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Application of scar pattern analysis to the studies of microblade industries: Case study of Mamakan VI and Bolshoy Yakor I Paleolithic sites, Eastern Siberia 疤痕模式分析在微刀片工业研究中的应用——以东西伯利亚Mamakan VI和Bolshoy Yakor I旧石器时代遗址为例

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103394

Aleksandr A. Ulanov , Alexey V. Tetenkin

The paper applies Scar Pattern Analysis to Upper Paleolithic microblade industries of the Mamakan VI and BolshoyYakor I sites in Eastern Siberia, offering a comparative perspective on two distinct microblade reduction methods. Mamakan VI, dated to 21,000–18,000 BP, represents one of the earliest microblade industries in the region, utilizing horizontally oriented unifacial blanks, akin to the Tougeshita method of microblade core reduction. In contrast, BolshoyYakor I, associated with the final phase of MIS 2, exhibits a highly developed Yubetsu core reduction strategy, characterized by a structured operational sequence consisting of ridge spall and ski-spall detachment. Scar Pattern Analysis reveals a significant difference in technological complexity between these industries. The Yubetsu method of BolshoyYakor I demonstrates a curated and standardized approach with a greater number of technological units, suggesting planned production and long-term tool maintenance. Conversely, the microblade reduction sequence at Mamakan VI exhibits higher variability in knapping operations, indicative of a more flexible technological system. These differences suggest that while the Yubetsu technique was likely transmitted through direct cultural learning, the Tougeshita-like industry may have spread through stimulus diffusion. The findings highlight that the development of microblade technology in Eastern Siberia was not a linear progression but rather a dynamic interplay of cultural transmission, diffusion, adaptation, and technological constraints.

本文对西伯利亚东部Mamakan VI和BolshoyYakor I遗址旧石器时代晚期微刀片工业进行了疤痕模式分析，提供了两种不同的微刀片减少方法的比较视角。Mamakan VI的历史可以追溯到21,000-18,000 BP，代表了该地区最早的微刀片工业之一，利用水平定向的单面毛坯，类似于Tougeshita的微刀片核心还原方法。相比之下，与MIS 2的最后阶段相关的BolshoyYakor I表现出高度发达的Yubetsu岩心复位策略，其特征是由脊裂和滑裂分离组成的结构化操作序列。疤痕模式分析揭示了这些行业之间技术复杂性的显著差异。BolshoyYakor I的Yubetsu方法展示了一种具有更多技术单元的策划和标准化方法，建议计划生产和长期工具维护。相反，Mamakan VI的微叶片还原序列在扣扎操作中表现出更高的变异性，表明技术系统更加灵活。这些差异表明，虽然Yubetsu技术可能是通过直接的文化学习传播的，但类似于tougeshita的工业可能是通过刺激扩散传播的。研究结果表明，东西伯利亚地区微叶片技术的发展不是线性的，而是文化传播、传播、适应和技术约束的动态相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Caravanserai, a lesser-known aspect of Harappan trade mechanism: A case study of Kotada Bhadli, Kachchh, Gujarat, India 商队：哈拉帕贸易机制中鲜为人知的一面：以印度古吉拉特邦Kachchh的Kotada Bhadli为例

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103409

Prabodh Shirvalkar , Esha Prasad , Yadubirsingh Rawat

The Harappan civilization spread in modern-day India and Pakistan, has been researched for 100 years by various scholars. The accumulated research shows that the Mature/Urban Harappan had well-planned cities, craft specialization, long and short-distance trade over land as well as sea, mortuary practices, etc. Trade was considered as one of the most significant factors in the development of Harappan society, which contributed to economic development. Many researchers have studied trade routes, but the trading mechanism, particularly how people moved over land and if specialized settlements were established for facilitating commerce, has not been understood through archaeological records. Caravanserais are an important pillar for trading and provide support in the form of shelter, protection, food, and resting places. Literary evidence from the Early Historic and Medieval periods shows the significant role of caravanserais in the organization of trade, with such facilities documented across diverse geographical regions. The identification of caravanserai from archaeological material within Harappan studies is lacking. The site of Kotada Bhadli in the Gujarat region of India has provided the opportunity to understand and identify characteristics of the Harappan caravanserai mechanism. The identification of caravanserai is based on multidisciplinary studies, archaeological records, and anthropological data.

