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William Croft, Morphosyntax: Constructions of the world’s languages (Textbook in Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. Pp. xxxvi + 688. William Croft, Morphosyntax：世界语言的构词法（语言学教科书）。剑桥：剑桥大学出版社，2022 年。第 xxxvi + 688 页。

IF 1.1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000324

R. Borsley

引用次数: 0

Comprehending non-canonical and indirect speech acts in German 理解德语中的非规范和间接言语行为

IF 1.1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000336

ANDREAS TROTZKE, LAURA REIMER

In this paper, we compare the comprehension of the speech act meaning of non-canonical speech acts (i.e., rhetorical questions and surprise-disapproval questions) with the comprehension of indirect speech acts (i.e., indirect requests). Both speech act types are ‘mixed’ in the sense that they involve secondary and primary illocutionary forces, but our hypothesis is that they differ in their degree of how salient their primary illocutionary force is: On the one hand, the primary illocution is signaled by non-contextual cues (non-canonical speech acts); on the other hand, it is derived via pragmatic inferencing (indirect speech acts). We thus expect their comprehension processes to be different. We conducted a judgment experiment to test whether both speech act types differ regarding how accurate the primary illocutionary force is identified and regarding how fast that force can be identified. Our results suggest that non-canonical speech acts and indirect speech acts are indeed two distinct pragmatic and psychological phenomena: While non-canonical speech acts are more accurately identified with their primary illocutionary force than indirect speech acts, participants need more time to perform this identification for non-canonical speech acts than for indirect speech acts. Our findings shed new light on the mapping between linguistic form and illocutionary force and on the pragmatic typology of speech acts in general.

在本文中，我们比较了非规范言语行为（即反问句和惊讶-否定句）和间接言语行为（即间接请求）的言语行为意义理解。这两种言语行为类型都是 "混合 "的，因为它们涉及次要和主要的致词力，但我们的假设是，它们在主要致词力的突出程度上有所不同：一方面，主要作用力是通过非语境线索（非规范言语行为）发出的信号；另一方面，主要作用力是通过语用推断（间接言语行为）产生的。因此，我们预计他们的理解过程会有所不同。我们进行了一项判断实验，以检验这两种言语行为类型在识别主要句法力的准确性和识别该句法力的速度方面是否存在差异。我们的结果表明，非规范言语行为和间接言语行为确实是两种不同的语用和心理现象：与间接言语行为相比，非规范言语行为能更准确地识别出其主要的致词力，但与间接言语行为相比，非规范言语行为的参与者需要更多的时间来进行识别。我们的研究结果为语言形式和致词力之间的映射以及一般言语行为的语用类型学提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Non-canonical questions at the syntax-prosody interface 语法-韵律界面的非规范问题

IF 1.1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000312

AGNÈS CELLE, MAUD PÉLISSIER

This special issue is dedicated to the syntax-prosody interface in non-canonical questions and originated in the international workshop Non-Canonical Questions at the Syntax-Prosody Interface, organised at the Université Paris Cité and held online in November 2020. Recent research has demonstrated that the phonology-syntax relation cannot solely account for prosodic structure, prosody being closely intertwined with discourse organisation, information structure and focus structure (Gussenhoven 1983, Féry 2001). Questions are a case in point, as they crucially call on the addressee before a proposition may be added to the common ground.

本期特刊专门讨论非规范问题中的语法-韵律界面，起源于2020年11月在巴黎城市大学组织并在线举行的“语法-韵律界面中的非规范问题”国际研讨会。最近的研究表明，语音-句法关系不能单独解释韵律结构，韵律与话语组织、信息结构和焦点结构密切相关(Gussenhoven 1983, fsamry 2001)。问题就是一个很好的例子，因为在一个命题被添加到共同基础之前，它们至关重要地要求收件人。

引用次数: 1

Distributive numerals in Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语中的分配数

IF 1.1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000300

BUJAR RUSHITI, CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN

This paper investigates nga-marked numerals in Albanian. They qualify as distributive numerals, since the presence of nga on the numeral yields a distributive reading of the sentences they belong to. Beyond their differences, most of the previous accounts rely on the hypothesis that distributive numerals introduce some kind of semantic feature, e.g. a covariation feature; an evaluation plurality requirement, also called a post-suppositional plurality requirement; or a distributivity force. Our main claim goes against this trend of thinking. We propose that distributive numerals do not carry any semantic feature but only a formal syntactic feature that needs to enter a syntactic dependency relation with a distributivity feature. The analysis is implemented in terms of Zeijlstra’s (2004) upward agree.

