Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00208817221093157
G. Jha
Recently, the national and international media have cast Tablighi Jama’at (TJ)’s image and its members as the potential vectors for spreading the COVID-19 coronavirus globally. The media coverage also became significant as the TJ cast off the government’s advice to adjourn the congregation organized during the initial stage of spreading the virus in India, Indonesia and Malaysia and instead decried the government for interfering in its religious meetings and practices. The article discusses its ideological roots in various Islamic revivalist movements and activities inspired by pan-Islamic trends. TJ and its dogmatic ideological base are responsible for re-Islamizing a large section of lower and lower-middle-class Muslims. TJ calls for fellow Muslims to follow the puritanical form of Islamic practices to establish an Islamic state based on Sharia. The article also highlights that TJ’s conscious racial ghettoization efforts have resulted in an anomalous society, jeopardizing social harmony.
{"title":"Congregation of Tablighi Jama’at During the Pandemic COVID-19 and Its Agenda in India and Indonesia","authors":"G. Jha","doi":"10.1177/00208817221093157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817221093157","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the national and international media have cast Tablighi Jama’at (TJ)’s image and its members as the potential vectors for spreading the COVID-19 coronavirus globally. The media coverage also became significant as the TJ cast off the government’s advice to adjourn the congregation organized during the initial stage of spreading the virus in India, Indonesia and Malaysia and instead decried the government for interfering in its religious meetings and practices. The article discusses its ideological roots in various Islamic revivalist movements and activities inspired by pan-Islamic trends. TJ and its dogmatic ideological base are responsible for re-Islamizing a large section of lower and lower-middle-class Muslims. TJ calls for fellow Muslims to follow the puritanical form of Islamic practices to establish an Islamic state based on Sharia. The article also highlights that TJ’s conscious racial ghettoization efforts have resulted in an anomalous society, jeopardizing social harmony.","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"16 1","pages":"76 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83174817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00208817221085446
S. Nath
The article analyses how masculine social norms shape the idea of survivors/victims in International Politics. It will conceptually analyse how masculine social norms have been normalised through militarism and militarized masculinity in international politics. In this process, it will locate how international politics has conceived male survivors of sexualised torture. It will use a gender lens in understanding the discourse and practice of torture in armed conflicts. It argues that there exists a gender-based binary in the way victimhood in conflict situations has been perceived in international politics where victims are generally seen to be women and the perpetrators are men. It uses a critical feminist perspective in problematizing the essentialist gender-based binary between victims and perpetrators of violence particularly sexual and gender-based violence. There exists silence in international politics in the ways that male victims of sexualised torture during conflict situations have been perceived in international politics. This silence reflects the power of social construction of masculinity in international politics. The silence is manifested in the way sexual and gender-based violence on men and boys in conflict situations have been often seen under the broad rubrics of torture which overlooks the sexual harm involved in the practice.
{"title":"Examining Militarized Masculinity, Violence and Conflict: Male Survivors of Torture in International Politics","authors":"S. Nath","doi":"10.1177/00208817221085446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817221085446","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses how masculine social norms shape the idea of survivors/victims in International Politics. It will conceptually analyse how masculine social norms have been normalised through militarism and militarized masculinity in international politics. In this process, it will locate how international politics has conceived male survivors of sexualised torture. It will use a gender lens in understanding the discourse and practice of torture in armed conflicts. It argues that there exists a gender-based binary in the way victimhood in conflict situations has been perceived in international politics where victims are generally seen to be women and the perpetrators are men. It uses a critical feminist perspective in problematizing the essentialist gender-based binary between victims and perpetrators of violence particularly sexual and gender-based violence. There exists silence in international politics in the ways that male victims of sexualised torture during conflict situations have been perceived in international politics. This silence reflects the power of social construction of masculinity in international politics. The silence is manifested in the way sexual and gender-based violence on men and boys in conflict situations have been often seen under the broad rubrics of torture which overlooks the sexual harm involved in the practice.","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"38 1","pages":"43 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77643552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00208817221085423
Pablo Bustinduy
In recent years, a considerable attention has been paid to changes introduced by the Trump administration in the general orientation of the US foreign policy. Using the transatlantic relation as a prism for analysis, this article assesses different interpretations of rupture and continuity in Trump’s foreign policy. It does so by distinguishing two main theories of populism, as a political style and as a political logic, from which derive very different implications for the analysis of Trump’s foreign policy legacy, the future of the transatlantic relation and the plausibility of a ‘return to normalcy’ at a time of deep crisis of globalization.
