Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica最新文献

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed individuals to potentially traumatic events, which can lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, only a portion of exposed people develop this disorder.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationship between vulnerability factors and protective factors that can mitigate or exacerbate the development or severity of PTSD-related COVID-19 in the academic community.

Methods: Members of the Brazilian academic community completed an online survey that included sociodemographic questions, the Traumatic Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic Questionnaire, the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5, the Three-Item Loneliness Scale, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Life Orientation Test-Revised. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the associations between vulnerability and protective factors and PTSD.

Results: Logistic regression (p < 0.05) revealed that compared with professors/faculty members, undergraduates were 1.84 times more likely to develop PTSD. Additionally, each unit increase in the Fear of COVID-19 Scale score or the Three-Item Loneliness Scale score increased the likelihood of being in the group with a probable PTSD diagnosis by 25% and 18.8%, respectively, whereas optimism reduced the likelihood of a probable diagnosis of PTSD by 10.7%. Individuals who experienced two or three traumatic events were 2.1 times more likely to develop PTSD than those who experienced only one.

Conclusion: This study highlights key vulnerability factors for PTSD in the academic community, including being an undergraduate student, experiencing multiple traumatic events, having a high level of fear of COVID-19, and experiencing loneliness. Conversely, optimism serves as a protective factor. These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of PTSD, the identification of vulnerable groups, and the development of public policies, preventive strategies, and appropriate interventions for promoting mental health in the academic environment.

Background: One of the main developmental tasks in adolescence is preparing for adult roles, especially those related to work and family life, a process that is guided by future expectations that influence goal setting, planning, and behaviors adopted during this transition phase. However, adolescents living in situations of social vulnerability faced increased risks during the COVID-19 pandemic while having limited access to reliable information, compromising their future expectations and life projects.

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between exposure to COVID-19-related risks, knowledge regarding prevention and transmission, and the commitment to life projects (LP) among adolescents in diverse vulnerable contexts.

Methods: A total of 107 Brazilian adolescents from child protection institutions, public schools in high-risk areas, juvenile justice facilities, and services for homeless youth participated in the study. They completed the COVID-19 Exposure and Demographic Questionnaire, the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards COVID-19 Questionnaire, and the Life Project Scale. Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis and moderation models.

Results: Participants showed above-average exposure to COVID-19 compared to the general population and reported high levels of disbelief in vaccine efficacy. Life project engagement was heterogeneous across the sample, with three latent profiles identified. Greater knowledge about COVID-19 was positively associated with LP engagement, particularly among those who had lost a family member to the virus.

Conclusion: Ensuring access to reliable information and psychosocial support is essential for fostering both engagement and continuity in life projects among vulnerable adolescents during health crises.

Background: This study validates the Spanish version of the Brief-COPE in the Colombian context. This tool assesses 14 different coping strategies, including positive coping, planning, emotional support, instrumental support, substance use, and religion, among others. The structural validations of this tool in Latin America, Europe, North America, and Asia yielded heterogeneous results, with validations in Latin America often having limitations in their data analysis methodologies and sample size. This study aims to address these limitations and provide methodologically sound evidence on the structural validity, reliability, and convergent and divergent validity of the instrument for adults in Colombia.

Methods: A total of 762 participants completed the Brief-COPE along with the ERQ, the Wellbeing Index, the HSCL-25, the PCL-C, and the Kessler 6. Categorical Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was employed to assess the fit of 12 different theory and data-driven models. After identifying the best-fitting model, reliability, divergent, and convergent validity were assessed for the resulting factors.

Results: The best-fitting CFA model for the Brief-COPE had 11 factors: active coping, social support, acceptance, venting, self-distraction, behavioral disengagement, denial, self-blame, humor, religion, and substance use. Substance use, active coping, religion, social support, humor, self-blame, denial, and behavioral disengagement demonstrated good reliability (Omega > = .7), whereas the remaining subscales demonstrated insufficient reliability (Omega > .6 and Omega < .7). Maladaptive coping strategies were found to positively correlate with distress measures, while adaptive strategies exhibited negative correlations, as expected. However, social support and humor presented significant positive associations with PCL-C and HSCL.