哈拉帕文明传播于今天的印度和巴基斯坦，各种学者对其进行了100年的研究。积累的研究表明，成熟/城市哈拉帕有精心规划的城市，工艺专业化，陆上和海上的长短途贸易，殡葬业等。贸易被认为是哈拉帕社会发展中最重要的因素之一，它促进了经济发展。许多研究人员研究了贸易路线，但贸易机制，特别是人们如何在土地上移动，以及是否为促进商业而建立专门的定居点，还没有通过考古记录来理解。商队驿站是贸易的重要支柱，为人们提供住所、保护、食物和休息场所。早期历史和中世纪时期的文献证据表明，商队在贸易组织中发挥了重要作用，这些设施在不同的地理区域都有记载。从哈拉帕研究的考古材料中鉴定商队是缺乏的。位于印度古吉拉特邦的Kotada Bhadli遗址为了解和确定哈拉帕商队机制的特征提供了机会。商队的鉴定是基于多学科研究、考古记录和人类学数据。

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引用次数: 0

Landscape of Lower and Middle Paleolithic sites in Ha’il province, northern Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯北部哈伊勒省旧石器时代中下部遗址景观

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103346

Ahmed Nassr , Yahya Alfraidi , Ahmed Elhassan , Ali Tueaiman , Tarek Abdelazim , Fawaz Alhamli

The Ha’il province in northern Saudi Arabia lies along one of the primary suggested routes early hominins took when dispersing out of Africa and into Arabia. It is distinguished by the presence of oases, plains, paleo-lakes, and lava fields, which represent key landscape features where Paleolithic sites have been discovered in Arabia. Our archaeological surveys and expeditions conducted from 2019 to 2023 documented numerous Paleolithic sites in various locations: Faid to the southeast of Ha’il, Al-Huwaidy to the southwest, and isolated Paleolithic artefacts in the vicinity of Ha’il city itself. These archaeological sites exhibit diversity in their locations, terrains, sizes, and distributions of artefacts. Stone tools display distinctive Acheulean traditions and Levallois stone productions, encompassing various types of bifaces, as well as Levallois and Mousterian traditions. This study aims to examine the characteristics of Paleolithic landscapes in Ha’il and compare them with other such landscapes across Saudi Arabia.

沙特阿拉伯北部的哈伊勒省位于早期人类走出非洲进入阿拉伯的主要路线之一。它的特点是绿洲、平原、古湖泊和熔岩场的存在，这些都是在阿拉伯发现旧石器时代遗址的主要景观特征。我们从2019年到2023年进行的考古调查和探险记录了不同地点的许多旧石器时代遗址：哈伊勒东南部的Faid，西南部的Al-Huwaidy，以及哈伊勒市附近孤立的旧石器时代文物。这些考古遗址在其位置、地形、大小和人工制品分布方面表现出多样性。石制工具展示了独特的阿舍利传统和勒瓦卢瓦石产品，包括各种类型的双面，以及勒瓦卢瓦和莫斯特传统。本研究旨在研究哈伊勒旧石器时代景观的特征，并将其与沙特阿拉伯其他地区的景观进行比较。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond the mines: Chalcolithic pattern of settlement along the Khetri belt, Rajasthan, India 矿山之外：沿印度拉贾斯坦邦Khetri带的铜器时代定居模式

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103405

Esha Prasad , Prabodh Shirvalkar , Shashank Babu , Tariq Tamboli

An archaeological site census was carried out in the Jhunjhunun district of Rajasthan in 2022–23 to identify and document sites affiliated with the Chalcolithic period. In the course of the survey, 5 sites affiliated with the Chalcolithic period were documented. The paper focuses on the results obtained through the archaeological site census carried and integrates it with GIS and TOPSIS for a nuanced understanding of the region and to overcome the limitations of any single methodology. The study demonstrates that while both natural and human factors influenced settlement location, access to copper deposits was prioritized over proximity to other sources. This suggests that, in addition to the significant role of geography, human agency was a crucial determinant in the settlement's establishment. Furthermore, the study ranks these sites based on the evaluation of natural factors, providing insights into the relative importance of geographical considerations in the settlement selection process. For an in-depth understanding of the region, previously reported chalcolithic sites from Sikar and Jaipur districts have also been incorporated within the study.

