{"title":"The Promised Land of Transitional Justice","authors":"Nelson Camilo Sánchez","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41771068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article we address the transitional justice policy of restitution in kind with a case study of urban land reform in Latvia. Contributing to scholarship on the challenge of property reforms after generations of dispossession, we examine the economic, social and political meanings of property restitution in this post-Soviet context. Using process-tracing techniques to examine the creation and implementation of Latvia’s policy in the aftermath of independence from the Soviet Union, we illustrate specific challenges of restitution in kind where property changed through the construction of new buildings occupied by tenants. Financial disputes between landowners and tenants map on to ethnic and political divisions in Latvia, and a policy once seen as a remedy is now in need of a remedy.
{"title":"The Promise and Perils of Urban Land Restitution in Latvia","authors":"J. Rowen, Arta Snipe","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this article we address the transitional justice policy of restitution in kind with a case study of urban land reform in Latvia. Contributing to scholarship on the challenge of property reforms after generations of dispossession, we examine the economic, social and political meanings of property restitution in this post-Soviet context. Using process-tracing techniques to examine the creation and implementation of Latvia’s policy in the aftermath of independence from the Soviet Union, we illustrate specific challenges of restitution in kind where property changed through the construction of new buildings occupied by tenants. Financial disputes between landowners and tenants map on to ethnic and political divisions in Latvia, and a policy once seen as a remedy is now in need of a remedy.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44912123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the role of ad hoc investment arbitration tribunals in arbitrating highly sensitive matters in transitional justice contexts, focusing on disputes arising from black economic empowerment (BEE) policies in countries formerly under racially discriminatory regimes. After an overview of the investment protection system, the article introduces the historical context of BEE policies. It subsequently analyses three main disputes, one against South Africa and two against Zimbabwe, where white concession holders and landowners relied on Bilateral Investment Treaties to claim compensation for the consequences of BEE mining and land redistribution policies. These disputes provide a testing ground to shed light on the role of investment arbitration in the context of transitional justice. The article concludes that such a role essentially amounts to an intrusion in the perilous ‘balancing act’ of managing a transitional justice process.
{"title":"Intruders in a Balancing Act: Black Economic Empowerment, Transitional Justice and Investment Arbitration Tribunals","authors":"G. Moli","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the role of ad hoc investment arbitration tribunals in arbitrating highly sensitive matters in transitional justice contexts, focusing on disputes arising from black economic empowerment (BEE) policies in countries formerly under racially discriminatory regimes. After an overview of the investment protection system, the article introduces the historical context of BEE policies. It subsequently analyses three main disputes, one against South Africa and two against Zimbabwe, where white concession holders and landowners relied on Bilateral Investment Treaties to claim compensation for the consequences of BEE mining and land redistribution policies. These disputes provide a testing ground to shed light on the role of investment arbitration in the context of transitional justice. The article concludes that such a role essentially amounts to an intrusion in the perilous ‘balancing act’ of managing a transitional justice process.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44424682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the end of the civil war in Burundi, the government began a transitional justice process to consolidate peace and deal with the legacies of past violations. Part of the transitional justice work in the country has been restitution of land and other property – a process that has provoked further violence and, to some extent, threatened national unity. Political elites have hijacked the land restitution process in a way that has shaped land conflicts on the ground and affected national politics. Based on action research carried out in Nyanza-lac Commune, Makamba Province, between May and December 2017, this article discusses return-related land conflicts and dialogue as a means of settling such conflicts. The research findings indicate that dialogue can help affected communities resolve and transform complex conflicts in a context where the law has failed to address them.
