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Think Structurally, Act Individually?: Racial Sympathy and Political Behavior 从结构上思考,从个人角度行动?:种族同情与政治行为
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1086/722820
Jennifer Chudy
Racial sympathy, defined as white distress over Black suffering, is an influential, but understudied, force in American politics. This paper considers the behavioral consequences of racial sympathy. How does racial sympathy manifest into political behavior? To answer this question, I conduct a series of in-depth interviews with racial justice activists; these white Americans are unusually, deeply, and genuinely invested in eradicating Black suffering. Many also recognize the role that institutions and politics play in perpetuating racial inequality. However, many activists propose individual-level solutions, such as tolerance classes, eliminating prejudice at home, and empathizing with individual Black people, eschewing the importance of electoral politics. I complement the qualitative interviews with results from a national study of white Americans. Ultimately, I argue that white Americans’ emphasis on personal activities may limit the political impact of racial sympathy.
种族同情,被定义为白人对黑人苦难的痛苦,是美国政治中一股有影响力但未被充分研究的力量。本文考虑了种族同情的行为后果。种族同情如何表现为政治行为?为了回答这个问题,我对种族正义活动家进行了一系列深入采访;这些美国白人异乎寻常地、深刻地、真诚地致力于消除黑人的苦难。许多人还认识到制度和政治在延续种族不平等方面所起的作用。但是,许多活动人士回避选举政治的重要性,提出了宽容班、消除家庭偏见、同情黑人个体等个人层面的解决方案。我用一项针对美国白人的全国性研究的结果来补充定性访谈。最后,我认为美国白人对个人活动的重视可能会限制种族同情的政治影响。
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引用次数: 0
Pride or Prejudice? Clarifying the Role of White Racial Identity in Recent Presidential Elections 傲慢还是偏见?澄清白人种族认同在最近总统选举中的作用
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1086/722807
Richard C. Fording, S. Schram
After the 2016 presidential election, a dominant media narrative emerged which claimed that Donald Trump’s 2016 electoral victory was due to an upsurge in support by working class White voters, largely due to economic anxiety experienced since the 2008 recession. But as survey data from the 2016 election became available, a different story began to emerge. The consensus among social scientists became that racial attitudes were the most important predictors of support for Trump among many White voters in 2016, including those with less than a college education (whose incomes it should be noted may or may not put them in the working class). The literature remains dominated by studies that focus on White hostility toward racial outgroups, but a number of studies have emphasized the importance of Whites’ ingroup attitudes. Trump lost reelection in 2020, but remains popular and most experts anticipate that he will run again in 2024. We therefore need to consider the still-unresolved question of if and how White ingroup identity is relevant to understanding Trump’s electoral success. Yet there are few studies that have actually examined the effects of the full range of ingroup and outgroup attitudes simultaneously. In this paper, we re-evaluate the relative importance of the effect of White Racial Identity (WRI) on vote choice in recent presidential elections. We find that, like indicators of outgroup attitudes, the level of WRI has remained stable over the last several elections and in recent years has actually decreased. We also find that WRI actually has no direct effect on vote choice in recent presidential elections, including the two elections (2016 and 2020) in which Trump ran as the Republican nominee. We find instead that WRI influenced the presidential vote at best indirectly, serving as a platform for expressing White outgroup hostility.
