Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica最新文献

Background: Suicide among university students is a growing public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The university setting presents unique challenges and opportunities for implementing effective suicide prevention strategies. Despite the availability of various interventions, these efforts often fail to address the contextual and systemic factors that influence their success.

Objective: Investigate the elements that can support implementing actions to prevent suicide among university students. Using interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires, the study was conducted at a university in the North of Brazil.

Participants: These are 20 undergraduate students, 12 undergraduate course coordinators, 6 technical-administrative staff, and 12 health professionals.

Method: Thematic analysis and the context and implementation of complex interventions (CICI) model were used to analyze the data.

Results: Thematic analysis revealed that political and socioeconomic contexts-such as underfunded mental health services, lack of institutional coordination, and limited financial aid-were critical barriers. Key facilitators included social participation, teacher-student relationships, and actions that promote a welcoming university environment. Implementation concerns included the risk of stigmatization and the need for role clarity among university staff. Stakeholders proposed a range of interventions distributed across ecological, proactive, early, and crisis zones, emphasizing the need for mental health promotion, intersectoral collaboration, and collective program design.

Conclusions: Effective suicide prevention in universities requires a systemic approach that addresses prevention and treatment actions of suicidality. By leveraging the insights of multiple stakeholders and applying context-sensitive frameworks, universities can implement sustainable interventions. This study provides a road map for advancing suicide prevention efforts and illustrates ongoing and comprehensive actions to promote the mental health of university students.

Background: Phonological working memory has been known as an essential predictor of reading comprehension in children. However, less attention has been paid to processing speed and its interaction with working memory.

Main body: Research has indicated that higher processing speed of linguistic information contributes to greater availability of memory resources used to comprehend a read text.

Objective: We tested, using simple mediation models, whether phonological working memory can predict inferential reading comprehension when mediated by linguistic processing speed.

Methods: To do this, we analyzed information from a database on the assessment of phonological memory (digit span Backward and Forward task), language processing speed (Verbal Fluency and Rapid Automated Naming) and inferential reading comprehension of 66 typical 5th grade students.

Results: Both phonological working memory and cognitive-linguistic information processing speed were able to predict the inferential reading comprehension of students in the 5th year of elementary school. The mediation analysis showed that rapid automatized naming and working memory (digit span Backward and Forward Task) together, but independently, were able to predict inferential reading comprehension.

Conclusion: When measured by semantic verbal fluency, linguistic processing speed mediated the prediction of phonological working memory (digits in Forward and Backward order) in inferential reading comprehension.

Background: Violence against women is one of the most dramatic expressions of subjugation to which women are subjected in all patriarchal societies. The present research comprised four studies to develop and validate the Acceptance of Violence Against Women Scale (AVAWS).

Methods: Participants in these studies included 15 experts (Study 1), 305 general respondents (Study 2), 293 respondents (Study 3), and 300 respondents (Study 4).

Results: In Study 1, we provided evidence of content validity for a theoretically appropriate, accurate, clear, and relevant set of items and scenarios to be included in the AVAWS. In Study 2, we analyzed the factor structure of the scale and identified a multidimensional measure representing five types of violence (physical, sexual, psychological, moral, and economic). Study 3 confirmed this factor structure and showed that the AVAWS is best represented by a bifactor model that assesses both general (G-factor) and specific (S-factors) support for violence against women. Finally, in Study 4, we experimentally demonstrated the criterion validity of the AVAWS and showed that it is sensitive to manipulations of cultural sexism.

Conclusion: It is concluded that the AVAWS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing social support for violence against women, being a pioneer in documenting cultural sexism as an organizing principle of this support, with potential applications in clinical, educational, and legal contexts.

Background: The number of non-religious people in the world has increased, which justifies the development and validation of good instruments to assess secularism, i.e., the absence of religiosity and spirituality.

Objective: The present study aimed to develop a cross-cultural adaptation and search for evidence of the validity of the nonreligious-nonspiritual scale (NRNSS).

Methods: For a congruent scale translation, a cross-cultural adaptation was performed. The search for evidence of validity was carried out through the following steps: (1) evidence of validity based on the internal structure, where an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed, and the internal consistency was verified of the factors obtained; (2) evidence of validity based on converging relationships with external measurements, where correlations were made between the NRNSS factors and the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Duke Religiosity Index (P-DUREL) and the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Instrument-Spirituality, Religion and Personal Beliefs module (WHOQOL-SRPB); and (3) comparison of self-identification categories with NRNSS outcomes using two one-way ANOVA tests, comparing scale scores between different groups (e.g., atheists, agnostics, spiritualists, and religious people). The data collection process took place through a link shared on social networks allowing access to the structured questionnaire.

