Pub Date : 2023-01-30DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2168333
Joseph Oldham
ABSTRACT John le Carré’s spy fiction has long been hailed as an ‘opposite’ to Ian Fleming’s James Bond stories. This article re-examines this rivalry, first exploring how le Carré’s breakthrough, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) subverts the conventional Bondian narrative. I then examine le Carré’s development of a thesis on Bond as a figure whose consumerist qualities negated any moral core, an idea later developed into a subversion of the Bond persona in The Tailor of Panama (1996). Ultimately I argue that le Carré needed Bond as a rival against which to position his own oeuvre.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-08DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2164604
Srdjan Vucetic
{"title":"The real special relationship: the true story of how the British and US secret services work together","authors":"Srdjan Vucetic","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2022.2164604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2022.2164604","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":"38 1","pages":"835 - 838"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47723992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-08DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2164601
M. Grzegorzewski
{"title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of warfare: the USA, China, and strategic stability","authors":"M. Grzegorzewski","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2022.2164601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2022.2164601","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":"38 1","pages":"668 - 669"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43340522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-04DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2164602
K. Jensen
swarms, hypersonic weapons, and cyber capabilities. Johnson notes AI-enabled drone swarms could be used to gather intelligence on adversaries or engage in offensive and defensive missions. Johnson notes that relatively cheap and available drone swarms could easily be used as asymmetric tools against a more powerful adversary. Regarding AI-enabled hypersonic weapons, the author notes this too could be a destabilizing force in strategic stability since it would essentially reduce another state’s nuclear credibility. Finally, the author discusses how AI-enabled cyber operations will speed up decision-making time, and as a result questions at what point human decision-making might detract from the speed and precision needed for AI-enabled cyber operations. Johnson brings it all together in chapter 9 discussing the interplay of human psychology and intelligent machines. Undoubtedly, AI will bring some capabilities to human decision makers and at times improve their decision making. Yet, the author also notes, correctly, that this capability will likely increase the speed at which decisions are made and at times lead to suboptimal decisions. In a crisis situation, where empathetic and reflective thinking is needed most, accelerated AI-enabled decision making could erode stability. Moreover, Johnson discusses the network effects of superimposing AI technologies on to legacy nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) systems. This is an important point that often goes unrecognized. By adding imperfect AI systems to vulnerable (and aging) NC3 systems, are we just compounding risk to our systems? Johnson accurately notes that this synthesis will likely increase ‘errors, distortions, and manipulations’, which in turn will erode strategic stability. While I loved Johnson’s newest work, it may not be accessible to all, and that’s okay. This book was not written for a broad audience or undergraduate students. It is written for strategic-level theorists with an interest in how emerging technologies will influence the environment. That is a niche audience. Luckily, I am part of that audience and Johnson’s contribution powerfully spoke directly to my academic interest and influenced how I view the future of warfare.
{"title":"Secret Alliances: Special Operations and Intelligence in Norway 1940-1945 – The British Perspective","authors":"K. Jensen","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2022.2164602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2022.2164602","url":null,"abstract":"swarms, hypersonic weapons, and cyber capabilities. Johnson notes AI-enabled drone swarms could be used to gather intelligence on adversaries or engage in offensive and defensive missions. Johnson notes that relatively cheap and available drone swarms could easily be used as asymmetric tools against a more powerful adversary. Regarding AI-enabled hypersonic weapons, the author notes this too could be a destabilizing force in strategic stability since it would essentially reduce another state’s nuclear credibility. Finally, the author discusses how AI-enabled cyber operations will speed up decision-making time, and as a result questions at what point human decision-making might detract from the speed and precision needed for AI-enabled cyber operations. Johnson brings it all together in chapter 9 discussing the interplay of human psychology and intelligent machines. Undoubtedly, AI will bring some capabilities to human decision makers and at times improve their decision making. Yet, the author also notes, correctly, that this capability will likely increase the speed at which decisions are made and at times lead to suboptimal decisions. In a crisis situation, where empathetic and reflective thinking is needed most, accelerated AI-enabled decision making could erode stability. Moreover, Johnson discusses the network effects of superimposing AI technologies on to legacy nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) systems. This is an important point that often goes unrecognized. By adding imperfect AI systems to vulnerable (and aging) NC3 systems, are we just compounding risk to our systems? Johnson accurately notes that this synthesis will likely increase ‘errors, distortions, and manipulations’, which in turn will erode strategic stability. While I loved Johnson’s newest work, it may not be accessible to all, and that’s okay. This book was not written for a broad audience or undergraduate students. It is written for strategic-level theorists with an interest in how emerging technologies will influence the environment. That is a niche audience. Luckily, I am part of that audience and Johnson’s contribution powerfully spoke directly to my academic interest and influenced how I view the future of warfare.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":"38 1","pages":"669 - 672"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45964573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-04DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2159659
Joseph Oldham
ABSTRACT This article explores methods and approaches by which scholars can examine the representation of intelligence agencies in television drama, arguing that television can be productively separated from literature and film by virtue of its mass audience, its institutional character, and the form of the episodic series, which typically causes its narratives to hew towards the conservative and affirmative. This will be explored through and complicated by a case study of the career of television writer George Markstein and three series which he played a key role in creating and overseeing: The Prisoner, Special Branch and Mr Palfrey of Westminster.
