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Make the invisible visible: communicative response to anti-Asian racism 让不可见变为可见:对反亚裔种族主义的交际回应
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2023.2180530
Jin‐Ae Kang, Youngju Shin, D. K. Kim, P. Schulz
Anti-Asian sentiment has undoubtedly increased since the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020. Violence against Asian populations has notably surged (Pillai et al., 2021). In 16 of the largest US cities, hate crimes targeting Asians increased by 149% between 2019 and 2020, while overall reports of hate crimes declined by 7% over the same period (Martin & Yoon, 2021). A Pew Research Center Survey reported that one-third of Asian Americans feared racial discrimination or anti-Asian terrorism (Ruiz et al., 2021). In addition, a recent survey showed that 40% of US adults believed that more people have expressed racist views toward Asians since the pandemic began (Ruiz et al., 2020). This situation has not changed although the threat of COVID-19 has become less severe, and the Trump administration was replaced in 2021. According to the STAATUS Index Report 2022, 21 percent of Americans believe that Asian Americans are at least partly responsible for COVID-19, compared to 11% in 2021. In 2022 more Americans think that antiChinese names for COVID-19, such as ‘Wuhan virus’, are appropriate (2022 STAATUS Index Report, 2022). In 2021 alone, nearly one-third of the Asian Americans who participated in the survey said they had been told to ‘go back to your country’. One in six Asian American adults experienced a hate crime or hate incident in 2021, which is an increase from 1 in 8 in 2020 (Lee & Ramakrishnan, 2022). These cases reconfirm the deep-rooted nature of antiAsian racism in America. In response to such incidents, scholarship has called for studies on racism against Asians (i.e. Gao & Liu, 2021; Li & Nicholson, 2021; Woo & Jun, 2021). Some studies have focused on the psychological issues related to anti-Asian stigma, while others have tried to understand anti-Asian racism through sociological approaches (i.e. Misra et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2021). However, many studies on anti-Asian racism have taken place during the COVID-19 pandemic. More effort should be made to explore the prolonged social issue of discrimination and prejudice against Asians beyond the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though communication is fundamental to shaping psychological bias, social discrimination, and the political environment, limited existing studies approach anti-Asian racism from a communication perspective. Asian Americans are not common research subjects in existing communication literature on social justice issues. More importantly, communication is the solution to dismantling anti-Asian sentiment and achieving social change. However, there is limited research on how Asians (or Asian Americans) can act as main communication agents and take actions to react to, cope with, and combat racism and prejudice. Therefore, this special issue aims to make the unheard voice of Asians to be heard and to shed light on the imperative issue of anti-Asian racism through scholarly works. The idea for this special issue originated during a virtual conversation session
