Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica最新文献

Background: School victimization during adolescence is a multidimensional phenomenon that affects psychological well-being and social development. Understanding its underlying factors is essential for designing effective preventive strategies.

Objective: This study aims to analyze school victimization in adolescents from a psychosocial perspective, proposing an explanatory model that integrates individual variables (psychological distress, life satisfaction, and resilience) and social variables (community social support).

Method: The total of participants was 1,687 adolescents (46% male, 54% female) aged 12-17 years (M = 13.65, SD = 1.14), from 13 schools in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.

Results: Psychological distress is positively associated with school victimization, while life satisfaction is negatively associated. Furthermore, community social support and resilience were found to indirectly influence school victimization through life satisfaction and, negatively, through psychological distress. Multigroup analysis revealed differences in victimization dynamics by gender, although the model is invariant.

Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of adopting a multidimensional perspective in understanding and addressing school victimization. Promoting resilience and strengthening community social support could reduce the risk of victimization and improve students' psychological well-being. These results have practical implications for the development of comprehensive prevention and intervention strategies in school settings.

Background: The current literature lacks measurement tools that cover all subtypes of specific phobias.

Objective: This study aimed to adapt the Phobic Stimuli Response Scales (PSRS) into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties.

Methods: 399 university students (308 females, 77.2%; 91 males, 22.8%) aged between 18 and 53 years (M = 21.80, SD = 3.93) filled out the PSRS, Fear Survey Schedule-II, and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) online. 108 participants took part in the test-retest study 15 days after the first application.

Results: According to confirmatory factor analysis, model fit indices (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.07, and SRMR = 0.07) showed that the Turkish form of the scale consisted of 46 items and five factors (Blood-Injection, Bodily Harm, Social, Animal, and Physical Confinement) as in the original. Its correlations with other scales showed its convergent and discriminant validity. The reliability analyses indicate that the scale demonstrates internal consistency (α = 0.78 for Bodily Harm, 0.85 for Physical Confinement, 0.88 for Social, 0.86 for Animal, 0.90 for Blood-Injection, and 0.94 for the total score) and test-retest reliability.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that the Turkish PSRS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing responses to various fears in research and practical applications.

Objective: This study examined the relationship between executive functions (EF) and mathematical skills throughout development using a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Method: This study included (a) longitudinal studies that (b) reported correlations between EF measures (assessed at Time 1) and mathematics outcomes (assessed at Time 2) in (c) typically developing samples ranging in age from birth to 18 years. Studies were excluded if they were (a) not written in English or Portuguese, (b) aggregated data from typical and atypical populations, or (c) combined data from children and adolescents without distinction. A systematic search was conducted in October 2021 and later updated in 2025 using PsycINFO, SciELO, and PubMed. The risk of publication bias was assessed using funnel plot analysis and Egger's test. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed.

Results: Twenty-nine studies involving children and adolescents (n = 104,295; M_age at Time 1 = 5.4 years; M_age at Time 2 = 8.4 years) were included. The overall correlation between EF and mathematics was moderate and statistically significant (r = 0.30, 95% CI [0.24, 0.36]). Among EF components, working memory showed the strongest association with mathematical performance (r = 0.43, 95% CI [0.35, 0.50]), followed by cognitive flexibility (r = 0.34, 95% CI [0.27, 0.42]) and inhibitory control (r = 0.21, 95% CI [0.13, 0.29]). Age and study quality did not significantly moderate the relationship between EF and mathematics.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that EF, particularly working memory, is a meaningful predictor of mathematical performance across development. These results underscore the importance of early EF assessment in informing interventions designed to prevent math learning difficulties. Despite the low risk of publication bias, the high heterogeneity observed in most analyses suggests the influence of additional moderating variables that warrant further investigation.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed individuals to potentially traumatic events, which can lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, only a portion of exposed people develop this disorder.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationship between vulnerability factors and protective factors that can mitigate or exacerbate the development or severity of PTSD-related COVID-19 in the academic community.

Methods: Members of the Brazilian academic community completed an online survey that included sociodemographic questions, the Traumatic Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic Questionnaire, the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5, the Three-Item Loneliness Scale, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Life Orientation Test-Revised. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the associations between vulnerability and protective factors and PTSD.

Results: Logistic regression (p < 0.05) revealed that compared with professors/faculty members, undergraduates were 1.84 times more likely to develop PTSD. Additionally, each unit increase in the Fear of COVID-19 Scale score or the Three-Item Loneliness Scale score increased the likelihood of being in the group with a probable PTSD diagnosis by 25% and 18.8%, respectively, whereas optimism reduced the likelihood of a probable diagnosis of PTSD by 10.7%. Individuals who experienced two or three traumatic events were 2.1 times more likely to develop PTSD than those who experienced only one.

