International Studies Perspectives最新文献_第6页

The Myth of the Eclectic IR Scholar? 不拘一格的国际关系学者的神话?

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1093/isp/ekac012

H. Milner, Ryan Powers, E. Voeten

What does the decline in paradigmatic self-identification mean for how international relations (IR) scholars think about the world? We answer this question with a 2020 survey among nearly two thousand IR scholars. We uncover a two-dimensional latent theoretical belief space based on scholarly agreement with conjectures about the state, ideas, international institutions, domestic politics, globalization, and racism. The first dimension separates status quo–oriented scholars from more critical scholars. The second dimension captures the realist–institutionalist divide. We have three key findings. First, non-paradigmatic scholars vary greatly in their theoretical beliefs. Second, measurement invariance tests show that there is a similar structure underlying the beliefs of paradigmatic and non-paradigmatic scholars. Third, we find no evidence that non-paradigmatic scholars rely less on their theoretical beliefs in making predictions about conflict, institutions, political economy, democracy, and human rights. Instead, the positions of scholars in the two-dimensional theoretical belief space rather than self-assigned paradigmatic labels correlate with predictions about the world. Our findings suggest that non-paradigmatic scholars are not so different from self-identified Liberals, Constructivists, and Realists, although the decline of paradigmatic self-identification may still matter for how scholars organize debates and disciplinary divides.

范式自我认同的衰落对国际关系学者如何看待世界意味着什么?我们通过2020年对近2000名IR学者的调查来回答这个问题。我们发现了一个二维的潜在理论信仰空间，基于对国家、思想、国际机构、国内政治、全球化和种族主义的猜想的学术认同。第一个维度将注重现状的学者与更具批判性的学者区分开来。第二个维度体现了现实主义和制度主义的分歧。我们有三个主要发现。首先，非范式学者的理论信念差异很大。第二，测量不变性检验表明，范式学者和非范式学者的信念存在相似的结构。第三，我们没有发现证据表明非范式学者在预测冲突、制度、政治经济、民主和人权时较少依赖于他们的理论信念。相反，学者在二维理论信仰空间中的位置，而不是自我分配的范式标签，与对世界的预测相关。我们的研究结果表明，非范式学者与自我认同的自由主义者、建构主义者和现实主义者并没有太大的不同，尽管范式自我认同的下降可能仍然影响学者如何组织辩论和学科划分。

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引用次数: 0

Democratization in Russia: Expectations and Experiences 俄罗斯的民主化:期望与经验

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00208817221124967

Ayan Chatterjee

Russia being the largest successor state among the post-Soviet countries, its distinct civilization, unique history, and contribution to various fields has earned interest among scholars. Moreover, it was also perceived that since Russia straddles two continents, Asia and Europe, any development in Russia will either have a direct or an indirect bearing on Europe and Asia. These factors have collectively generated a great amount of scholarly interest in studying post-Soviet Russian democratization. The article focuses on the aspects of the convergence and divergence of these entities in the case of the Russian Federation. In this endeavour, the article chalks out the key components of democratization and their interplay in Russia. An attempt is made to understand the perception of democracy among Russians and whether democratic reforms in post-Soviet Russia led to any change of perception among Russians about democracy. The article also unravels the institutional dynamics in order to ascertain the Russian experience of democratization. The article concludes with some recommendations for future course of actions with regard to democratization.

俄罗斯作为后苏联国家中最大的继承国，其独特的文明、独特的历史以及在各个领域的贡献引起了学者们的兴趣。此外，人们还认为，由于俄罗斯横跨亚洲和欧洲两大洲，俄罗斯的任何发展都会对欧洲和亚洲产生直接或间接的影响。这些因素共同产生了研究后苏联俄罗斯民主化的大量学术兴趣。本文就俄罗斯联邦的情况着重讨论这些实体的汇合和不同的方面。在这一努力中，本文列出了民主化的关键组成部分及其在俄罗斯的相互作用。本文试图了解俄罗斯人对民主的看法，以及后苏联时代俄罗斯的民主改革是否导致了俄罗斯人对民主的看法发生了变化。本文还揭示了制度动力，以确定俄罗斯的民主化经验。文章最后对今后在民主化方面的行动方针提出了一些建议。

引用次数: 0

Analysis on the Legal Definition of Jus Cogens Provided in Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 《维也纳条约法公约》第五十三条强制法的法律定义分析