{"title":"Land Restitution in Postconflict Burundi","authors":"T. Mbazumutima","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the end of the civil war in Burundi, the government began a transitional justice process to consolidate peace and deal with the legacies of past violations. Part of the transitional justice work in the country has been restitution of land and other property – a process that has provoked further violence and, to some extent, threatened national unity. Political elites have hijacked the land restitution process in a way that has shaped land conflicts on the ground and affected national politics. Based on action research carried out in Nyanza-lac Commune, Makamba Province, between May and December 2017, this article discusses return-related land conflicts and dialogue as a means of settling such conflicts. The research findings indicate that dialogue can help affected communities resolve and transform complex conflicts in a context where the law has failed to address them.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41929962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I N T R O D U C T I O N Housing, land and property (HLP) raise some of the most provocative and contentious issues in transitional justice scholarship and practice. HLP-related forced displacement, damage and destruction and restitution for historical injustices are at the heart of many transitional justice policy debates, with repercussions for responses by the international community, governments and civil society. Transitional justice scholarship has made great strides in trying to answer fundamental questions concerning injustices related to HLP and economic, social and cultural rights – and the questions are many. Does transitional justice provide a sufficient foundation for understanding how best to respond to HLP grievances? Are the human rights-based legal frameworks used in transitional justice prejudiced in how they shape our understanding of HLP problems, and do they provide appropriate redress across a variety of cultural and historical trajectories? What is the place of traditional, indigenous and customary laws and norms in transitional justice efforts relating to HLP? Transitional justice has always given prominence to the symbolic value of measures of justice and redress. Does this lens attend to the various forms of injustice in the context of HLP grievances and the material and spatial needs of the aggrieved? Can it help make sense of both the individual and the group identities embedded in HLP questions? Since HLP issues are highly politicized and ritualized in political discourse, how can local actors reclaim HLP problem definitions and proposed solutions from political entrepreneurs? Does transitional justice provide effective avenues for marginalized groups to engage in current debates, voice their experiences and participate in processes of restitution? This Special Issue of IJTJ seeks to deepen the debate on these issues and contribute to answering some of the questions facing scholars and practitioners working on HLP in transitional contexts.
I N T R O D U C T I O N住房、土地和财产（HLP）提出了过渡时期司法学术和实践中一些最具挑衅性和争议性的问题。与HLP有关的强迫流离失所、破坏和破坏以及对历史不公正的恢复是许多过渡时期司法政策辩论的核心，对国际社会、政府和民间社会的反应产生了影响。过渡时期司法学术在试图回答与人权高专办以及经济、社会和文化权利有关的不公正的根本问题方面取得了长足进步，问题很多。过渡时期司法是否为理解如何最好地回应HLP的不满提供了充分的基础？过渡时期司法中使用的基于人权的法律框架在塑造我们对HLP问题的理解方面是否存在偏见，它们是否在各种文化和历史轨迹中提供了适当的补救？传统、土著和习惯法律和规范在与人权高专办有关的过渡司法工作中的地位如何？过渡时期司法始终突出司法和补救措施的象征性价值。这个镜头是否关注了HLP申诉背景下的各种形式的不公正以及被申诉人的物质和空间需求？它能帮助理解HLP问题中嵌入的个人和群体身份吗？由于HLP问题在政治话语中高度政治化和仪式化，当地行动者如何从政治企业家那里收回HLP问题的定义和提出的解决方案？过渡时期司法是否为边缘化群体提供了参与当前辩论、表达经验和参与归还进程的有效途径？本期IJTJ特刊旨在加深对这些问题的辩论，并有助于回答在过渡背景下从事HLP工作的学者和从业者面临的一些问题。
{"title":"Housing, Land and Property Rights in Transitional Justice","authors":"J. Unruh, M. A. Abdul-Jalil","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAB004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAB004","url":null,"abstract":"I N T R O D U C T I O N Housing, land and property (HLP) raise some of the most provocative and contentious issues in transitional justice scholarship and practice. HLP-related forced displacement, damage and destruction and restitution for historical injustices are at the heart of many transitional justice policy debates, with repercussions for responses by the international community, governments and civil society. Transitional justice scholarship has made great strides in trying to answer fundamental questions concerning injustices related to HLP and economic, social and cultural rights – and the questions are many. Does transitional justice provide a sufficient foundation for understanding how best to respond to HLP grievances? Are the human rights-based legal frameworks used in transitional justice prejudiced in how they shape our understanding of HLP problems, and do they provide appropriate redress across a variety of cultural and historical trajectories? What is the place of traditional, indigenous and customary laws and norms in transitional justice efforts relating to HLP? Transitional justice has always given prominence to the symbolic value of measures of justice and redress. Does this lens attend to the various forms of injustice in the context of HLP grievances and the material and spatial needs of the aggrieved? Can it help make sense of both the individual and the group identities embedded in HLP questions? Since HLP issues are highly politicized and ritualized in political discourse, how can local actors reclaim HLP problem definitions and proposed solutions from political entrepreneurs? Does transitional justice provide effective avenues for marginalized groups to engage in current debates, voice their experiences and participate in processes of restitution? This Special Issue of IJTJ seeks to deepen the debate on these issues and contribute to answering some of the questions facing scholars and practitioners working on HLP in transitional contexts.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42213628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Enrique Ruiz González, Rocío Del Pilar Peña-Huertas, María Mónica Parada-Hernández, Alfonso Javier Lozano Valcárcel, Bryan Triana Ancínez, Milton Alberto Valencia-Herrera
Land restitution programmes, as part of transitional justice systems, make victims face obstacles to prove their material and legal relationship with their dispossessed land. The literature suggests that these obstacles can be overcome by changing the rules of evidence, such as reversing the burden of proof, introducing different legal presumptions and adopting alternative forms of evidence. In Colombia, the Land Restitution Law introduced changes to the rules of evidence for processing land restitution claims. In this article, we claim that this flexibilization of the rules of evidence is essential to guarantee the restitution of property rights to victims, based on a comparison of the evidentiary rules that must be fulfilled by the victims of land dispossession under two transitional justice systems, both of which have been implemented in Colombia in recent years.