{"title":"‘What goes on behind the cloaks and daggers’: George Markstein and the dramatization of counterintelligence on British television","authors":"Joseph Oldham","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2022.2159659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2022.2159659","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores methods and approaches by which scholars can examine the representation of intelligence agencies in television drama, arguing that television can be productively separated from literature and film by virtue of its mass audience, its institutional character, and the form of the episodic series, which typically causes its narratives to hew towards the conservative and affirmative. This will be explored through and complicated by a case study of the career of television writer George Markstein and three series which he played a key role in creating and overseeing: The Prisoner, Special Branch and Mr Palfrey of Westminster.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":"38 1","pages":"628 - 642"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45422472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2151755
Simon Willmetts
ABSTRACT This article will explore themany different realisms of John le Carré’s work, from the legacyof Nineteenth Century literary realism to the distinct tradition of“spy realism” that defined itself against the “spy romance”format epitomized by James Bond. Finally, this article will arguethat le Carré’s works challenged dominant historiographies of theCold War. In doing so, le Carré’s fictions pose questions tohistorians about the ways in which we understand and conceptualizethe so-called “real world of espionage”, and wider political,diplomatic, social and cultural currents it is intertwined with.
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Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2159115
Francis J. Suttill
ABSTRACT SOE’s resistance circuit Prosper was destroyed suddenly and rapidly. In the absence of any information as to the causes of this collapse, conspiracy theories developed suggesting that the British had somehow deliberately sacrificed the circuit as part of a deception plan. Newly released information enables the sequence of events that led up to this disaster to be set out in detail, making it clear that the circuit was not, and could not have been, betrayed as part of a deception plan nor could anyone in Britain have played any part in the speed with which the circuit was rounded up.
{"title":"Was the Prosper French resistance circuit betrayed by the British in 1943?","authors":"Francis J. Suttill","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2022.2159115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2022.2159115","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT SOE’s resistance circuit Prosper was destroyed suddenly and rapidly. In the absence of any information as to the causes of this collapse, conspiracy theories developed suggesting that the British had somehow deliberately sacrificed the circuit as part of a deception plan. Newly released information enables the sequence of events that led up to this disaster to be set out in detail, making it clear that the circuit was not, and could not have been, betrayed as part of a deception plan nor could anyone in Britain have played any part in the speed with which the circuit was rounded up.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":"38 1","pages":"654 - 661"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44391540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2151757
Ariel Whitfield Sobel
ABSTRACT This article examines the representations of theatricality and the actor in le Carré’s work, using Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974) and The Little Drummer Girl (1983) as case studies. Additionally, it will analyse the importance of the actor and performance in these two novels, and how it relates to the 'real world' practice of espionage at the time. It will also examine how the actor/spy relationship has been addressed in film and television adaptations of le Carré’s work, drawing from Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011) and The Little Drummer Girl (2018).