Conclusions: This study provides evidence supporting an 11-factor structure for the Brief-COPE in Colombian adults, with most factors demonstrating satisfactory reliability. Researchers should use caution when interpreting subscales with lower reliability. The results also underscore the influence of cultural context on coping patterns, given the heterogeneous factor structures found in other validations. Future studies should recruit more diverse samples to enhance generalizability and further investigate the predictive validity of this adapted tool.

Background: The intimate partner violence (IPV) among lesbian women is an invisible problem in Brazil due to discrimination and social stigma. Most national studies focus on understanding violence in relationships between women and men, leaving a gap in research addressing this type of violence and its consequences for lesbian women. This study aims to identify the main types of IPV experienced by Brazilian lesbian women, compare mental health indicators, perceptions of social support, and minority stress levels between lesbian women with and without a history of IPV, and examine predictors of victimization in intimate relationships.

Methods: Descriptive analyses, t-tests, and logistic regression analyses were performed. A total of 550 lesbian women participated, with a mean age of 25.31 years old (SD = 5.83).

Results: Women with a history of IPV have worse mental health outcomes and lower perceptions of social support networks. In addition, concealment of sexuality, experiences of stigma, age, and social support were identified as predictors of IPV.

Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight how IPV can further jeopardize the mental health of Brazilian lesbian women, exacerbating symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety. Discriminatory and stigmatizing acts amplify the effects of IPV, as violence is perpetrated on both social and individual levels.

Background: The increasing proportion of older adults globally poses challenges to mental well-being, as aging is often accompanied by a decline in positive emotional experiences (PEE) and life satisfaction (LS). While previous studies have explored the relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPNS) and mental health in older adults, the role of life satisfaction as a mediating factor in the relationship between BPNS and daily emotional well-being remains underexplored.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between BPNS and PEE among older adults and to examine the mediating role of LS. By employing the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) through a mobile application, the study provides real-time data on the emotional experiences of older adults.

Methods: The study recruited 33 older adults (mean age = 63.24 years, SD = 5.92) who reported their daily emotional states through a mobile application three times a day for nine days. A total of 811 valid records were collected. Positive emotional experiences were assessed at the experience level, while BPNS and LS were assessed at the individual level. Data were analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to examine the mediating effect of LS between BPNS and PEE.

Results: Results revealed that LS significantly mediated the relationship between BPNS and PEE. Older adults with higher BPNS reported higher LS, which in turn enhanced their daily PEE. This finding supports the hypothesis that BPNS positively influences PEE through improved LS.

Implications: The study highlights the importance of fostering BPNS to improve LS and daily positive emotions among older adults. The use of mobile applications to capture dynamic emotional states offers a practical and scalable approach for psychological research, particularly in aging populations. Further interventions could focus on enhancing BPNS to promote emotional well-being in older adults.

Background: Given the fact that grandparents share the responsibility for child-rearing in contemporary China, limited research has explored the relationship between grandparents' involvement and grandchildren's resilience in the three-generation family (a child lives with parents and one or more grandparents). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between grandparents' involvement and young children's resilience, as well as the mediating roles of mother's parenting stress and family strength in this association.

Methods: The study surveyed 919 mothers of children aged 3-5 years in Chinese three-generation families to report their children's resilience, grandparents' involvement, mother's parenting stress, and family strengths.

Results: The findings revealed a positive association between grandparents' involvement and young children's resilience. This relationship was partially mediated by mother's parenting stress and family strengths independently, as well as sequentially through the pathway from mother's parenting stress to family strengths.

Conclusions: Grandparents' involvement may help to relieve perceived mother's parenting stress and enhance family strengths, thereby, indirectly affect young children's resilience. These findings highlight the potential positive impact of grandparents' involvement on young children's resilience and offer a novel perspective for family counseling.

Background: Academic procrastination, defined as the intentional delay of important tasks, is a frequent phenomenon among university students and is associated with low performance, stress, and anxiety. The Tuckman Academic Procrastination Scale (TPS) is a widely used psychometric tool to assess this behavior. Although it has been validated in several countries, there is no empirical evidence regarding its validity and reliability in the Ecuadorian context, which limits its use for assessment and intervention.