自2020年初新冠肺炎疫情开始以来,反阿情绪无疑有所增加。针对亚裔人口的暴力行为明显激增(Pillai等人,2021)。在美国16个最大的城市,2019年至2020年间,针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪增加了149%,而同期仇恨犯罪的总体报告下降了7%(Martin&Yoon,2021)。皮尤研究中心的一项调查报告称,三分之一的亚裔美国人害怕种族歧视或反亚裔恐怖主义(Ruiz等人,2021)。此外,最近的一项调查显示,40%的美国成年人认为,自疫情开始以来,越来越多的人对亚洲人表达了种族主义观点(Ruiz等人,2020)。尽管新冠肺炎的威胁已经减轻,特朗普政府于2021年被取代,但这种情况没有改变。根据《2022年STAATUS指数报告》,21%的美国人认为亚裔美国人至少对新冠肺炎负有部分责任,而2021年这一比例为11%。2022年,更多的美国人认为新冠肺炎的中文名称,如“武汉病毒”是合适的(2022年STAATUS指数报告,2022)。仅在2021年,参与调查的亚裔美国人中就有近三分之一表示,他们被告知“回自己的国家去”。2021年,六分之一的亚裔美国成年人经历过仇恨犯罪或仇恨事件,比2020年的八分之一有所增加(Lee和Ramakrishnan,2022)。这些案例再次证实了美国反亚裔种族主义根深蒂固的本质。针对此类事件,学术界呼吁研究针对亚裔的种族主义(即高和刘,2021;李和尼科尔森,2021;吴和俊,2021)。一些研究侧重于与反亚裔污名相关的心理问题,而另一些研究则试图通过社会学方法来理解反亚裔种族主义(即Misra等人,2020;吴等人,2021)。然而,许多关于反亚裔种族主义的研究是在新冠肺炎大流行期间进行的。除了新冠肺炎大流行的直接影响之外,还应作出更多努力,探讨歧视和偏见亚裔的长期社会问题。尽管沟通是形成心理偏见、社会歧视和政治环境的基础,但现有的有限研究从沟通的角度看待反亚裔种族主义。在现有的关于社会正义问题的传播文献中,亚裔美国人并不是常见的研究对象。更重要的是,沟通是消除反亚裔情绪和实现社会变革的解决方案。然而,关于亚洲人(或亚裔美国人)如何充当主要沟通媒介,并采取行动应对、应对和打击种族主义和偏见的研究有限。因此,本期特刊旨在通过学术著作,让亚洲人发出闻所未闻的声音,并阐明反亚裔种族主义这一迫切问题。这期特刊的想法源于韩美通讯社主办的一次关于继续就种族主义问题进行对话的虚拟对话会
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引用次数: 0
Covid-19 and xenophobia in America: media exposure, anti-Asian stigmatization, and deservingness of Asian immigrants 新冠肺炎与美国的仇外心理:媒体曝光、反亚裔污名化和亚洲移民的应得性
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2023.2176898
Lars Willnat, Jian Shi, D. De Coninck
ABSTRACT Since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020, there has been a significant uptick in anti-Asian sentiment in the United States. Many believe these racist attitudes are cultivated by polarizing political messages and news coverage of the pandemic. Based on a 2021 online survey conducted among 913 White Americans, this study examines possible associations between exposure to pandemic-related news, anti-Asian stigmatization, and the perceived deservingness of Asian immigrants. The findings indicate that the consumption of pandemic-related news on Fox News and social media is associated with higher levels of anti-Asian stigmatization, while exposure to such news on traditional media outlets is not. As expected, respondents with higher levels of anti-Asian stigmatization perceive Asian immigrants as less deserving to come to the United States. Among the five criteria of a newly developed immigrant deservingness scale, especially identity, attitude, and need are associated with anti-Asian stigmatization.
摘要自2020年初新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来,美国的反亚裔情绪显著上升。许多人认为,这些种族主义态度是由两极分化的政治信息和对疫情的新闻报道造成的。基于2021年对913名美国白人进行的一项在线调查,这项研究考察了接触与疫情相关的新闻、反亚裔污名化和亚裔移民被认为应该受到尊重之间的可能联系。研究结果表明,在福克斯新闻和社交媒体上消费与疫情相关的新闻与更高程度的反亚裔污名化有关,而在传统媒体上接触此类新闻则不然。不出所料,反亚裔污名化程度较高的受访者认为亚裔移民不太值得来美国。在新制定的移民应得量表的五项标准中,尤其是身份、态度和需求,与反亚裔污名化有关。
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引用次数: 1
Understanding religious influence through elevation on green advertising effectiveness among Muslims: an examination from the UAE and the USA 通过提升穆斯林绿色广告的有效性来理解宗教影响:来自阿联酋和美国的研究
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2023.2176897
Kang Li, Ridwan Raji, Azmat Rasul
ABSTRACT Given the growth of green advertising due to increasing environmental concerns, as well as the scarce religious advertising research on Muslims, this research investigates religious and cultural effects on Muslims’ purchase intentions when reacting to green advertising. The results from two experimental studies show that Islamic religious appeals exert a moderated mediation effect on Muslims’ intentions to purchase green products. Specifically, a self-transcendent emotion – elevation – conditionally mediated the effects of religious appeals via the moderation of individual Muslims’ religiosity. However, cultural appeals did not affect Muslims in the United States of America (USA) and United Arab Emirates (UAE) differently.