2022-23年，在拉贾斯坦邦的Jhunjhunun地区进行了考古遗址普查，以确定和记录与铜器时代有关的遗址。在调查过程中，有5个与铜器时代有关的遗址被记录下来。本文的重点是通过考古遗址普查获得的结果，并将其与GIS和TOPSIS相结合，以细致入微地了解该地区，并克服任何单一方法的局限性。研究表明，虽然自然和人为因素都会影响聚落的位置，但铜矿的获取优先于其他资源的邻近。这表明，除了地理的重要作用外，人的能动性是建立定居点的关键决定因素。此外，该研究还根据自然因素的评价对这些地点进行了排名，从而深入了解地理因素在聚落选择过程中的相对重要性。为了深入了解该地区，先前报道的锡卡尔和斋浦尔地区的铜石石器遗址也被纳入研究范围。

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引用次数: 0

Cultural change between 40-50 ka in southern China : Implications for modern human dispersals in Eurasia 中国南方40-50 ka之间的文化变迁：对现代人类在欧亚大陆扩散的启示

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103406

Yuduan Zhou , Xiangxi Lan , Zixuan Shen , Ruxi Yang , Dawei Li , Justin Guibert , Antonio Pérez-Balarezo , Valéry Zeitoun , Hubert Forestier

Cultural remains, though indirect compared to fossil and genetic evidence, are critical in reconstructing the dispersals of modern humans across Late Pleistocene Eurasia. This work evaluates the cultural materials from southern China and its surrounding regions to reassess the timing and context of the potential arrival of modern humans. We emphasize technological innovations and symbolic activities as defining markers of cultural change. Our analysis reveals that the earliest remarkable cultural changes, as evidenced by complex technologies and symbolic objects, emerged around 45,000 years ago in southern China. These innovations align temporally with the significant proliferation of sites across South China, mirroring patterns observed in other parts of Eurasia. The most parsimonious explanation for the abrupt cultural changes at this time is the arrival and dispersal of modern humans in southern China between 40,000 and 50,000 years ago as part of a broader global migration during the Late Pleistocene. The cultural perspective not only redefines the timeline for modern human arrival in southern China but also underscores the transformative impact of their presence on the region's cultural, demographic, and genetic histories, in parallel with similar processes across Eurasia.

与化石和遗传证据相比，文化遗迹虽然是间接的，但对于重建现代人类在晚更新世欧亚大陆的分布至关重要。本研究评估了来自中国南方及其周边地区的文化材料，以重新评估现代人可能到达的时间和背景。我们强调技术创新和象征性活动是文化变革的标志。我们的分析表明，最早的显著文化变化，如复杂的技术和b符号对象，出现在大约4.5万年前的中国南方。这些创新在时间上与华南地区遗址的显著扩散一致，反映了在欧亚大陆其他地区观察到的模式。对这一时期突然的文化变化最简洁的解释是，4万至5万年前，作为晚更新世期间更广泛的全球迁徙的一部分，现代人来到中国南方并分散开来。文化视角不仅重新定义了现代人类到达中国南方的时间线，而且强调了他们的存在对该地区文化、人口和遗传历史的变革性影响，与欧亚大陆的类似过程平行。

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引用次数: 0

Analyzing the symbolic meaning of bovidae in prehistoric cultures, particularly emphasizing ibex motifs in ancient Iranian arts 分析史前文化中牛科动物的象征意义，特别强调古伊朗艺术中的野山羊图案

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103384

Shirin Torkamandi , Marcel Otte , Abbas Motarjem

The ibex has been extensively documented in Persian prehistory and history, particularly from the Neolithic period to the Iron Age. This is evident from the motifs of this animal on abundant examples of pottery, rock, and metal artifacts. The ibex image has been used frequently in pottery at various Near East and Iran sites for several millennia. This indicates the significant status of ibex in the Near East. It also provides information regarding the cosmology of ancient inhabitants in Iran. Moreover, the image use of the ibex on Paleolithic carving bones refers to the fact that this animal has had a cultural-symbolic role. The present study is an attempt to analyze the concept of the ibex motif in ancient Persian culture regarding Mesopotamian, Persian, and Greek mythology. The dominant question concerns the importance of ibex in the lifestyle and the beliefs of ancient Iranian society. Therefore, the question is important because it can help explain this animal's material and spiritual aspects. Due to the unique physical characteristics of this animal, the ibex emerged as a symbol of lust and femininity, and the winter season of fertility and water was given more attention in mythology.