2016年总统大选后,出现了一种主流媒体叙事,声称唐纳德·特朗普2016年的选举胜利是由于工人阶级白人选民的支持率飙升,主要是由于2008年经济衰退以来经历的经济焦虑。但随着2016年大选的调查数据公布,一个不同的故事开始出现。社会科学家的共识是,种族态度是2016年许多白人选民支持特朗普的最重要预测因素,包括那些受过大学以下教育的人(应该注意的是,他们的收入可能会也可能不会让他们进入工人阶级)。文献中仍然以关注白人对种族外群体的敌意的研究为主,但许多研究强调了白人对种族内群体态度的重要性。特朗普在2020年连任失败,但仍然很受欢迎,大多数专家预计他将在2024年再次参选。因此,我们需要考虑一个尚未解决的问题,即白人群体身份是否以及如何与理解特朗普的选举成功相关。然而,很少有研究真正同时考察了全方位的群体内和群体外态度的影响。在本文中,我们重新评估了白人种族认同(WRI)对最近总统选举中选票选择的影响的相对重要性。我们发现,与群体外态度的指标一样,WRI的水平在过去几次选举中保持稳定,近年来实际上有所下降。我们还发现,在最近的总统选举中,WRI实际上对选票选择没有直接影响,包括特朗普作为共和党提名人参加的两次选举(2016年和2020年)。相反,我们发现WRI充其量只是间接地影响了总统投票,充当了表达白人群体外敌意的平台。
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引用次数: 0
Blinded by the White (Nationalism): Separatist Ideology and Discounting the Threat of COVID-19 to Society 被白人蒙蔽(民族主义):分裂主义意识形态与低估新冠病毒对社会的威胁
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1086/722762
Amanda Graham, Justin T. Pickett, F. Cullen, C. Jonson, Murat Haner, Melissa M. Sloan
After more than one million COVID-19 deaths and ninety-one million cases in the United States, it is clear that COVID-19 has and will continue to pose a threat to the health of the United States’ population and economy. However, despite the clear and early warnings from the CDC, many have continued to downplay the impact of the pandemic, which has arguably inflamed the perniciousness of the virus. Using data from national surveys conducted a year apart, in March 2020 and March 2021, we examine the perceived national and personal threat of COVID-19 in the United States. We argue that collective narcissism—in the form of White nationalism—has blinded some Americans to this national threat, leading to an inadequate collective response that was further exacerbated by the political leadership of former President Donald Trump. We demonstrate that White nationalism is associated with discounting the national but not personal threat of the virus. This was true both early in the pandemic (2020) and later (2021), after the virus had ravaged the country.
在美国有超过100万例COVID-19死亡和9100万例病例之后,很明显,COVID-19已经并将继续对美国人口和经济的健康构成威胁。然而,尽管美国疾病控制与预防中心发出了明确的早期警告,但许多人仍在淡化这场大流行的影响,这可以说是加剧了病毒的危害性。利用相隔一年的全国调查数据,即2020年3月和2021年3月,我们研究了美国对COVID-19的国家和个人威胁的感知。我们认为,集体自恋——以白人民族主义的形式——使一些美国人对这种国家威胁视而不见,导致集体反应不足,而前总统唐纳德·特朗普的政治领导进一步加剧了这种反应。我们证明,白人民族主义与低估病毒对国家而非个人的威胁有关。在大流行早期(2020年)和后来(2021年),在病毒肆虐该国之后,情况都是如此。
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引用次数: 1
Response to Polity Symposium: White Identity Reconsidered 对政策研讨会的回应:重新考虑白人身份
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1086/722809
Deborah J. Schildkraut
I am grateful for the opportunity to offer a response to the articles in the Polity symposium “White Identity Reconsidered” individually and as a group.My own research on the politics of white identity has centered on measurement and conceptualization, two challenges that come in the early stages of taking on an understudied topic in public opinion like white identity politics. The conversation about those challenges continues with the studies included in this symposium. Among the contributions to the literature presented here is a consideration of how difficult it is to capture what it is about white identity that renders it politically potent (or not). Several possibilities are found within these papers, and together, they illustrate the rich range of tools we have at our disposal. Further, they force us to grapple with the question of which concept(s) and measure(s) we might want to include and when. They also make clear that we are not yet at a point where the answer to that question is by any means obvious. It has been noted many times now that political science as a discipline was slow to contemplate white identity. The studies in this symposium illustrate the exciting pace at which we are making up for lost time. As a result, there is a wide range of measures out there now to get at different aspects of white identity and related forms of ingroup attachment. Collectively, we are in the process of figuring out what each one means, when we should use different ones, what causes their aggregate levels in the population to rise and fall, and how they work—either together
我很感激有机会对政治研讨会“重新考虑白人身份”中的文章进行个人和集体的回应。我自己对白人身份政治的研究主要集中在测量和概念化上,这两个挑战出现在白人身份政治等公众舆论中尚未得到充分研究的话题的早期阶段。关于这些挑战的讨论将在本次研讨会的研究中继续进行。在这里提出的对文献的贡献中,有一项考虑是,要抓住白人身份赋予其政治效力(或不赋予其政治效力)的东西是多么困难。在这些论文中发现了几种可能性,它们共同说明了我们可以使用的工具的丰富范围。此外,它们迫使我们努力解决我们可能想要包含哪些概念和度量以及何时包含的问题。他们还明确表示,我们还没有达到这个问题的答案以任何方式显而易见的地步。人们已经多次注意到,政治学作为一门学科,在考虑白人身份认同方面进展缓慢。本次研讨会的研究表明,我们正在以令人兴奋的速度弥补失去的时间。因此,现在有各种各样的方法来研究白人身份的不同方面和相关形式的群体内依恋。总的来说,我们正在弄清楚每一个的含义,什么时候我们应该使用不同的,是什么导致它们在人口中的总体水平上升和下降,以及它们是如何工作的——要么一起工作
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引用次数: 0
Bong Joon-ho’s Okja: Transatlantic Racism, Transpacific Capitalism, and Intimate Subversion 奉俊昊的Okja:跨大西洋种族主义、跨太平洋资本主义和亲密颠覆
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1086/722726
Fred Lee
This article explores the ethical and strategic thought of Bong Joon-ho’s Okja, a film about a Korean adolescent and a genetically modified pig who save each other’s lives. In part one, I convene Bong Joon-ho and Frank Wilderson to explore how human supremacy and White supremacy work together. I argue that Okja connects super-pigs’ suffering to Black, Indigenous, Latino/a, and Asian suffering in the Americas, with the implication that non-White and non-human struggles for liberation are inseparable. That said, Bong insists that the Americas are not the entire world, in order to imagine liberatory responses which arise and arrive elsewhere. Hence, in part two, I resituate the transatlantic question of racial/species oppression in Okja within a transpacific analytic of global capitalism and US empire. I investigate how both humans and super-pigs, across both racial and species lines, can forward liberation projects within asymmetrical situations of conflict. My thesis is that Bong Joon-ho proposes that, in such situations, subversions among intimates are more valuable and useful than alliances among strangers.