鉴于绿色广告的增长是由于人们对环境问题的日益关注,以及对穆斯林的宗教广告研究的匮乏,本研究探讨了宗教和文化对穆斯林对绿色广告的购买意愿的影响。两项实验研究结果表明,伊斯兰教的宗教诉求对穆斯林购买绿色产品的意愿起着有调节的中介作用。具体来说,一种自我超越的情绪——提升——通过对穆斯林个人宗教信仰的节制,有条件地中介了宗教诉求的影响。然而,文化诉求对美利坚合众国(USA)和阿拉伯联合酋长国(UAE)的穆斯林并没有不同的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Blaming Asians for coronavirus: the role of valenced framing and discrete emotions in hostile media effect 将冠状病毒归咎于亚洲人:价值框架和离散情绪在敌对媒体效应中的作用
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2023.2169722
Juan Liu
ABSTRACT Prior research indicates news sources affect hostile media perceptions, but the role of valenced framing and discrete emotions in perceived media bias remains under-explored. Based on the framing theory and hostile media effect, the study uses an experiment with 2 (CNN vs. Fox News) × 2 (Positive framing vs. Negative framing) design to examine the mediating role of discrete emotions (e.g. hope, anger, and sadness), as well as the moderating effects of racial prejudice. In contrast to prior scholarship, news sources in the study did not influence perceived media bias. However, the results show that hope, anger, and sadness all mediate the relationship between valenced framing and hostile media effect. Such effect was moderated by individuals’ racial prejudice. Implications of these findings for combating anti-Asian racism and future hostile media effect research are discussed.
摘要先前的研究表明,新闻来源会影响敌对媒体的感知,但定价框架和离散情绪在感知媒体偏见中的作用仍有待探索。基于框架理论和敌对媒体效应,该研究使用了一个2(CNN与福克斯新闻)的实验 × 2(积极框架与消极框架)设计,考察离散情绪(如希望、愤怒和悲伤)的中介作用,以及种族偏见的调节作用。与之前的学术研究相反,研究中的新闻来源并没有影响感知到的媒体偏见。然而,研究结果表明,希望、愤怒和悲伤都在价格框架和敌对媒体效应之间起着中介作用。个人的种族偏见缓和了这种影响。讨论了这些发现对打击反亚裔种族主义和未来敌对媒体效应研究的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Reflexive racialization and discursive affect with the #VeryAsian Hashtag 反身性种族化与#VeryAsian标签的话语影响
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2023.2169723
David C. Oh
ABSTRACT On 2 January 2022, Michelle Li, a local anchor in St. Louis, played a video on Twitter of herself listening stoically to an irritated caller, who complained that Li was being ‘very Asian’ for mentioning that her family ate ‘dumpling soup’ on New Year’s Day. She claimed that a White person talking about White foods would be fired. The call and Li’s response resonated among Asian Americans and prompted a viral hashtag, #VeryAsian. The essay argues that users engaged in earnest accounts of their pride and lack of shame in pan-ethnic racial belonging as well as their ethnic heritage cultures. Notably, this meant eschewing memes, a common feature of Twitter discourse, and the racial humor of signifyin’, a feature of Black Twitter. As a networked counter-public, the posts were affirmative articulations of pride rather than explicit anti-racist critique. Even when anger was mobilized and anti-Asian hate was named, the systems or people that produce it were abstracted, demonstrating the liminality of Asian American experience and the context collapse of Twitter.