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00208817221136375

Hui-Chol Pak, Hyeonju Son, Son-Gyong Jong

The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is a fundamental treaty providing rights and obligations that states assume in the conclusion and implementation of treaties. Some of the provisions of the Convention, however, continue to divide the legal scholarship. One of them concerns the legal definition of jus cogens provided in Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The international community, particularly the International Law Commission, has exerted strenuous efforts for a long time to reach a consensus on jus cogens. Nevertheless, the legal definition of jus cogens is still open to varying interpretation among different countries and international publicists. In this light, the article analyses the legal definition of jus cogens in three aspects. First, the connotation of the concept ‘peremptory norms of general international law’ is assessed in terms of particular, general and universal international law. Second, it analyses some problems arising in understanding the non-derogability from and modifiability of jus cogens. Finally, the article discusses some issues regarding ‘acceptance and recognition’ of jus cogens by the ‘international community of states as a whole’.

1969年《维也纳条约法公约》是一项基本条约，规定了各国在缔结和执行条约时承担的权利和义务。但是，《公约》的某些条款继续对法律学术进行划分。其中之一涉及《维也纳条约法公约》第53条所规定的强制法的法律定义。长期以来，国际社会特别是国际法委员会为就强制法问题达成协商一致意见进行了艰苦努力。然而，在不同的国家和国际法律学者之间，对强制法的法律定义仍有不同的解释。在此基础上，本文从三个方面分析了强制法的法律定义。首先，从特殊国际法、一般国际法和普遍国际法的角度对“一般国际法强制规范”概念的内涵进行了评估。其次，分析了在理解强制法不可克减性和可修改性方面存在的一些问题。最后，本文讨论了“国际社会作为一个整体”对强制法的“接受和承认”问题。

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引用次数: 0

The Role of Multilateral Institutions in Bringing Vocational Education and Training Reforms in Romania During the Transition Period (1989–1999): The Case of the European Union Phare VET Programme 多边机构在过渡时期(1989-1999)罗马尼亚职业教育和培训改革中的作用:以欧盟法尔职业教育培训计划为例

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00208817221138155

Abhishek

Regime change and opening of the market brought many opportunities as well as challenges to Romania. In terms of economy, growth stagnated, unemployment increased and a reverse movement of labour took place, from more productive manufacturing and services to agriculture. Need to reskill the workers to attract foreign direct investment was felt. Two multilateral institutions, World Bank and European Union (EU), stepped in. EU, through its Phare programme, played an important role in this reskilling by providing necessary funding and experience for the restructuring of vocational education and training. The article, based on both the primary and secondary sources, examines the role played by the multilateral institutions and argues that although Phare VET programme failed short of what it was intended in many areas because of some planning and operational shortcomings, it was quite a successful programme in terms of initiating curriculum development, introducing modularization, acquainting Romanian VET schools with modern equipment and pedagogy, and planted the seeds of social partnership in the field of VET.

政权更迭和市场开放给罗马尼亚带来了许多机遇，也带来了许多挑战。在经济方面，增长停滞不前，失业率上升，劳动力从生产率更高的制造业和服务业向农业逆向流动。人们感到需要重新培训工人以吸引外国直接投资。世界银行(World Bank)和欧盟(EU)这两个多边机构介入。欧洲联盟通过其Phare方案，通过为调整职业教育和培训提供必要的资金和经验，在这方面发挥了重要作用。这篇文章基于初级和二级资料，审查了多边机构所发挥的作用，并认为，尽管由于一些规划和操作缺陷，法尔职业教育培训方案在许多领域未能达到预期目标，但在启动课程开发、引入模块化、使罗马尼亚职业教育培训学校熟悉现代设备和教学法方面，这是一个相当成功的方案。并在职业教育领域播下了社会伙伴关系的种子。

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引用次数: 0

Anarchy Is What It Is Made Up Of: Reappraising Kenneth Waltz’s Grand Concept Through a Marxian Lens 无政府是由什么组成的:从马克思主义的视角重新评价肯尼斯·瓦尔兹的大概念