这篇文章探讨了奉俊昊的《Okja》的伦理和战略思想,这部电影讲述了一个韩国青少年和一只转基因猪拯救彼此的生命。在第一部分中,我召集了奉俊昊和弗兰克·维尔德森,探讨人类至上主义和白人至上主义是如何协同工作的。我认为,Okja将超级猪的痛苦与美洲的黑人、原住民、拉丁裔和亚洲人的痛苦联系在一起,这意味着非白人和非人类为解放而进行的斗争是不可分割的。也就是说,奉坚持认为美洲并不是整个世界,以便想象出现并到达其他地方的解放反应。因此,在第二部分中,我在对全球资本主义和美国帝国的跨太平洋分析中,重新提出了奥贾种族/物种压迫的跨大西洋问题。我研究了人类和超级猪如何跨越种族和物种界限,在不对称的冲突局势中推进解放项目。我的论点是,奉俊昊提出,在这种情况下,密友之间的颠覆比陌生人之间的联盟更有价值和有用。
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引用次数: 0
The Lost Clause: Reinterpreting the Declaration’s Silence on the Atlantic Slave Trade 迷失条款:重新解读《宣言》对大西洋奴隶贸易的沉默
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1086/722745
Robinson Woodward-Burns
Jefferson’s first draft of the Declaration of Independence condemned King George III for maintaining the international slave trade. The clause denounced the “execrable trade” for violating enslaved people’s “rights of life & liberty,” thus alienating slave-trading congressional delegates, who forced Jefferson to cut the clause. Generations of scholars have mourned this deletion. This essay offers an alternate reading of the clause. In drafting the clause, Jefferson reframed colonial legislatures’ slave importation bans—intended to control and promote the domestic slave trade—as a statement of antislavery principle. Specifically, Virginia’s colonial legislature had proposed protectionist tariffs to decrease the supply of enslaved people, lowering the likelihood of slave revolt while increasing the value of enslaved people remaining within the colony. Jefferson drafted several of these nonimportation resolutions, from which later he drew the Declaration’s clause, reframing the economic concern as a moral one. The resulting clause sandwiched a protectionist nonimportation argument, largely neglected by scholars, in the more famous language of antislavery moral appeal. By comparing the clause to other colonial nonimportation resolutions, the essay shows how this deleted section of the Declaration affirmed the interests of slaveholders.
