hyerin Kim","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0359","url":null,"abstract":"In some natural parks, introducing a shuttle bus system as an alternative to private cars can help reduce congestion and protect nature. This study examines the pilot program to effectively induce visitors to switch to the shuttle bus, while examining the visitors’ understanding of the expansion of the restricted vehicle section in Shiretoko National Park—a World Natural Heritage site known for its rich natural resources, especially as a high-density habitat for brown bears. There are concerns about conflicts between visitors and brown bears that appear along roads. Visitor restrictions, such as limited access to transportation, limit the use of a place and alter the behavior and experience. Therefore, careful consideration is needed before introducing visitor restrictions. The results of our questionnaire survey of visitors indicated that most favored the expansion of the shuttle bus section. The choice experiment revealed that the guides on the bus and an optional experience encouraged visitors to switch to the shuttle buses. Nonetheless, awareness of the pilot program was low, and some visitors preferred their cars, indicating the need for further promotion of awareness and understanding of these new measures.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140356580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For railroad operators with a highly public nature, ensuring the safety of passengers and revitalizing the areas along the line are both tasks to be accomplished. To enhance passenger safety, it is necessary to keep congestion levels below a certain level on platforms and trains. Since traffic congestion generally occurs at certain times, such as in the morning, it is important to disperse traffic congestion during rush hours. In the past, railroad operators have encouraged passengers to voluntarily commute off-peak, but this has not worked as an incentive for passengers simply by improving comfort. Because of this failure, rail operators are considering a method of setting fare prices based on the time of day and congestion levels. However, past studies suggest that few users change their behavior because those who choose the time of day to use the railroads do not always coincide with the fare payers. Therefore, we devised a crowd management system in which coupons redeemable at stores along the rail line are given directly to the customers, encouraging voluntary off-peak commuting and stimulating the local economy. This system features dynamic updating of coupon ranks based on congestion forecast information from measured congestion levels to enhance the effectiveness of the service. The results of a three-month verification experiment that cooperated with Shizuoka Railway confirmed that 7.1% of passengers took congestion avoidance actions and that passengers who obtained coupons got off at a specific station an average of 29% more often.
{"title":"Development of Reward-Based Crowd Management System and Field Evaluation of Safety and Profitability","authors":"Shogo Shimizu, Ryoji Hattori, Takayuki Kodaira, Daishin Ito, Yoshie Imai","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0316","url":null,"abstract":"For railroad operators with a highly public nature, ensuring the safety of passengers and revitalizing the areas along the line are both tasks to be accomplished. To enhance passenger safety, it is necessary to keep congestion levels below a certain level on platforms and trains. Since traffic congestion generally occurs at certain times, such as in the morning, it is important to disperse traffic congestion during rush hours. In the past, railroad operators have encouraged passengers to voluntarily commute off-peak, but this has not worked as an incentive for passengers simply by improving comfort. Because of this failure, rail operators are considering a method of setting fare prices based on the time of day and congestion levels. However, past studies suggest that few users change their behavior because those who choose the time of day to use the railroads do not always coincide with the fare payers. Therefore, we devised a crowd management system in which coupons redeemable at stores along the rail line are given directly to the customers, encouraging voluntary off-peak commuting and stimulating the local economy. This system features dynamic updating of coupon ranks based on congestion forecast information from measured congestion levels to enhance the effectiveness of the service. The results of a three-month verification experiment that cooperated with Shizuoka Railway confirmed that 7.1% of passengers took congestion avoidance actions and that passengers who obtained coupons got off at a specific station an average of 29% more often.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140357695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The middle reach of the Helmand River is prone to floods, and flood hazard analysis is necessary to manage the flood risk. As the study site is a less-developed basin where available geographical and hydrological data are limited, we must utilize available limited data to conduct the flood hazard analysis. A frequency analysis of the annual peak flow rate was performed using available hydrological data for making representative flood hydrographs. A land-use map is derived by classifying recent Landsat images. Digital elevation model derived by Advanced Land Observing Satellite, roughness coefficient correlated with the land-use map, and the representative flood hydrographs are fed into hydraulic model HEC-RAS 2D. Flood inundation area, depth, and velocity for different flood return periods are estimated. Based on local hazard intensity and vulnerability, risk maps for evacuation and vulnerability of crops on the floodplain are obtained. Spatial flood risk characteristics differ at the upstream and downstream reaches because of distinct floodplain topography. Flood countermeasures for each reach are proposed based on the spatial characteristics of the flood risk. To provide risk information for residents within the region, the flood hazard, risk, and damage maps derived in this study are published as a web map application and a mobile native application.