Results: The present study obtained the following results: (1) the EFA supported a one-factor model for the scale, but (2) the CFA presented satisfactory indices for the the model composed of two factors, non-religiosity (NR) and non-spirituality (NS); (3) internal consistency indices greater than 0.95 were obtained in all factors indicated in both tested models; (4) all analyzed correlations obtained results as expected, indicating that the scale actually measures the proposed constructs; and (5) decreasing levels of NR and NS were obtained according to the respective beliefs: atheists, agnostics, spiritualists, and religious people.

Conclusion: The NRNSS presented favorable psychometric properties, enabling it to be used with two different factors (NR and NS).

Background: Fighting racial discrimination requires the ability to notice it when it occurs.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the perception of racial discrimination in a sample of Brazilian school-aged children.

Method: Fifty-three 6- to 12-year-old children were recruited from two public schools in a small town in the state of São Paulo, but there was no registration of the ethnic background of one child and, as a result, he had to be excluded. Therefore, the final sample consisted of 52 participants (10 black, 32 mixed-race, 10 white). A task designed to assess children's perception of racial discrimination and used in previous studies was translated into Brazilian Portuguese and administered to participants. Children watched four videos of stories about an adult character who made a choice between a black child and a white child in different scenarios) (e.g., choosing a class leader, a student to represent the school in a science fair, a winner for the music contest and someone to complete the soccer team), with the choice always benefiting one over the other. Children were distributed into three conditions that varied in terms of whether racial discrimination was present or not. Two situational cues were manipulated: the skin color of the potential target of discrimination and information about the adult character's past choices. At the end of each story, participants had to answer a question about the reasons for the choice made.

Results: A significant effect of age was found on the PD task, but only for one condition (C1) when there was a pattern of apparent racial discrimination and when situational cues were provided, U = 21.0, p = .006. A D-prime analysis revealed that children were good at rejecting the existence of discrimination when it was not present; but they performed poorly when it was present, d' = - 0.44.

Conclusion: These findings point to an important question regarding the when and how Brazilian parents and educators talk to children about ethnic-racial relations. This is an important future direction, and it can better inform intervention programs and public policy directed at preventing and fighting racism in our country.

Background: In South Korea, there are many situations that can threaten financial well-being, a factor that has been known to affect both mental and physical health. However, there has so far not been an instrument to measure an individual's subjective financial well-being.

Objective: This study aims to adapt the Korean version of the Personal Financial Wellness (PFW) scale.

Methods: The Korean version of the PFW scale was evaluated with 2,044 adults who participated in an online survey in South Korea. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the factor structure of the PFW scale. Its validity was assessed by examining factor loadings, average variances extracted (AVE), and conceptual reliability (CR). In addition, the relationships between the PFW scale and the scales measuring theoretically relevant constructs were analyzed. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the corrected item-to-total correlation, the inter-item correlation, and McDonald's omega.

Results: The evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the PFW scale indicates that it exhibits a single-factor structure, consistent with the English version. Factor loadings, AVE, and CR all exceeded the recommended thresholds. The model also demonstrated consistent fit indices regardless of the subsample. Invariance of both configural and factor loadings was established across gender, while invariance of configural, factor loadings, and intercepts was confirmed across regions. Additionally, the PFW scale, a subjective measure of financial well-being, is more strongly related to health-related variables than monthly income, which is an objective indicator of financial well-being. Internal consistency reliability for the Korean version of the PFW scale was found to be satisfactory.

Conclusions: The adaptation of the Korean version of the PFW scale provides a valuable instrument for researchers and practitioners in South Korea, where an instrument measuring an individual's subjective financial well-being does not exist.

Background: Corruption, as a psychosocial problem, impacts institutional stability and interpersonal trust. From a psychological perspective, the study of this phenomenon has focused on analyzing corrupt behavior. However, empirical evidence on the measurement of corrupt behavior remains limited due to its covert nature. An alternative strategy is to assess corrupt intent, as it allows inferring behavioral patterns without resorting to direct observation of these acts.

Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and validate the Corrupt Intention Scale (CIS), taking the theory of planned behavior as a framework.