在波斯的史前和历史上，特别是从新石器时代到铁器时代，野山羊被广泛地记录下来。这一点可以从大量陶器、岩石和金属制品上的这种动物的图案中看出。几千年来，在近东和伊朗的陶器中经常使用野山羊的形象。这表明了野山羊在近东的重要地位。它还提供了有关伊朗古代居民宇宙观的信息。此外，在旧石器时代的雕刻骨头上使用野山羊的图像表明，这种动物具有文化象征作用。本研究试图分析古代波斯文化中有关美索不达米亚、波斯和希腊神话中野山羊母题的概念。主要的问题是关于山羊在古代伊朗社会的生活方式和信仰中的重要性。因此，这个问题很重要，因为它可以帮助解释这种动物的物质和精神方面。由于这种动物独特的身体特征，野山羊成为了欲望和女性气质的象征，在神话中，生育和水的冬季受到了更多的关注。

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引用次数: 0

Le Paléolithique moyen à l’est de la Mer Noire 黑海以东的旧石器时代中期

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103387

Marcel Otte

The site of Sürmercik in Western Anatolia recently excavated by our colleagues in Ankara (Taskiran et al., 2021) presents quite remarkable cultural affinities and very different from the rest of Anatolia (Otte et al., 1998), as if we were entering a new province. This gigantic sequence shows the durability of this habitat and these local practices. However, these techniques are mainly reminiscent of the traditions recognized in Greece (Darlas, 1994), Bulgaria (Sirakova, 1990) and Crimea, as far as the Sea of Azov. The whole western Black Sea corresponds to a particular tradition, far from the classical traditions of the European Mousterian. In the Crimea, recent excavations by the Germans at Zaskalnaya have yielded bone remains apparently linked to Neanderthal populations (Kolosov, 1986; Pigott et al., 2024). It is therefore a question of assembling this immense region as a cultural entity in its own right, spread from the Sea of Azov to Central Anatolia. Probably at a much lower level than today.

我们在安卡拉的同事最近发掘的西安纳托利亚的s rmercik遗址（Taskiran et al., 2021）呈现出相当显著的文化亲和力，与安纳托利亚其他地区非常不同（Otte et al., 1998），就好像我们进入了一个新的省份。这个巨大的序列显示了这个栖息地和这些当地习俗的持久性。然而，这些技术主要让人想起希腊（达拉斯，1994年）、保加利亚（锡拉科娃，1990年）和克里米亚（远至亚速海）公认的传统。整个黑海西部都与一种特殊的传统相对应，与欧洲莫斯特人的古典传统相距甚远。在克里米亚，德国人最近在扎斯卡尔纳亚的发掘发现了明显与尼安德特人有关的骨头遗骸(Kolosov, 1986；Pigott et al., 2024)。因此，这是一个将这片从亚速海延伸到安纳托利亚中部的广阔地区作为其自身权利的文化实体整合起来的问题。可能比现在低得多。

引用次数: 0

La grotte de Yarimburgaz, Thrace, Turquie, Pléistocène Moyen final 亚林堡加斯洞穴，色雷斯，土耳其，最后的中更新世

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103393

Henry de Lumley , Dominique Cauche , Anne-Marie Moigne , Zeynelabidin Çuhadar , Ferah Buler Sentürk , Almira Tedil , Elisabeth Fauquembergue , Christelle Milizia , Khalid El Guennouni

The Yarimburgaz cave, located in the European part of Turkey, contains levels of prehistoric occupation which, according to dating and the stage of evolution of the fauna present, are attributed to the final Middle Pleistocene. The presence of fire is attested among these occupation levels, and the abundant lithic industry reveals neither bifaces nor Levallois debitage.