Objective: To psychometrically validate the Ecuadorian version of the TPS (TPS-E) in university students, assessing its factor structure, reliability, and cultural adequacy for measuring academic procrastination.

Methods: An instrumental design was used with a non-probabilistic sample of 1,007 students (39.9% women; M_age = 21.88; SD = 3.69) from a private Ecuadorian university. The Spanish adaptation (Argentinean) was linguistically reviewed and applied using a 16-item Likert-type scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with the DWLS estimator on a polychoric correlation matrix was conducted, evaluating CFI, RMSEA, and SRMR indices. Internal consistency was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega.

Results: The initial unidimensional model (16 items) showed acceptable fit (CFI = 0.975; RMSEA = 0.078; SRMR = 0.061), but item 16 presented a very low factor loading (0.050; p = 0.231). After removing it, the 15-item model showed improved fit (CFI = 0.980; RMSEA = 0.055; SRMR = 0.057) and all factor loadings exceeded 0.500, except for item 7 (0.084; p = 0.033), which was retained for theoretical relevance. Internal consistency was high (α = 0.87; ω = 0.88; CR = 0.89; AVE = 0.62).

Conclusion: The 15-item TPS-E showed adequate psychometric properties in Ecuadorian university students, being a reliable and valid instrument for assessing academic procrastination in this context. Its use in research and intervention is recommended, and future adaptations should explore convergent validity and potential cultural differences affecting specific items.

Introduction: Academic misconduct remains a pervasive issue in higher education institutions, undermining both academic integrity and the quality of the educational environment. Existing research primarily focuses on describing the forms and frequency of violations.

Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an educational intervention designed to modify students' attitudes and behaviors regarding academic integrity.

Methods: The study implemented a controlled experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements. The participants were 400 undergraduate students from a Chinese university (202 males and 198 females, mean age = 21 years), who were assigned to either an experimental or control group. The six-month intervention was an educational program comprising lectures, role-playing exercises, discussions, and interactive workshops. The scale of academic dishonesty developed by Rawwas and Isakson was used to measure aspects such as acceptance of cheating, unfair advantages, data fabrication, and disregard for dishonest practices.

Results: The analysis revealed statistically significant improvements across all categories among students in the experimental group after completing the program. No significant changes were observed in the control group.

Conclusion: The findings confirm the efficacy of structured educational programs in reducing the propensity for academic misconduct. This study provides empirical evidence useful for universities seeking to implement ethical standards and foster a culture of academic integrity.

Background: Positive development in sports (PDS) is a theoretical framework emphasizing human potential development in sports participation. Despite theoretical advancements, operationalizing PDS remains challenging, given the scarcity of instruments that translate theoretical models into practical applications in sports.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify measurement instruments for assessing positive development in sports, their theoretical foundations, and validity evidence supporting their use.

Methods: This study follows COSMIN guidelines and includes a comprehensive search across MEDLINE, PubMed PMC, PsycINFO, AgeLine, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search strategy refined with expert input yielded 702 records, with 41 meeting inclusion criteria (i.e., peer-reviewed original studies focused on the development, adaptation, or validation of measurement instruments assessing positive development in sports or related constructs). Screening was performed by two researchers in a double-blind process, with conflicts resolved by a third researcher. Data extracted included sample characteristics, theoretical underpinnings, and psychometric properties.

Results: Most instruments were grounded in Positive Youth Development theories and Basic Psychological Needs. Internal structure validity and internal consistency were the primary types of evidence reported, with Cronbach's alpha widely used. Despite recognition that human potential can be developed across the lifespan, instruments primarily targeted youth in sports contexts, with limited tools for older cohorts, revealing a significant gap. Most instruments originated in high-income countries, such as those in North America and Europe, underscoring the need for adaptations of theories and tools for low- and middle-income regions.

Conclusions: Underrepresentation of diverse populations with regards to race, ethnicity, and gender, absence of interpretative norms, and limited focus on older cohorts were critical limitations. Addressing these gaps can enhance PDS instruments' inclusivity and applicability, ultimately fostering more inclusive and impactful sports practices. Furthermore, the results indicate the need to develop instruments rooted in robust PDS theoretical models alongside theoretical revisions to better represent diverse populations and people from middle- and low-income countries, in addition to the adequate adaptation of instruments.