Methods: We conducted a multiple study with a total of 1, 488 Peruvian adults. Multivariate statistical techniques such as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used.

Results: We found that the CIS presented evidence of internal structure validity for a 12-item model grouped into three correlated factors. It showed measurement invariance with respect to sex, convergent validity and satisfactory reliability.

Conclusion: The CIS presents psychometric properties that support its use to measure corrupt intent, and can be used in evaluation, research and prevention contexts. In a global context where corruption remains a critical challenge, reliable and valid measures strengthen the basis for future research and mitigation programs.

Background: Digital reading in a second language is a cognitively demanding task constrained, among other factors, by individuals' working memory resources. Additionally, listening to music whilst reading might overload working memory. However, previous studies found mixed results regarding the effects of music in reading comprehension.

Objective: This study investigates the effects of working memory capacity on English as a second language digital reading comprehension in a multitasking setting. More specifically, it examines how working memory capacity influences the ability to recall text ideas (main ideas, secondary ideas, and details) after reading a digital text in a second language and simultaneously listening to music.

Method: The between-subject design study was conducted with sixty-five participants aged 19-62 years (M = 28.87; SD = 8.20) divided into two groups of Brazilian Portuguese-English proficient bilinguals, one reading while listening to lyrical music and the other reading while listening to non-lyrical music. Participants' working memory capacity was assessed using a Self-Applicable version of the Reading Span Test, and their reading comprehension of a second language digital text was assessed with a free-written recall. Participants also rated their proficiency in their L2.

Results: Findings suggest that individuals with higher working memory capacity are better at recalling secondary ideas and details, while no effect was observed in the recall of main ideas. Additionally, no difference between groups (lyrical vs non-lyrical) was observed. An exploratory complementary analysis indicates that readers who recall secondary ideas tend to better recall main ideas, so higher working memory capacity seems to enable the recall of secondary ideas in addition to main ideas.

Conclusion: This study contributes to understanding cognitive resource allocation in second language digital reading and the potential effects of multitasking on reading comprehension.

Background: The Love Addiction Inventory (LAI) is an instrument developed to assess the six dimensions of addiction to a romantic partner: salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict.

Objective: The present study sought to adapt and provide validity evidence for the Brazilian version of the LAI.

Method: An online questionnaire was completed by 1310 Brazilian adults who were in romantic relationships.

Results: The data shows adequate reliability indices, validity evidence regarding the instrument's internal structure, and validity based on the relationships among the variables. Notably, positive correlations between the LAI and Emotional Dependence Questionnaire and other addiction markers and negative correlations between the LAI and self-esteem were identified.

Conclusion: These findings provide a helpful instrument for symptom tracking and investigating interventions for the treatment of love addiction in future research.

Background: Critical consciousness refers to the ability to recognize and analyze the oppressive forces in society and to act against them. Researchers have emphasized that sport has the potential to help athletes develop their critical consciousness regarding the forces that shape society, as well as the systems of privilege and deprivation that influence access to sport.

Objective: The present study describes the development of the critical consciousness in sport scale, offering initial validity evidence based on test content, internal structure, relations with other variables, and reliability.

Methods: An initial set of 50 items was develop and reviewed by expert judges who assessed the clarity, practical relevance, and theoretical adequacy of the items using the content validity coefficient (CVC). To investigate the internal structure of the CCSS, factor retention methods such as parallel analysis and exploratory graph analysis were employed, followed by an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), along with an assessment of the internal consistency of the factors. Validity evidence based on relations with other variables was estimated using Pearson correlations. The sample was comprised of 263 Brazilian psychology and physical education students (mean age: 26.95 ± 9.69; 70.02% women).

Results: Factor retention methods that included parallel analysis, exploratory graph analysis, and a categorical exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a three-dimensional structure comprised of 36 items, as theoretically hypothesized, with desirable internal consistency indices (ω = 0.868, 0.906, and 0.924, respectively). A brief version of the instrument is also presented, which adequately reproduced the psychometric properties of the initial version. Correlations with measurements of social justice and anti-racism efficacy suggested validity evidence based on relations with other variables.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the instrument is an appropriate measure of critical consciousness in sport. It is recommended that future efforts focus on estimating further validity evidence and reliability of the CCSS in diverse samples of athletes from different competitive levels, sports coaches, fans, and other key figures within the sports context.