摘要:2022年1月2日,圣路易斯当地的主播Michelle Li在Twitter上播放了一段视频,视频中她坚忍地听着一位愤怒的来电者的声音,这位来电者抱怨她提到她的家人在元旦吃了“饺子汤”,这是“非常亚洲化”的表现。她声称白人谈论白人食物会被解雇。这一呼吁和李的回应在亚裔美国人中引起了共鸣,并引发了一个病毒式的标签,#VeryAsian。这篇文章认为,用户认真地描述了他们对泛民族种族归属和民族遗产文化的自豪感和羞耻感。值得注意的是,这意味着要避开表情包,这是推特话语的一个共同特征,以及象征的种族幽默,这是黑人推特的一个特征。作为一个网络化的反公众,这些帖子是对骄傲的肯定表达,而不是明确的反种族主义批评。即使愤怒被动员起来,反亚裔仇恨被点名,产生这种仇恨的系统或人也是抽象的,这表明亚裔美国人的经验是有限的,以及Twitter的语境崩溃。
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引用次数: 1
Leveraging moral foundations for corporate social advocacy combating anti-Asian racism: A computational approach 利用企业社会倡导的道德基础打击反亚裔种族主义:一种计算方法
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2023.2169944
Chuqing Dong, Wenlin Liu, Yafei Zhang
ABSTRACT CSA on racial justice issues has become more popular in recent years. With the rising number of hate crimes against Asian Americans, including the Atlanta spa shooting incident, companies must consider how to position themselves in racial conversations to fulfill their civic responsibilities and create positive social impacts. This study employed the Moral Foundation Theory (MFT) to assess companies’ CSA communication regarding #StopAsianHate and its role in promoting public engagement on Twitter. The study analyzed 1,253 tweets posted by 469 business accounts engaging in the conversation about Stop Asian Hate on Twitter to identify prevalent CSA themes, various moral values used in CSA messages, and the relationship between the use of various moral values and public engagement (i.e. likes and retweets) on Twitter. This study adds to CSA scholarship by stressing a moral stance and providing suggestions for companies to leverage moral discourse in anti-Asian racism activism on social media.
摘要近年来,关于种族正义问题的CSA越来越受欢迎。随着针对亚裔美国人的仇恨犯罪数量不断增加,包括亚特兰大水疗中心枪击事件,公司必须考虑如何在种族对话中定位自己,以履行公民责任并创造积极的社会影响。本研究采用道德基础理论(MFT)评估了公司关于#StopAsianHaate的CSA沟通及其在推特上促进公众参与方面的作用。该研究分析了469个参与推特上“停止亚洲仇恨”对话的商业账户发布的1253条推文,以确定普遍存在的CSA主题、CSA消息中使用的各种道德价值观,以及各种道德价值的使用与推特上公众参与(即点赞和转发)之间的关系。这项研究强调了道德立场,并为公司在社交媒体上的反亚裔种族主义活动中利用道德话语提供了建议,从而增加了CSA的学术研究。
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引用次数: 1
Analyzing the meaning of sexual violence in Tamil movies: a mixed method approach 泰米尔电影中性暴力的意义分析:一种混合方法
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2022.2149823
P. Karupiah
ABSTRACT The popular media are important arenas where discourses on sexual violence are often articulated. These discourses are important in the treatment of victim and perpetrator by the state, media, society and – most importantly – by those closely connected to the victim or the perpetrator. Research has consistently linked the viewing of media violence with imitative behavior, increased hostility, and acceptance of violence. This paper focuses on the portrayal of sexual violence in Tamil movies produced in Chennai, India. In this study, twenty-five movies were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Most perpetrators were in supporting roles. Four themes were identified in the analysis: sexual violence as an expression of love; sexual violence as an expression of masculinity; sexual violence and family honor; sexual violence and comedy. The analysis shows that the portrayal of sexual violence in Tamil movies focuses mostly on the loss of honor or virginity and does not focus on the act of violence, or the trauma experienced by the victims. These portrayals are based on a patriarchal understanding of sexual violence and share elements with common rape myths in society.