杰斐逊的《独立宣言》初稿谴责国王乔治三世维持国际奴隶贸易。该条款谴责“恶劣的贸易”侵犯了被奴役者的“生命权和自由权”,从而疏远了奴隶贸易的国会代表,他们迫使杰斐逊削减了该条款。一代又一代的学者对这一删除表示哀悼。这篇文章提供了对该条款的另一种解读。在起草该条款时,杰斐逊将殖民立法机构的奴隶进口禁令——旨在控制和促进国内奴隶贸易——重新定义为反奴隶制原则的声明。具体而言,弗吉尼亚州的殖民立法机构提出了保护主义关税,以减少被奴役者的供应,降低奴隶反抗的可能性,同时增加留在殖民地内的被奴役者价值。杰斐逊起草了几项不进口决议,后来他从中起草了《宣言》的条款,将经济问题重新定义为道德问题。由此产生的条款将一个保护主义的不进口论点夹在了更著名的反奴隶制道德呼吁的语言中,这个论点在很大程度上被学者们忽视了。通过将该条款与其他殖民地禁止进口决议进行比较,文章展示了《宣言》中被删除的部分是如何肯定奴隶主的利益的。
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引用次数: 1
Fanon’s Clinic: Revolutionary Therapeutics and the Politics of Exhaustion 法农诊所:革命疗法与疲惫政治
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1086/722764
Nica Siegel
In the interim between the writings that would eventually anchor his legacy, Frantz Fanon spent most of his career as a radical psychiatrist in a small town in colonial Algeria. In his recently anthologized clinical writings, Fanon uses the tools of socialthérapie to confront the simultaneous impossibility of healthy reconciliation to colonial sociality and the necessity of sociality as a basic therapeutic condition with reference to which desire can be cultivated. This article argues for the political theoretical importance of Fanon’s clinical writings, which respond to this impasse and its symptoms, including exhaustion and refusal, with experiments in world-making within the bounds of his clinic, while making critically visible the eventual collapse of this possibility and the turn of his therapeutic imagination outwards. Reframing Fanon’s late work on African Solidarity, the problem of war, and the internationalist critique of neocolonial false peace from this perspective, the article closes by drawing together two otherwise opposed contemporary interpretive legacies that have broader resonance for antiracist and democratic thought today, those which affirm the persistence of world-making praxis in institutional terms, and those which draw from Fanon’s legacy a pessimism that radically disavows the possible success of such efforts.
在这两部最终奠定其遗产的著作之间的过渡时期,Frantz Fanon在殖民地阿尔及利亚的一个小镇上度过了他作为激进精神病学家的大部分职业生涯。在他最近出版的临床著作选集中,法农使用社会治疗的工具来面对与殖民社会性健康和解的同时不可能,以及社会性作为培养欲望的基本治疗条件的必要性。这篇文章论证了法农临床著作的政治理论重要性,这些著作通过在他的诊所范围内进行的创造世界的实验来应对这种僵局及其症状,包括疲惫和拒绝,同时批判性地展示了这种可能性的最终崩溃和他治疗想象力的向外转变。从这个角度重新审视法农关于非洲团结、战争问题和国际主义对新殖民主义虚假和平的批判的晚期作品,文章最后总结了两个相反的当代解释遗产,这两个遗产对当今的反种族主义和民主思想有着更广泛的共鸣,那些从制度角度肯定了创造世界的实践的持久性的人,以及那些从法农的遗产中汲取悲观主义的人,这些悲观主义从根本上否定了这些努力可能取得的成功。
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引用次数: 0
Weight Stigma, Citizenship, and Neoliberal Democracy 体重污名、公民身份与新自由民主
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1086/722744
Sharon A. Stanley, Kathryn Hicks
Recent scholarship across a range of disciplines has illuminated how the rhetoric of an “obesity epidemic” in public health converges with everyday fat-shaming rhetoric to mark particular bodies as indicative of moral failing, intellectual debility, and civic unfitness. Sabrina Strings, Rachel Sanders, Amy Farrell, and others have shown that this stigmatization also reinforces racialized, gendered, and neoliberal conceptions of responsible citizenship. Yet critical analysis of these discursive effects rarely highlights their relationship to democratic theory and practice. Accordingly, this paper examines how anti-obesity and fat-shaming discourse casts doubt on the worthiness and capacity of fat subjects, especially women of color, to participate as full members of the demos whose needs, desires, and concerns merit democratic consideration. Crucially, the mechanisms of marginalization through fat-shaming function across a range of approaches to democratic theory, including liberal, republican, and deliberative approaches. Furthermore, the exclusion of fat subjects from the demos contributes to an impoverished and perverse image of democracy itself as a politics of austerity, self-denial, and separation from others.