{"title":"A Populist Foreign Policy? The Impact of the Trump Presidency on the Transatlantic Relation","authors":"Pablo Bustinduy","doi":"10.1177/00208817221085423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817221085423","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, a considerable attention has been paid to changes introduced by the Trump administration in the general orientation of the US foreign policy. Using the transatlantic relation as a prism for analysis, this article assesses different interpretations of rupture and continuity in Trump’s foreign policy. It does so by distinguishing two main theories of populism, as a political style and as a political logic, from which derive very different implications for the analysis of Trump’s foreign policy legacy, the future of the transatlantic relation and the plausibility of a ‘return to normalcy’ at a time of deep crisis of globalization.","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"11 1","pages":"28 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88735672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00208817221085414
Brittnee Carter
Early theories of alliance formation often focus on when great power or status quo states will enter into military alliances. However, revisionist powers, seeking to threaten the international order igniting global security concerns, often draw power from their alliances with small regional neighbours and weak states. Though several studies discuss indicators that may potentially drive these weak states to bandwagon with revisionist powers to the detriment of protecting status quo security interests, many of these theories have yet to be tested empirically, let alone be presented and tested within the same study. This research empirically tests the conditions under which weak states will form bandwagoning alliances with aggressor states. The results demonstrate that weak states will form bandwagoning alliances with neighbouring regional aggressors, when facing an external threat, and especially under conditions of internal duress or domestic political strife. In order to protect global security interests and to keep aggressor and revisionist states from gaining power and influence through bandwagoning alliances, status quo states should identify internally destabilized weak states and offer early assistance in state building and increasing bureaucratic capacity.
{"title":"Revisiting the Bandwagoning Hypothesis: A Statistical Analysis of the Alliance Dynamics of Small States","authors":"Brittnee Carter","doi":"10.1177/00208817221085414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817221085414","url":null,"abstract":"Early theories of alliance formation often focus on when great power or status quo states will enter into military alliances. However, revisionist powers, seeking to threaten the international order igniting global security concerns, often draw power from their alliances with small regional neighbours and weak states. Though several studies discuss indicators that may potentially drive these weak states to bandwagon with revisionist powers to the detriment of protecting status quo security interests, many of these theories have yet to be tested empirically, let alone be presented and tested within the same study. This research empirically tests the conditions under which weak states will form bandwagoning alliances with aggressor states. The results demonstrate that weak states will form bandwagoning alliances with neighbouring regional aggressors, when facing an external threat, and especially under conditions of internal duress or domestic political strife. In order to protect global security interests and to keep aggressor and revisionist states from gaining power and influence through bandwagoning alliances, status quo states should identify internally destabilized weak states and offer early assistance in state building and increasing bureaucratic capacity.","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"22 1","pages":"7 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89106190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00208817221076638
Pramod Kumar
{"title":"Kjetil Duvold, Sten Berglund and Jokaim Ekman, Political Culture in Baltic States: Between National and European Integration","authors":"Pramod Kumar","doi":"10.1177/00208817221076638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817221076638","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"41 1","pages":"106 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78672334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00208817221085461
Nisha Garud-Patkar
This study examined the mediated public diplomacy (MPD) contest between the United States (US) and Pakistan in promoting their preferred frames in foreign media during a conflict: the death of Osama bin Laden. MPD is the process through which a nation constructs favourable frames and communicates them via the mass media to build a positive image in a foreign country (Entman, 2008) and to promote its foreign policy. Using frame building and Entman’s (2008) theory of MPD, the study first content analyzed news articles published in The New York Times of the US and The Dawn of Pakistan and official releases published by the governments in the two nations to investigate frames they constructed about the death of bin Laden. Next, it analyses news articles published in the foreign media of Australia, India, Saudi Arabia and Egypt to examine the extent to which these frames were adopted by newspapers in these foreign nations. Analysis shows that the US-sponsored frames (government and media) dominated the foreign media in Australia, India and Saudi Arabia. However, in Egypt, the US was not successful in promoting its preferred frames. The study concludes that in contested public diplomacy over a single conflicting event, political and cultural proximities to a foreign nation do not imply that a nation will be successful in dominating the media of the foreign nation. The study suggests that MPD is a complex process that involves multiple factors and their interactivity that determines successful frame building in the international arena.
{"title":"Mediated Public Diplomacy: Frame-building Contest Between the United States and Pakistan During a Conflict","authors":"Nisha Garud-Patkar","doi":"10.1177/00208817221085461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817221085461","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the mediated public diplomacy (MPD) contest between the United States (US) and Pakistan in promoting their preferred frames in foreign media during a conflict: the death of Osama bin Laden. MPD is the process through which a nation constructs favourable frames and communicates them via the mass media to build a positive image in a foreign country (Entman, 2008) and to promote its foreign policy. Using frame building and Entman’s (2008) theory of MPD, the study first content analyzed news articles published in The New York Times of the US and The Dawn of Pakistan and official releases published by the governments in the two nations to investigate frames they constructed about the death of bin Laden. Next, it analyses news articles published in the foreign media of Australia, India, Saudi Arabia and Egypt to examine the extent to which these frames were adopted by newspapers in these foreign nations. Analysis shows that the US-sponsored frames (government and media) dominated the foreign media in Australia, India and Saudi Arabia. However, in Egypt, the US was not successful in promoting its preferred frames. The study concludes that in contested public diplomacy over a single conflicting event, political and cultural proximities to a foreign nation do not imply that a nation will be successful in dominating the media of the foreign nation. The study suggests that MPD is a complex process that involves multiple factors and their interactivity that determines successful frame building in the international arena.","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"159 1","pages":"58 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78598774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-15DOI: 10.1177/00208817211064506
Swati Singh
{"title":"Vijay Gokhale, The Long Game: How the Chinese Negotiate with India","authors":"Swati Singh","doi":"10.1177/00208817211064506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817211064506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"56 1","pages":"103 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91249647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Educating global citizens has become part of higher education in international studies. Scholars argue that education includes having a global worldview that critically evaluates complex challenges in an ever-changing environment. Most agree that something more than classroom lecture is required to transform students’ perspectives, but debates exist about exactly what “more” means. Short-term study abroad courses have evolved as one way to offer a global experience to students, especially those who must balance work, school, and family life while also facing the economic restraints of higher education. These programs, however, have been criticized as providing little more than a voyeuristic view into the lives of others with no real experience with cultures, development of global citizenship, or true engagement with global issues. This study assesses the impact of a short-term study abroad program on students’ perceptions of their role as global citizens and identifies pedagogical tools that increase the likelihood that students will embrace global citizenship as a transformative learning experience. Using reflection papers and photo elicitation, this article shows that immersive short-term study abroad experiences that include extensive community engagement have the potential to change students’ perception of the world and the way they see their role in it.