摘要大众媒体是关于性暴力言论的重要舞台。这些话语在国家、媒体、社会以及最重要的是与受害者或犯罪者密切相关的人对待受害者和犯罪者的过程中非常重要。研究一直将媒体暴力的观看与模仿行为、敌意的增加和对暴力的接受联系在一起。本文主要研究在印度金奈制作的泰米尔电影中对性暴力的刻画。在这项研究中,对25部电影进行了定量和定性内容分析。大多数犯罪者都是配角。分析中确定了四个主题:作为爱的表达的性暴力;性暴力是男性气概的表现;性暴力和家庭荣誉;性暴力和喜剧。分析表明,泰米尔电影中对性暴力的描述主要集中在荣誉或童贞的丧失上,而没有关注暴力行为或受害者所经历的创伤。这些描写基于父权制对性暴力的理解,与社会上常见的强奸神话有着共同的元素。
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引用次数: 0
Pseudo-participation, authentic nationalism: understanding Chinese fanquan girls’ personifications of the nation-state 伪参与、真民族主义:解读中国樊圈女孩的民族国家人格化
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-11-15 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2022.2144919
Lut Lams, Wendy Weile Zhou
ABSTRACT What are the dynamics of the participatory online discourse in an authoritarian context? More specifically, what patterns of Chinese state-society interactions can be drawn from the existing nexus of top-down control and bottom-up participation? To explore the questions, this study examines the Chinese nation-state personifications produced by ‘fanquan girls’, nationalistic fans of pop stars, during the 2019 Hong Kong protests. Three types of imageries and scenarios emerged, i.e., the nation as a charismatic idol in a discursive struggle, a protective brother on a battlefield, and a victimized mother in a trial. These visualizations construct a discursive kinship that justifies China’s governance over Hong Kong and refutes the intervention from foreign ‘hostile forces’ through visualized national strength, state-society unity, and colonial sufferings. During the process, the state provided the ideological mindset and delimited the political boundaries, the fandom participants turned the state-promoted ideas and sentiments into youth-appealing memes, and both sides appropriated and circulated each other’s creations in joint self-defense against outside reproval and opposition. Therefore, the paper argues that this communicative pattern consolidates the state’s discursive co-optation of the society rather than demolishes the authoritarian rule.
摘要:在威权主义语境下,参与式网络话语的动力是什么?更具体地说,从现有的自上而下的控制和自下而上的参与关系中,可以得出中国国家与社会互动的哪些模式?为了探究这些问题,本研究考察了2019年香港抗议活动中流行歌星的民族主义粉丝“粉丝女孩”所产生的中国民族国家化身。出现了三种类型的图像和场景,即国家在话语斗争中成为魅力偶像,在战场上成为保护兄弟,在审判中成为受害母亲。这些可视化构建了一种话语式的亲缘关系,证明了中国对香港的统治是合理的,并通过可视化的国力、国家社会团结和殖民地苦难驳斥了外国“敌对势力”的干预。在这个过程中,国家提供了意识形态心态,划定了政治边界,粉丝群体参与者将国家宣传的思想和情感变成了吸引年轻人的模因,双方挪用和传播彼此的创作,共同防御外界的指责和反对。因此,本文认为,这种交际模式巩固了国家对社会的话语选择,而不是摧毁专制统治。
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引用次数: 0
A cognitive mechanism for democratic norms: testing a hypothesized model of news literacy, cross-cutting discussion, and elaboration 民主规范的认知机制:测试新闻素养、跨领域讨论和阐述的假设模型
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2022.2140814
Bumsoo Kim
ABSTRACT The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the cognitive process by which individuals who critically and mindfully evaluate news stories and who elaborate more on cross-cutting views will be more likely to have enhanced democratic norms. This study employs a national survey collected by the media institute of the Korean Broadcasting System in 2021. The findings of structural equation modeling (SEM) shed light on how individuals engage in cognitive mechanisms for democratic norms, indicating that those who often use news and evaluate it in a critical and mindful manner are more likely to endorse democratic norms as they often talk with cross-cutting networks and elaborate different thoughts of other discussants.
摘要本文的主要目的是研究一个认知过程,通过这个认知过程,批判性和专注地评价新闻故事的人,以及更多地阐述跨领域观点的人,更有可能增强民主规范。这项研究采用了韩国广播系统媒体研究所2021年收集的一项全国性调查。结构方程建模(SEM)的发现揭示了个人如何参与民主规范的认知机制,表明那些经常使用新闻并以批判性和谨慎的方式评估新闻的人更有可能支持民主规范,因为他们经常与跨领域的网络交谈,并阐述其他讨论者的不同想法。
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引用次数: 0
Chinese news discourse from perspectives of communication, linguistics and pedagogy 传播学、语言学和教育学视角下的中国新闻话语
IF 2.6 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2022.2142249
Jiyuan Liu
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Asian Journal of Communication
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