Conclusion: This study highlights key vulnerability factors for PTSD in the academic community, including being an undergraduate student, experiencing multiple traumatic events, having a high level of fear of COVID-19, and experiencing loneliness. Conversely, optimism serves as a protective factor. These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of PTSD, the identification of vulnerable groups, and the development of public policies, preventive strategies, and appropriate interventions for promoting mental health in the academic environment.

Background: One of the main developmental tasks in adolescence is preparing for adult roles, especially those related to work and family life, a process that is guided by future expectations that influence goal setting, planning, and behaviors adopted during this transition phase. However, adolescents living in situations of social vulnerability faced increased risks during the COVID-19 pandemic while having limited access to reliable information, compromising their future expectations and life projects.

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between exposure to COVID-19-related risks, knowledge regarding prevention and transmission, and the commitment to life projects (LP) among adolescents in diverse vulnerable contexts.

Methods: A total of 107 Brazilian adolescents from child protection institutions, public schools in high-risk areas, juvenile justice facilities, and services for homeless youth participated in the study. They completed the COVID-19 Exposure and Demographic Questionnaire, the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards COVID-19 Questionnaire, and the Life Project Scale. Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis and moderation models.

Results: Participants showed above-average exposure to COVID-19 compared to the general population and reported high levels of disbelief in vaccine efficacy. Life project engagement was heterogeneous across the sample, with three latent profiles identified. Greater knowledge about COVID-19 was positively associated with LP engagement, particularly among those who had lost a family member to the virus.

Conclusion: Ensuring access to reliable information and psychosocial support is essential for fostering both engagement and continuity in life projects among vulnerable adolescents during health crises.

Background: This study validates the Spanish version of the Brief-COPE in the Colombian context. This tool assesses 14 different coping strategies, including positive coping, planning, emotional support, instrumental support, substance use, and religion, among others. The structural validations of this tool in Latin America, Europe, North America, and Asia yielded heterogeneous results, with validations in Latin America often having limitations in their data analysis methodologies and sample size. This study aims to address these limitations and provide methodologically sound evidence on the structural validity, reliability, and convergent and divergent validity of the instrument for adults in Colombia.

Methods: A total of 762 participants completed the Brief-COPE along with the ERQ, the Wellbeing Index, the HSCL-25, the PCL-C, and the Kessler 6. Categorical Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was employed to assess the fit of 12 different theory and data-driven models. After identifying the best-fitting model, reliability, divergent, and convergent validity were assessed for the resulting factors.

Results: The best-fitting CFA model for the Brief-COPE had 11 factors: active coping, social support, acceptance, venting, self-distraction, behavioral disengagement, denial, self-blame, humor, religion, and substance use. Substance use, active coping, religion, social support, humor, self-blame, denial, and behavioral disengagement demonstrated good reliability (Omega > = .7), whereas the remaining subscales demonstrated insufficient reliability (Omega > .6 and Omega < .7). Maladaptive coping strategies were found to positively correlate with distress measures, while adaptive strategies exhibited negative correlations, as expected. However, social support and humor presented significant positive associations with PCL-C and HSCL.

Conclusions: This study provides evidence supporting an 11-factor structure for the Brief-COPE in Colombian adults, with most factors demonstrating satisfactory reliability. Researchers should use caution when interpreting subscales with lower reliability. The results also underscore the influence of cultural context on coping patterns, given the heterogeneous factor structures found in other validations. Future studies should recruit more diverse samples to enhance generalizability and further investigate the predictive validity of this adapted tool.

Background: The intimate partner violence (IPV) among lesbian women is an invisible problem in Brazil due to discrimination and social stigma. Most national studies focus on understanding violence in relationships between women and men, leaving a gap in research addressing this type of violence and its consequences for lesbian women. This study aims to identify the main types of IPV experienced by Brazilian lesbian women, compare mental health indicators, perceptions of social support, and minority stress levels between lesbian women with and without a history of IPV, and examine predictors of victimization in intimate relationships.

Methods: Descriptive analyses, t-tests, and logistic regression analyses were performed. A total of 550 lesbian women participated, with a mean age of 25.31 years old (SD = 5.83).

Results: Women with a history of IPV have worse mental health outcomes and lower perceptions of social support networks. In addition, concealment of sexuality, experiences of stigma, age, and social support were identified as predictors of IPV.

Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight how IPV can further jeopardize the mental health of Brazilian lesbian women, exacerbating symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety. Discriminatory and stigmatizing acts amplify the effects of IPV, as violence is perpetrated on both social and individual levels.