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Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2145054
Ryan Shaffer
Dheeraj Paramesha Chaya examines India’s intelligence culture by drawing from archives, author interviews with senior Indian intelligence officers and secondary sources. Exploring specific cases of Indian intelligence failures and strategic surprises, he argues that intelligence culture is the key factor to understanding ‘intelligence-surprise dynamics’. Chaya further argues, ‘Western theories of intelligence performances and strategic surprises’ have limitations when applied to India (p.4). A foreword by Vikram Sood, former head of India’s foreign intelligence service Research and Analysis Wing from 2000 to 2003, praises the book by describing it as ‘perhaps the first academic work on India’s foreign intelligence culture’ and ‘sets the record straight with archival information and elite interviews’ (p.x). Indeed, the book provides insight into Indian intelligence, covering nearly 2,000 years, and includes insightful interviews with Indian intelligence figures (the named interviewees are listed in the appendix). The book is organized into four topical sections consisting of nine chapters, not including the introduction and epilogue. The first part explores theoretical aspects of Indian intelligence, definitions and a literature review, noting how a cultural analysis of Indian intelligence provides insight into intelligence successes and failures. Chaya explains, ‘It is necessary to understand the philosophies and thought processes governing a nation’s security processes to ideally locate and understand the role played by its intelligence agencies’ (p.25). The second section explores the evolution of intelligence from the second and third centuries before common era (BCE) until the start of post-colonial Indian intelligence. Beginning with Kautilya (375–283 BCE) and his ancient statecraft treatise the Arthashastra, Chaya explains knowledge was vital for state survival and ‘knowledge culture’ was the basis of the Kautilyan state. Turning to British colonial intelligence in India before 1947, he argues that Kautilyan thought remained ‘the basis for statecraft until the advent of the colonial rule’ which disappeared due to the ‘requirements of the colonial state’ that had a ‘reactive intelligence culture’ focused more internally than externally (p.64). Chaya describes how after independence in 1947 the colonial intelligence culture continued, which was marked by mainly responding to threats and shaped by the intelligence managers in contrast to the Kautilyan state’s ‘top-down’ approach. Moving to more recent events, the third part examines the 1962 Sino-Indian War, the 1971 IndoPak War and the 1999 Kargil War. First analysing the background and failures that led to China’s 1962 undetected infiltration of India, Chaya concludes
{"title":"India’s intelligence culture and strategic surprises: spying for South block","authors":"Ryan Shaffer","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2022.2145054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2022.2145054","url":null,"abstract":"Dheeraj Paramesha Chaya examines India’s intelligence culture by drawing from archives, author interviews with senior Indian intelligence officers and secondary sources. Exploring specific cases of Indian intelligence failures and strategic surprises, he argues that intelligence culture is the key factor to understanding ‘intelligence-surprise dynamics’. Chaya further argues, ‘Western theories of intelligence performances and strategic surprises’ have limitations when applied to India (p.4). A foreword by Vikram Sood, former head of India’s foreign intelligence service Research and Analysis Wing from 2000 to 2003, praises the book by describing it as ‘perhaps the first academic work on India’s foreign intelligence culture’ and ‘sets the record straight with archival information and elite interviews’ (p.x). Indeed, the book provides insight into Indian intelligence, covering nearly 2,000 years, and includes insightful interviews with Indian intelligence figures (the named interviewees are listed in the appendix). The book is organized into four topical sections consisting of nine chapters, not including the introduction and epilogue. The first part explores theoretical aspects of Indian intelligence, definitions and a literature review, noting how a cultural analysis of Indian intelligence provides insight into intelligence successes and failures. Chaya explains, ‘It is necessary to understand the philosophies and thought processes governing a nation’s security processes to ideally locate and understand the role played by its intelligence agencies’ (p.25). The second section explores the evolution of intelligence from the second and third centuries before common era (BCE) until the start of post-colonial Indian intelligence. Beginning with Kautilya (375–283 BCE) and his ancient statecraft treatise the Arthashastra, Chaya explains knowledge was vital for state survival and ‘knowledge culture’ was the basis of the Kautilyan state. Turning to British colonial intelligence in India before 1947, he argues that Kautilyan thought remained ‘the basis for statecraft until the advent of the colonial rule’ which disappeared due to the ‘requirements of the colonial state’ that had a ‘reactive intelligence culture’ focused more internally than externally (p.64). Chaya describes how after independence in 1947 the colonial intelligence culture continued, which was marked by mainly responding to threats and shaped by the intelligence managers in contrast to the Kautilyan state’s ‘top-down’ approach. Moving to more recent events, the third part examines the 1962 Sino-Indian War, the 1971 IndoPak War and the 1999 Kargil War. First analysing the background and failures that led to China’s 1962 undetected infiltration of India, Chaya concludes","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":"38 1","pages":"666 - 667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45153350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-13DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2022.2151754
Pauline Blistène, Damien Van Puyvelde
ABSTRACT This article introduces the importance of John le Carré’s work as a lens to study intelligence and international affairs. We introduce three themes that are developed throughout this issue. First, this issue contributes to methodological debates about how to study cultural artefacts in intelligence and security studies. Second, authors discuss representations of intelligence and underline the porous boundaries between fact and fiction. Third, contributions emphasize the universal character of le Carré’s oeuvre. We argue that fiction is an important line of enquiry since it is one of the most widely shared discourses on intelligence activities.
{"title":"A delicate truth: John le Carré, spy fiction and intelligence","authors":"Pauline Blistène, Damien Van Puyvelde","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2022.2151754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2022.2151754","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article introduces the importance of John le Carré’s work as a lens to study intelligence and international affairs. We introduce three themes that are developed throughout this issue. First, this issue contributes to methodological debates about how to study cultural artefacts in intelligence and security studies. Second, authors discuss representations of intelligence and underline the porous boundaries between fact and fiction. Third, contributions emphasize the universal character of le Carré’s oeuvre. We argue that fiction is an important line of enquiry since it is one of the most widely shared discourses on intelligence activities.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":"38 1","pages":"193 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46641296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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