最近一系列学科的学术研究表明,公共卫生领域“肥胖流行病”的修辞与日常肥胖羞辱的修辞是如何融合在一起的,这些修辞将特定的身体标记为道德失败、智力低下和公民不健康的象征。萨布丽娜·斯特林斯、雷切尔·桑德斯、艾米·法雷尔等人的研究表明,这种污名化也强化了种族化、性别化和负责任公民的新自由主义观念。然而,对这些话语效应的批判性分析很少强调它们与民主理论和实践的关系。因此,本文研究了反肥胖和肥胖羞辱话语如何对肥胖主体的价值和能力产生怀疑,特别是有色人种女性,作为公民的正式成员参与其中,他们的需求、愿望和关注值得民主考虑。至关重要的是,通过肥胖羞辱的边缘化机制在民主理论的一系列方法中发挥作用,包括自由主义、共和主义和审议方法。此外,将肥胖主体排除在民众之外,会给民主本身造成一种贫穷和反常的形象,即一种紧缩、自我否定和与他人分离的政治。
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引用次数: 0
Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Michael S. Lewis-Beck about Vote Choice, Election Forecasting, and the 2022 Midterms 问一位政治科学家:与迈克尔·S·刘易斯·贝克关于选票选择、选举预测和2022年中期的对话
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-07 DOI: 10.1086/721674
Mary Stegmaier, C. Tien
Michael Lewis-Beck holds the title F. Wendell Miller Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Iowa. His interests are comparative elections, election forecasting, political economy, and quantitative methodology. Professor Lewis-Beck has authored or coauthored over 315 articles and books, including Economics and Elections, The American Voter Revisited, French Presidential Elections, Forecasting Elections, The Austrian Voter, Latin American Elections: Choice and Change, The Danish Voter, and Applied Regression. He has served as Editor of the American Journal of Political Science, Electoral Studies, and the Sage QASS series (the green monographs) in quantitative methods. He is past Associate Editor of International Journal of Forecasting and current Associate Editor of French Politics. In addition to his position at Iowa, he has held various positions abroad including, more recently, Visiting Professor, GESIS, University of Mannheim; Paul Lazersfeld University Professor at the University of Vienna; Visiting Professor at Center for Citizenship and Democracy, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium; Visiting Professor at LUISS University, Rome; Visiting Senior Scholar, Political Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark. He can be reached at michael-lewis-beck@uiowa.edu. Mary Stegmaier is Vice Provost for International Programs and Associate Professor in the Truman School of Government and Public Affairs at the University of Missouri. Her research interests include international elections, voting behavior, and forecasting. Her work has been published in numerous peer-reviewed journals including Electoral Studies, the International Journal of Forecasting, Political Behavior, and Political Science Research & Methods. She can be reached at stegmaierm@missouri.edu. Charles Tien is Professor of Political Science at Hunter College and the Graduate Center, CUNY. He was a Fulbright Scholar in American Politics at Renmin University in Beijing, China. His recent publications have appeared in Italian Journal of Electoral Studies, The Forum, and Electoral Studies. He can be reached at ctien@hunter.cuny.edu. 1. Michael S. Lewis-Beck, William G. Jacoby, Helmut Norpoth, and Herbert F. Weisberg, The American Voter Revisited (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2008).
Michael Lewis-Beck是爱荷华大学F. Wendell Miller杰出政治学教授。他的研究兴趣是比较选举、选举预测、政治经济学和定量方法论。刘易斯-贝克教授撰写或合作撰写了超过315篇文章和书籍,包括经济学和选举,美国选民重访,法国总统选举,预测选举,奥地利选民,拉丁美洲选举:选择和变化,丹麦选民和应用回归。他曾担任《美国政治学杂志》、《选举研究》和Sage QASS系列(绿色专著)定量方法的编辑。他曾任《国际预测杂志》副主编,现任《法国政治》副主编。除了在爱荷华州的职位外,他还在国外担任过各种职务,包括最近担任曼海姆大学(University of Mannheim) GESIS客座教授;维也纳大学Paul Lazersfeld大学教授;比利时鲁汶大学公民与民主研究中心客座教授;罗马LUISS大学客座教授;丹麦奥胡斯大学政治学高级访问学者。您可以通过michael-lewis-beck@uiowa.edu与他联系。玛丽·斯特格迈尔是密苏里大学杜鲁门政府与公共事务学院国际项目副教务长兼副教授。她的研究兴趣包括国际选举、投票行为和预测。她的作品发表在许多同行评议的期刊上,包括《选举研究》、《国际预测杂志》、《政治行为》和《政治学研究与方法》。可以通过stegmaierm@missouri.edu与她联系。Charles Tien是纽约市立大学亨特学院和研究生中心的政治学教授。他是中国人民大学美国政治富布赖特学者。他最近的出版物出现在《意大利选举研究杂志》、《论坛》和《选举研究》。您可以通过ctien@hunter.cuny.edu与他联系。1. Michael S. Lewis-Beck, William G. Jacoby, Helmut Norpoth和Herbert F. Weisberg,《重新审视的美国选民》(Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2008)。
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引用次数: 1
STOP WARS 停止战争
IF 1 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-07 DOI: 10.1086/721695
Alyson Cole, Robyn Marasco, C. Tien
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引用次数: 0
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