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00208817221137228

Shubham Sharma

In this article, I attempt to critically assess Kenneth Waltz’s deployment of the idea of anarchy to erect a ‘scientific theory of international politics’. First, I argue that the formation of a concept requires comprehension of the object from the standpoint of historical development, not a narrow reading of it. Second, I subject the thinner abstractions of self-help, balance of power and bandwagoning to the test of history. Third, I argue about mainstream international relations’ disdain for revolutions. I would posit that revolutions are fine templates which store rich agential history of structural transformation, a theme subject to much chagrin by realists of all hues, particularly neorealists. In doing so, I take the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 as my benchmark. I elucidate that through the occlusion of first and second images, man and state, in the favour of third image, that is, structural anarchy, Waltz tends to ignore the role of agency as a conscious collective which could be best captured by the Bolshevik Revolution. In doing so, I rely on Perry Anderson’s three modes of agency in history. As a corrective to Waltz’s theorization, I make a strong case for class transcending both man and state as an organic category with immense potential of becoming a level of analysis which both acts upon the structure and refracts through it. I finally conclude by saying that anarchy was a condition and not a ‘social relation’ of any sort which could claim to constitute the ‘international’.

在这篇文章中，我试图批判性地评价肯尼斯·瓦尔兹对无政府主义思想的运用，以建立一种“国际政治的科学理论”。首先，我认为，一个概念的形成需要从历史发展的角度来理解这个对象，而不是狭隘地解读它。其次，我将自助、权力平衡和随波逐流等较为抽象的概念置于历史的检验之下。第三，我论述了主流国际关系对革命的蔑视。我认为，革命是很好的模板，它存储了丰富的结构转型代理历史，这是一个让各种现实主义者，尤其是新现实主义者感到懊恼的主题。在这样做的时候，我把1917年的布尔什维克革命作为我的基准。我要说明的是，通过第一和第二意象——人与国家——的闭塞，瓦尔兹倾向于忽视作为一个有意识的集体的能动者的角色，这一角色可以被布尔什维克革命最好地捕捉到。在这样做的过程中，我依赖于佩里·安德森在历史上的三种代理模式。作为对华尔兹理论的纠正，我提出了一个强有力的例子，即阶级超越了人和国家，作为一个有机范畴，具有巨大的潜力，可以成为一种既作用于结构又通过结构折射的分析水平。我最后总结说，无政府状态是一种状态，而不是任何一种可以声称构成“国际”的“社会关系”。

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引用次数: 0

Ukraine Crisis and Shifting Sands in North Africa 乌克兰危机和北非流沙

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00208817221127519

S. Bhattacharya

Located in northwest Africa, Western Sahara was under Spanish occupation from 1884–1975. Some of the world’s richest fishing waters can be found in Western Sahara. It also holds one of the world’s most extensive phosphates reserves. Since 1975, Morocco has been de facto governing over 80% of the land known as the Moroccan Sahara. Polisario Front, backed by Algeria, has been fighting for the independent Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). Despite an UN-mediated ceasefire in 1991 for a referendum for self-determination and the presence of Mission for the Organization of a Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) to oversee the process, the referendum never took place. In December 2020, President Trump recognized Moroccan claim over Western Sahara in exchange for a normalization deal between Morocco and Israel. While President Biden’s administration now appears to support Trump’s policy tacitly, the Ukraine crisis has provided Algeria with a fresh opportunity. Algeria is Europe’s biggest gas exporter in Africa. Moreover, it is also a strong ally of Russia. As Spain backed Morocco’s proposition to create an autonomous Western Sahara territory under Moroccan control, this change of position will undoubtedly disturb the North-African diplomatic equilibrium, and the implications could be dangerous.

西撒哈拉位于非洲西北部，从1884年到1975年被西班牙占领。在西撒哈拉可以找到一些世界上最丰富的捕鱼水域。它还拥有世界上最广泛的磷酸盐储备之一。自1975年以来，摩洛哥实际上控制着80%以上的土地，即摩洛哥撒哈拉沙漠。由阿尔及利亚支持的波利萨里奥阵线一直在为独立的阿拉伯撒哈拉民主共和国(SADR)而战。尽管在联合国的斡旋下，1991年双方达成了停火协议，以进行自决公投，西撒哈拉全民投票组织特派团(西撒特派团)也在现场监督这一进程，但全民投票从未举行过。2020年12月，特朗普总统承认摩洛哥对西撒哈拉的主权要求，以换取摩洛哥和以色列之间的正常化协议。虽然拜登政府现在似乎默许了特朗普的政策，但乌克兰危机为阿尔及利亚提供了一个新的机会。阿尔及利亚是欧洲在非洲最大的天然气出口国。此外，它也是俄罗斯的强大盟友。由于西班牙支持摩洛哥提出的在摩洛哥控制下建立一个自治的西撒哈拉领土的建议，这种立场的改变无疑将扰乱北非的外交平衡，其影响可能是危险的。