{"title":"Who Owns What in Macondo? The Flexibilization of the Rules of Evidence in Land Restitution in Colombia","authors":"Luis Enrique Ruiz González, Rocío Del Pilar Peña-Huertas, María Mónica Parada-Hernández, Alfonso Javier Lozano Valcárcel, Bryan Triana Ancínez, Milton Alberto Valencia-Herrera","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Land restitution programmes, as part of transitional justice systems, make victims face obstacles to prove their material and legal relationship with their dispossessed land. The literature suggests that these obstacles can be overcome by changing the rules of evidence, such as reversing the burden of proof, introducing different legal presumptions and adopting alternative forms of evidence. In Colombia, the Land Restitution Law introduced changes to the rules of evidence for processing land restitution claims. In this article, we claim that this flexibilization of the rules of evidence is essential to guarantee the restitution of property rights to victims, based on a comparison of the evidentiary rules that must be fulfilled by the victims of land dispossession under two transitional justice systems, both of which have been implemented in Colombia in recent years.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44889600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Though transitional justice measures are increasingly used to address displacement, particularly restitution programmes and truth-telling initiatives, the issue of addressing the long-term impact of displacement on individuals, communities and wider society represents significant challenges for peacebuilding processes. Based on in-depth interviews with those who suffered displacement in Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’, this article seeks to explore the marginalized and often silenced narratives of those displaced, shedding light on the multi-layered short- and long-term harms and consequences of displacement for individuals, families and community relations. The article’s argument is twofold: first, that experiences of displacement should be considered as a form of conflict-related harm and trauma and those displaced recognized as victims. And second, that ‘storytelling’ and other bottom-up acknowledgement projects are seen by victims and survivors as an effective vehicle to ‘break’ the silence, end the denial and advance their pursuit of recognition and acknowledgement.
{"title":"‘Ending the Silence’: Addressing the Legacy of Displacement in Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’","authors":"Niall Gilmartin","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Though transitional justice measures are increasingly used to address displacement, particularly restitution programmes and truth-telling initiatives, the issue of addressing the long-term impact of displacement on individuals, communities and wider society represents significant challenges for peacebuilding processes. Based on in-depth interviews with those who suffered displacement in Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’, this article seeks to explore the marginalized and often silenced narratives of those displaced, shedding light on the multi-layered short- and long-term harms and consequences of displacement for individuals, families and community relations. The article’s argument is twofold: first, that experiences of displacement should be considered as a form of conflict-related harm and trauma and those displaced recognized as victims. And second, that ‘storytelling’ and other bottom-up acknowledgement projects are seen by victims and survivors as an effective vehicle to ‘break’ the silence, end the denial and advance their pursuit of recognition and acknowledgement.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48464042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the inherent limitations of law in transitional justice processes regarding land grievances. Through analysis of the case of Timor-Leste (East Timor), a country marked by post-colonialism, post-authoritarianism, and post-conflict. The article shows how complex transitional justice regarding land grievances can be, and argues that a legalist perspective gives a limited view of these grievances, both for studying and finding solutions to them. The article employs the concept of ‘wicked problems’ to overcome the limitations of law. First, it shows how these grievances should be studied through a multi-disciplinary approach instead of a purely legal one. Second, it argues that transitional justice regarding land grievances is primarily a political issue, and creating adequate arenas for political negotiation should be prioritized. Finally, the article shows that, due to its complexity and political nature, transitional justice for land grievances is ultimately a search for acceptable, rather than optimal, solutions.