{"title":"Developing Global Citizens through International Studies: Enhancing Student Voices and Active Learning in Short-Term Study Abroad Courses","authors":"T. Reuter, Stacy C. Moak","doi":"10.1093/isp/ekab018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekab018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Educating global citizens has become part of higher education in international studies. Scholars argue that education includes having a global worldview that critically evaluates complex challenges in an ever-changing environment. Most agree that something more than classroom lecture is required to transform students’ perspectives, but debates exist about exactly what “more” means. Short-term study abroad courses have evolved as one way to offer a global experience to students, especially those who must balance work, school, and family life while also facing the economic restraints of higher education. These programs, however, have been criticized as providing little more than a voyeuristic view into the lives of others with no real experience with cultures, development of global citizenship, or true engagement with global issues. This study assesses the impact of a short-term study abroad program on students’ perceptions of their role as global citizens and identifies pedagogical tools that increase the likelihood that students will embrace global citizenship as a transformative learning experience. Using reflection papers and photo elicitation, this article shows that immersive short-term study abroad experiences that include extensive community engagement have the potential to change students’ perception of the world and the way they see their role in it.","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43269111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1177/00208817211060913
Hüsna Taş Yetim
Many scholarly texts in the field of international relations have been published in recent years to show that inter-state relations remain hierarchical rather than anarchic (see, Lake, 2009; Zarakol, 2017). However, these texts focused on the importance of dominant norms in establishing, maintaining and legitimizing hierarchical relationships while ignoring how these norms (i.e., hierarchy) influence the hegemonic powers’ domestic policy. In other words, certain approaches to international hierarchy theorizing disregard the historical and present imbrications, feedbacks and reverberations of political, social, and institutional norms and behaviours that were/are tested in what were/are the (neo) imperial labs that form the primary site of the global order. Empire Within: International Hierarchy and its Imperial Laboratories of Governance, investigates how international hierarchies (as either imperialism or hegemonic) affect the internal policies of hegemonic powers (it means the spread of hierarchies). In this book, Alexander Barder seeks the answer to the following question: ‘In what ways does the practice of empire or hegemony reflect within domestic state institutions, culture, or ways of thinking? How can we understand the effects that the practices of international imperial relations have upon the domestic space?’ (p. 1). To answer this question, Barder (2015, 5–6, 53) develops the following two arguments.
{"title":"Alexander D. Barder, Empire Within: International Hierarchy and its Imperial Laboratories of Governance","authors":"Hüsna Taş Yetim","doi":"10.1177/00208817211060913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817211060913","url":null,"abstract":"Many scholarly texts in the field of international relations have been published in recent years to show that inter-state relations remain hierarchical rather than anarchic (see, Lake, 2009; Zarakol, 2017). However, these texts focused on the importance of dominant norms in establishing, maintaining and legitimizing hierarchical relationships while ignoring how these norms (i.e., hierarchy) influence the hegemonic powers’ domestic policy. In other words, certain approaches to international hierarchy theorizing disregard the historical and present imbrications, feedbacks and reverberations of political, social, and institutional norms and behaviours that were/are tested in what were/are the (neo) imperial labs that form the primary site of the global order. Empire Within: International Hierarchy and its Imperial Laboratories of Governance, investigates how international hierarchies (as either imperialism or hegemonic) affect the internal policies of hegemonic powers (it means the spread of hierarchies). In this book, Alexander Barder seeks the answer to the following question: ‘In what ways does the practice of empire or hegemony reflect within domestic state institutions, culture, or ways of thinking? How can we understand the effects that the practices of international imperial relations have upon the domestic space?’ (p. 1). To answer this question, Barder (2015, 5–6, 53) develops the following two arguments.","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"72 1","pages":"99 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79099244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1177/00208817211060916
W. J. Jones
{"title":"Vijay Prashad, Washington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations","authors":"W. J. Jones","doi":"10.1177/00208817211060916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00208817211060916","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47002,"journal":{"name":"International Studies Perspectives","volume":"32 1","pages":"97 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87380720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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