Yarimburgaz洞穴位于土耳其的欧洲部分，包含史前占领的水平，根据年代和动物的进化阶段，可归因于最后的中更新世。在这些职业水平中，火的存在得到了证明，丰富的石器工业既没有显示出双面性，也没有显示出勒瓦卢瓦的退化。

引用次数: 0

Stress environnemental et repeuplement des Néandertaliens dans le Caucase du Nord-Ouest 西北高加索地区的环境压力和尼安德特人的重新定居

IF 0.6 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103389

Liubov V. Golovanova , Ekaterina V. Doronicheva , Vladimir B. Doronichev , Vladimir A. Tselmovitch , Ivan G. Shirobokov

Multidisciplinary studies conducted at multilayered Middle Paleolithic sites in the North-Western Caucasus have revealed volcanic ash from the eruption of the Tash-Tebe volcano located in the Central Caucasus. It significantly worsened the environmental conditions for Neanderthals in the region and apparently contributed to a decrease in population activity. Absolute dating for a number of sites allows us to correlate this phase with the H5 stadial (∼48–47 thousand years ago). Genetic analysis of late Neanderthals (Mez2) has revealed a population turnover among late European Neanderthals. The study of late Neanderthal stone industries in the Northwest Caucasus shows that the materials reveal innovations in both the knapping technique and the tool composition.

在高加索西北部多层旧石器时代中期遗址进行的多学科研究揭示了位于高加索中部的Tash-Tebe火山喷发产生的火山灰。这大大恶化了该地区尼安德特人的环境条件，显然导致了人口活动的减少。对许多地点的绝对定年使我们能够将这一阶段与H5标准（~ 48-47 000年前）联系起来。对晚期尼安德特人（Mez2）的遗传分析揭示了晚期欧洲尼安德特人的人口更替。对西北高加索地区晚期尼安德特人石业的研究表明，这些材料揭示了在敲击技术和工具组成方面的创新。

引用次数: 0

Fracturation intentionnelle d’éclats au Paléolithique ancien. Exemple des sites de la région Nord de la Mer d’Aral (Kazakhstan du Sud-ouest) 在旧石器时代故意破碎碎片。以哈萨克斯坦西南部咸海北部地区为例

IF 0.6 4区地球科学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropologie

Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103390

Evgeniya A. Osipova , Rimma N. Aminova , Saule Zh. Rakhimzhanova , Yslam S. Kurmaniyazov

The Early Palaeolithic industries from Kazakhstan are traditionally characterized by a high proportion of débitage Levallois, bifacial manufacture, production of tools on large flakes (LCT) and typical typological composition (notches, denticulates, scrapers and handaxes). The study of broken flakes is sometimes set aside. Nevertheless, intentional breakage represents a technological way that favours the typological and functional diversity of small tools or flakes and provides important information on the development of Palaeolithic cultures in this region. This study focuses on the intentional breakage of retouched and unretouched, larges and massive flakes from Early Palaeolithic industries coming from the Northern region of the Aral Sea. It shows the techno-morphological, techno-functional, and typological aspects of planes by intentional breakage on débitage products. The studied collections come from the recently discovered sites, particularly from the Akirek 1, Aymen 1, Kambash 1, Saryshoky 4, Zhantles 1, 2 surface sites, and from the already known Saryshoky 2 and Aral 4 surface sites. Firstly, this work discusses the accidental and intentional nature of the breakage. Secondly, it demonstrates a voluntary and repetitive aspect of fractures and identifies their place in the chaîne opératoire of tool preparation in the Early Palaeolithic in this region. Thirdly, this study leads to the hypothesis of the probable evolution of Early Palaeolithic techniques in later cultures and the definition of a new category of tool – the flake with unretouched plane.

哈萨克斯坦旧石器时代早期工业的传统特征是高比例的dsambitage Levallois，双面制造，大片工具生产（LCT）和典型的类型组成（切口，齿状，刮刀和手斧）。对破碎薄片的研究有时被搁置一边。然而，有意破坏代表了一种有利于小工具或薄片的类型和功能多样性的技术方式，并为该地区旧石器时代文化的发展提供了重要信息。本研究的重点是来自咸海北部地区的旧石器时代早期工业中经过修饰和未经过修饰的大块和块状薄片的故意破碎。它显示了技术形态，技术功能和类型方面的平面故意破坏的dancibitage产品。所研究的藏品来自最近发现的地点，特别是来自akrek 1， Aymen 1, Kambash 1, Saryshoky 4, Zhantles 1, 2地表地点，以及已经知道的Saryshoky 2和Aral 4地表地点。首先，本文讨论了破碎的偶然性和故意性。其次，它显示了骨折的自发性和重复性，并确定了它们在该地区早旧石器时代的cha ne opsamatoire中所处的位置。第三，本研究提出了早期旧石器时代技术在后期文化中可能进化的假设，并定义了一种新的工具类别-未修饰平面的薄片。

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