{"title":"The Law and Its Limits: Land Grievances, Wicked Problems, and Transitional Justice in Timor-Leste","authors":"B. Almeida","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article discusses the inherent limitations of law in transitional justice processes regarding land grievances. Through analysis of the case of Timor-Leste (East Timor), a country marked by post-colonialism, post-authoritarianism, and post-conflict. The article shows how complex transitional justice regarding land grievances can be, and argues that a legalist perspective gives a limited view of these grievances, both for studying and finding solutions to them. The article employs the concept of ‘wicked problems’ to overcome the limitations of law. First, it shows how these grievances should be studied through a multi-disciplinary approach instead of a purely legal one. Second, it argues that transitional justice regarding land grievances is primarily a political issue, and creating adequate arenas for political negotiation should be prioritized. Finally, the article shows that, due to its complexity and political nature, transitional justice for land grievances is ultimately a search for acceptable, rather than optimal, solutions.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44449176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transitional justice measures, particularly reparations, have started to address housing, land and property (HLP) issues in relation to internally displaced persons (IDPs), but HLP grievances have not decreased. Because it is difficult to meaningfully engage IDPs in reparations and redress, contextualized approaches are suggested for remedies to become effective. We propose a lens of social identity theory (SIT) to illuminate the potential for HLP attempts for redress to be expanded to groups in intractable conflict. Based on research in Cyprus, we argue that SIT enables the scrutiny of whether and how legal decisions and administrative remedy mechanisms meaningfully relate to IDPs’ notions of victimhood and (in)justice. We show that attempts for redress may act to maintain competitive narratives and exclusionary social identities in Cyprus. An inclusive victimhood narrative may shift categories available for an intergroup social identity for Cypriots, making it more likely for actual progress on the HLP issue.
{"title":"Attempts at Redress Through the Lens of Social Identity: Housing, Land and Property of the Displaced in Cyprus","authors":"Mijke de Waardt, D. Georgiou, Evren Celal","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Transitional justice measures, particularly reparations, have started to address housing, land and property (HLP) issues in relation to internally displaced persons (IDPs), but HLP grievances have not decreased. Because it is difficult to meaningfully engage IDPs in reparations and redress, contextualized approaches are suggested for remedies to become effective. We propose a lens of social identity theory (SIT) to illuminate the potential for HLP attempts for redress to be expanded to groups in intractable conflict. Based on research in Cyprus, we argue that SIT enables the scrutiny of whether and how legal decisions and administrative remedy mechanisms meaningfully relate to IDPs’ notions of victimhood and (in)justice. We show that attempts for redress may act to maintain competitive narratives and exclusionary social identities in Cyprus. An inclusive victimhood narrative may shift categories available for an intergroup social identity for Cypriots, making it more likely for actual progress on the HLP issue.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42713953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The International Criminal Court (ICC) convicted three militia commanders – Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Germain Katanga and Bosco Ntaganda – for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Ituri, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, none of these convictions have resulted in a cessation of violence in the region, as recent events have illustrated. Although the ICC is one initiative aimed at securing peace in Ituri, the extent of the ICC’s engagement with this particular context presents a good opportunity to reflect on its limited contribution and to illustrate the structural violence problems that underlie most, if not all, ICC situations and cases in Africa. Furthermore, it will be argued that the ICC can redeem itself from its embeddedness within the liberal peacebuilding paradigm by judicialising the economic realities of violence, thereby combating some of the worst effects of structural violence.
{"title":"Judicializing economic violence as means of dismantling the structural causes of atrocity in the Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Anushka Sehmi","doi":"10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The International Criminal Court (ICC) convicted three militia commanders – Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Germain Katanga and Bosco Ntaganda – for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Ituri, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, none of these convictions have resulted in a cessation of violence in the region, as recent events have illustrated. Although the ICC is one initiative aimed at securing peace in Ituri, the extent of the ICC’s engagement with this particular context presents a good opportunity to reflect on its limited contribution and to illustrate the structural violence problems that underlie most, if not all, ICC situations and cases in Africa. Furthermore, it will be argued that the ICC can redeem itself from its embeddedness within the liberal peacebuilding paradigm by judicialising the economic realities of violence, thereby combating some of the worst effects of structural violence.","PeriodicalId":46927,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transitional Justice","volume":"14 1","pages":"423-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/IJTJ/IJAA021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42409844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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