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引用次数: 1

The Unintended Consequences of Information Provision: The World Health Organization and Border Restrictions during COVID-19. 信息提供的意外后果：世界卫生组织和新冠肺炎期间的边境限制。

IF 1.8 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-09-21 eCollection Date: 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/isp/ekac010

Catherine Z Worsnop, Karen A Grépin, Kelley Lee, Summer Marion

Why do some international agreements fail to achieve their goals? Rather than states' engaging in cheap talk, evasion, or shallow commitments, the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR)-the agreement governing states' and WHO's response to global health emergencies-point to the unintended consequences of information provision. The IHR have a dual goal of providing public health protection from health threats while minimizing unnecessary interference in international traffic. As such, during major outbreaks WHO provides information about spread and severity, as well as guidance about how states should respond, primarily regarding border policies. During COVID-19, border restrictions such as entry restrictions, flight suspensions, and border closures have been commonplace even though WHO recommended against such policies when it declared the outbreak a public health emergency in January 2020. Building on findings from the 2014 Ebola outbreak, we argue that without raising the cost of disregarding (or the benefits of following) recommendations against border restrictions, information from WHO about outbreak spread and severity leads states to impose border restrictions inconsistent with WHO's guidance. Using new data from COVID-19, we show that WHO's public health emergency declaration and pandemic announcement are associated with increases in the number of states imposing border restrictions.

为什么一些国际协议未能实现其目标？世界卫生组织（世界卫生组织）的《国际卫生条例》（IHR）——各国和世界卫生组织应对全球卫生紧急情况的协议——指出了信息提供的意外后果，而不是各国的廉价言论、逃避或肤浅承诺。《国际卫生条例》的双重目标是提供公共卫生保护，使其免受健康威胁，同时最大限度地减少对国际交通的不必要干扰。因此，在重大疫情期间，世界卫生组织提供有关传播和严重程度的信息，以及各国应如何应对的指导，主要是关于边境政策。在新冠肺炎期间，入境限制、航班暂停和边境关闭等边境限制措施司空见惯，尽管世界卫生组织在2020年1月宣布疫情为突发公共卫生事件时建议不要采取此类政策。根据2014年埃博拉疫情的调查结果，我们认为，在不增加无视（或遵循）反对边境限制的建议的成本的情况下，世界卫生组织关于疫情传播和严重程度的信息导致各国实施与世界卫生组织指导意见不一致的边境限制。利用新冠肺炎的新数据，我们发现世界卫生组织的公共卫生紧急状态宣言和疫情公告与实施边境限制的国家数量增加有关。

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引用次数: 0

Forum: Gendered Dynamics of Academic Networks 论坛:学术网络的性别动态

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.1093/isp/ekac009

Jamie Scalera Elliott, S. Mitchell, Michelle L. Dion, Thomas R. Vargas, Yanna Krupnikov, Kerri Milita, John Barry Ryan, Victoria Smith, Hillary Style, Kerry F. Crawford, L. Windsor, C. Fattore, Marijke Breuning, J. Ramos

This forum examines whether scholars’ access to networks in the international studies profession is gendered and if so, the consequences of those networks for personal and professional success. Academic networks that encompass both professional and personal connections have been proposed as one solution to chilly climate issues because they provide a dual function of enhancing scholarly productivity and inclusion in the profession. The articles in the forum consider both professional (e.g., citation) and personal (e.g., mentorship, friendship) networks, as well as traditional (e.g., invited talks) and nontraditional (e.g., social media) networks. The authors show that biases that arise through the gendered nature of academic networks can be mitigated through social media, mentoring, and friendship networks. However, we must also be cognizant of other factors that create barriers for women in the profession (e.g., university prestige, parenthood, COVID-19).