{"title":"Flood Risk Assessment of the Middle Reach of the Helmand River, Afghanistan","authors":"Karimullah Sefat, R. Tsubaki","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0455","url":null,"abstract":"The middle reach of the Helmand River is prone to floods, and flood hazard analysis is necessary to manage the flood risk. As the study site is a less-developed basin where available geographical and hydrological data are limited, we must utilize available limited data to conduct the flood hazard analysis. A frequency analysis of the annual peak flow rate was performed using available hydrological data for making representative flood hydrographs. A land-use map is derived by classifying recent Landsat images. Digital elevation model derived by Advanced Land Observing Satellite, roughness coefficient correlated with the land-use map, and the representative flood hydrographs are fed into hydraulic model HEC-RAS 2D. Flood inundation area, depth, and velocity for different flood return periods are estimated. Based on local hazard intensity and vulnerability, risk maps for evacuation and vulnerability of crops on the floodplain are obtained. Spatial flood risk characteristics differ at the upstream and downstream reaches because of distinct floodplain topography. Flood countermeasures for each reach are proposed based on the spatial characteristics of the flood risk. To provide risk information for residents within the region, the flood hazard, risk, and damage maps derived in this study are published as a web map application and a mobile native application.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140355164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudio Feliciani, Sakura Tanida, Xiaolu Jia, K. Nishinari
Urban centers are getting crowded, public transportation is becoming congested, and mass events are attracting an increasing number of people. Crowd disasters are not rare, and to prevent them the careful planning of pedestrian facilities and collaboration among stakeholders in the organization of events are crucial. When communication and coordination among stakeholders are sufficient, safety can usually be achieved; however, even in such cases, unexpected situations may occur. Automated crowd-control methods are required to address such situations. However, little is known about how crowd behavior can be influenced without direct human intervention. In this study, we investigated the use of environmental stimuli to modify pedestrian behavior (more specifically, route choice) in an educational facility. Colors, lights, signs, and sounds were used to influence route selection. The results show that light and, in part, LED information displays are somehow effective and could be valid candidates to pave the way for automated crowd control systems (especially for night events). The experiment presented here considers low crowd density. However, we believe that this could help encourage the balanced use of space by pedestrians under normal conditions and establish good practices. In turn, this can delay the creation of high densities, which are often the cause of fatalities in crowd disasters, and provide staff with time for intervention.
城市中心越来越拥挤，公共交通越来越拥堵，群众性活动吸引了越来越多的人。人群灾难并不罕见，要防止这些灾难的发生，对行人设施的精心规划以及各利益相关方在活动组织过程中的协作至关重要。当利益相关者之间的沟通和协调充分时，通常可以实现安全；然而，即使在这种情况下，也可能发生意想不到的情况。需要采用自动化人群控制方法来应对此类情况。然而，人们对如何在没有人类直接干预的情况下影响人群行为知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们调查了在教育设施中使用环境刺激来改变行人行为（更具体地说，是路线选择）的情况。我们使用了颜色、灯光、标志和声音来影响路线选择。结果表明，灯光以及部分 LED 信息显示屏在某种程度上是有效的，可以为自动人群控制系统（尤其是在夜间活动中）铺平道路。这里介绍的实验考虑的是较低的人群密度。但我们认为，这有助于鼓励行人在正常情况下均衡使用空间，并建立良好的行为习惯。反过来，这也可以延缓高密度人群的产生（高密度人群往往是人群灾难中造成死亡的原因），并为工作人员提供干预时间。
{"title":"Influencing Pedestrian Route Choice Through Environmental Stimuli: A Long-Term Ecological Experiment","authors":"Claudio Feliciani, Sakura Tanida, Xiaolu Jia, K. Nishinari","doi":"10.20965/jdr.2024.p0325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2024.p0325","url":null,"abstract":"Urban centers are getting crowded, public transportation is becoming congested, and mass events are attracting an increasing number of people. Crowd disasters are not rare, and to prevent them the careful planning of pedestrian facilities and collaboration among stakeholders in the organization of events are crucial. When communication and coordination among stakeholders are sufficient, safety can usually be achieved; however, even in such cases, unexpected situations may occur. Automated crowd-control methods are required to address such situations. However, little is known about how crowd behavior can be influenced without direct human intervention. In this study, we investigated the use of environmental stimuli to modify pedestrian behavior (more specifically, route choice) in an educational facility. Colors, lights, signs, and sounds were used to influence route selection. The results show that light and, in part, LED information displays are somehow effective and could be valid candidates to pave the way for automated crowd control systems (especially for night events). The experiment presented here considers low crowd density. However, we believe that this could help encourage the balanced use of space by pedestrians under normal conditions and establish good practices. In turn, this can delay the creation of high densities, which are often the cause of fatalities in crowd disasters, and provide staff with time for intervention.","PeriodicalId":46831,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disaster Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140356104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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