本文研究了阿尔巴尼亚语中ga标记的数字。它们被称为分布数字，因为在数字上出现nga会对它们所属的句子产生分布阅读。除了它们的差异之外，之前的大多数解释都依赖于这样一个假设，即分布数字引入了某种语义特征，例如协变特征;评价多元性要求，也称为后假设多元性要求;或者说分配力。我们的主要主张与这种思维趋势相反。我们提出分配数不携带任何语义特征，而只携带一个形式句法特征，该句法特征需要与分配性特征进入句法依赖关系。分析是按照Zeijlstra(2004)的向上同意来实施的。

引用次数: 0

L’é ciaro che se dise cusì. On Change in the System of Expletive Subject Clitics in Opitergino 我' ' org ciaro che se dise cusì。论Opitergino中咒骂主词政治体系的变迁

2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000282

CHIARA ZANINI, GRETA BATTISTELLA, FRANCESCO GARDANI

Expletive subject clitics (ESCs) are pronominal elements that occur in impersonal contexts with which no individual reference is associated. Their presence strikingly distinguishes northern Italo-Romance varieties from standard Italian. We target this structural incongruence by studying the occurrence of ESCs in present-day Opitergino, a virtually unstudied Venetan variety. We explore the question of whether, in the wake of a profound transformation in the sociolinguistic environment that occurred between the first half of the 20th century and early 2020 years, the contact between Opitergino and now-dominant Italian has induced change in the Opitergino ESC system. To test whether change has occurred and to what extent, we compare the results of an extensive online survey we conducted in 2022 with the baseline rules we extracted from speakers born before 1942. We observe that while the system is overall stable, a thread of change is ongoing and manifests in (a) rule weakening in declaratives and (b) erosion of the obligatoriness of ESCs in interrogatives. We argue that this change is likely to be an effect of contact, resulting in structural convergence but not in loss, and affected the part of the ESC system that features more optionality, namely, the domain of declarative clauses.

咒骂主语从句是指在非人称语境中出现的代词成分，不与个人指称相关联。它们的存在显著地将北部意大利-罗曼语变体与标准意大利语区分开来。我们通过研究当今Opitergino(一种几乎未研究过的委内瑞拉品种)中esc的发生来瞄准这种结构不一致。我们探讨的问题是，在20世纪上半叶至2020年初发生的社会语言学环境的深刻变革之后，Opitergino和现在占主导地位的意大利语之间的接触是否导致了Opitergino ESC系统的变化。为了测试是否发生了变化以及变化的程度，我们将2022年进行的一项广泛的在线调查的结果与我们从1942年之前出生的人身上提取的基线规则进行了比较。我们观察到，虽然系统总体上是稳定的，但变化的线索正在进行中，并表现在(a)陈述句中的规则弱化和(b)疑问句中ESCs的强制性受到侵蚀。我们认为，这种变化很可能是接触的影响，导致结构收敛而不是损失，并影响了ESC系统中具有更多可选性的部分，即陈述句领域。

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EDITORIAL NOTE 编者按

IF 1.1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000257

引用次数: 0

LIN volume 59 issue 4 Cover and Front matter LIN第59卷第4期封面和封面问题

2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000245

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

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LIN volume 59 issue 4 Cover and Back matter LIN卷59期4封面和封底

2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000269

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Gender marking in the first-person singular: A case of paradigm (in)consistency – ERRATUM 第一人称单数中的性别标记:范式一致性的一个案例-勘误

2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000270

THOMAS BERG

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Gender marking in the first-person singular: A case of paradigm (in)consistency 第一人称单数的性别标记：范式一致性的一个例子

IF 1.1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1017/s0022226723000191

Thomas Berg

Since the sex of the speaker is normally as obvious as can be, there is no point in coding first-person singular gender – or so it may seem. This typological study examines the extent of sex-based gender marking in personal pronouns, possessive determiners, predicative adjectives, and verbs across first-, second-, and third-person singular. A worldwide perusal of grammars in addition to data elicitation yields a total of 115 languages with first-person gender. The paradigms of pronouns and possessives are found to be highly inconsistent, whereas those of verbs show a tendency towards consistency. Gender marking on adjectives is fully consistent. The likelihood of first-person gender is increased by a general sensitivity to gender and a dedicated gender morpheme. A distinction is made between pronouns and possessives as referential units and gender markers on verbs and adjectives as grammatical units. By their very nature, referential markers are sensitive to the contingencies of the extralinguistic world and subject to communicative constraints such as redundancy and economy. They therefore end up being organized in inconsistent paradigms. By contrast, grammatical units are largely untouched by these extraneous influences and may therefore develop consistent paradigms.

由于说话者的性别通常是显而易见的，所以将第一人称单数性别编码是没有意义的——或者看起来是这样。本类型学研究考察了人称代词、所有格限定词、谓语形容词和第一、第二和第三人称单数动词中基于性别的性别标记的程度。除数据提取外，在世界范围内仔细阅读语法，总共有115种第一人称语言。代词和所有格的范式高度不一致，而动词的范式则呈现出一致的趋势。形容词的性别标注是完全一致的。第一人称性别的可能性由于对性别的普遍敏感性和专门的性别语素而增加。代词和所有格作为指称单位，动词和形容词的性别标记作为语法单位。就其本质而言，指称标记对语外世界的偶然性非常敏感，并受到诸如冗余性和经济性等交际约束。因此，它们最终以不一致的范式组织起来。相比之下，语法单位在很大程度上不受这些外来影响，因此可能会发展出一致的范式。

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