这个论坛考察了学者在国际研究职业中接触网络的机会是否是性别化的，如果是，这些网络对个人和职业成功的影响。包括专业和个人关系的学术网络被认为是解决寒冷气候问题的一种解决方案，因为它们提供了提高学术生产力和融入专业的双重功能。论坛中的文章考虑了专业（如引文）和个人（如导师关系、友谊）网络，以及传统（如受邀演讲）和非传统（如社交媒体）网络。作者表明，由于学术网络的性别性质而产生的偏见可以通过社交媒体、辅导和友谊网络来缓解。然而，我们还必须认识到给女性职业生涯带来障碍的其他因素（例如，大学声望、父母身份、新冠肺炎）。

引用次数: 0

Localizing the International Relations Classroom: Evaluation of Academic Partnerships with City Government 国际关系课堂的本土化:与市政府学术合作的评估

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.1093/isp/ekac008

M. Baer, H. Haddad

As the world becomes increasingly “smaller,” global governance too shifts beyond states and formal agreements to include norms and actors at all levels of government and society. Cities, in particular, are emergent actors in global affairs. This paper examines a new type of experiential learning model for this burgeoning local–global governance: academic partnerships with city governments for undergraduate international relations courses. Occidental College and Pomona College have partnered with the Los Angeles Mayor's Office to localize and adopt the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study focuses on two Spring 2021 Task Force courses, where students worked in consultation with the Mayor's Office to conduct policy research on local implementation of SDG 5 on gender equality. It analyzes the pedagogical value of the Task Force courses with a focus on student learning outcomes and challenges. Through qualitative content analysis of student reflection papers, we find that the courses generate substantial student learning, particularly in higher forms of learning, including development of research and professional skills and metacognitive reflection on “doing theory,” or praxis, within the international relations discipline. Further, these partnerships also benefit the city, as they generate valuable data that inform policymaking.

随着世界变得越来越“小”，全球治理也从国家和正式协议转向包括各级政府和社会的规范和行为者。城市尤其是全球事务中的新兴行动者。本文探讨了这种新兴的地方-全球治理的一种新型体验式学习模式：与城市政府建立本科国际关系课程的学术伙伴关系。西方学院和波莫纳学院与洛杉矶市长办公室合作，本地化并采用联合国可持续发展目标。这项研究的重点是2021年春季工作组的两门课程，学生们与市长办公室协商，就当地实施性别平等可持续发展目标5的情况进行政策研究。它分析了工作队课程的教学价值，重点关注学生的学习成果和挑战。通过对学生反思论文的定性内容分析，我们发现这些课程为学生带来了实质性的学习，尤其是在高等形式的学习中，包括研究和专业技能的发展，以及在国际关系学科中对“做理论”或实践的元认知反思。此外，这些伙伴关系也有利于城市，因为它们产生了有价值的数据，为决策提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Forum: Searching for a Global Solidarity: A Collective Auto-Ethnography of Early-Career Women Researchers in the Asia-Pacific 论坛:寻求全球团结:亚太地区早期职业女性研究人员的集体汽车人种志

IF 2.4 1区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Studies Perspectives

Pub Date : 2022-07-28 DOI: 10.1093/isp/ekac007

A. Agarwal, Ching-Chang Chen, Shine Choi, F. Cruz, Chiew-Ping Hoo, Atsuko Watanabe

This forum critically reflects on discrimination faced by early-career women international relations (IR) scholars in the Asia-Pacific region in their workplaces and beyond. By taking a self-ethnographic perspective, six contributors from five countries provide an engaging overview of difficulties they face in their everyday lives. Against the backdrop of this diverse and globalizing region, the contributors are all academic migrants in search of employment and learning opportunities within the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. They lead migratory lives by frequently crossing ideational and material boundaries to contribute to a more diverse IR knowledge base, and they encounter numerous difficulties and forms of discrimination. This forum has two aims. First, in reflecting on the contributors’ own lived experiences, it highlights the diversity of issues faced by early-career women scholars in this region. Second, it calls for novel, more inclusive forms of solidarity that appreciates diversity as plurality across any divides.

本次论坛批判性地反思了亚太地区早期职业女性国际关系学者在工作场所和其他地方所面临的歧视。从自我民族志的角度来看，来自五个国家的六位作者提供了他们在日常生活中面临的困难的引人入胜的概述。在这个多元化和全球化的地区背景下，贡献者都是在亚太地区内外寻找就业和学习机会的学术移民。他们过着迁徙的生活，经常跨越思想和物质的界限，为更多样化的国际关系知识库做出贡献，他们遇到了许多困难和各种形式的歧视。这个论坛有两个目的。首先，通过对作者自身生活经历的反思，本书突出了该地区早期职业女性学者所面临问题的多样性。第二，它要求新的、更具包容性的团结形式，将多样性视为跨越任何分歧的多元性。

引用次数: 1