Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2222535
James Mills
ABSTRACT Among the multiplicity of missions that the Allied governments and armed forces sent to Europe towards the end and after World War II to document and exploit Nazi Germany’s wartime scientific and industrial progress was the Australian Scientific and Technical Mission to Germany. Composed of less than a dozen personnel, the Mission was a modest but important component in the Australian Commonwealth Government’s post-war foreign policy towards Germany and expansion of scientific and industrial development. Based at Australia House in London, the Mission worked in close cooperation with British Government departments, and was instrumental in the transnational transfer of German science and technology to Australia between 1946 and 1950 – initially under the auspices of the British Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee, and later through the Inter-Allied Reparation Agency and the Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens scheme.
{"title":"Industrial intelligence, reparations, and German expertise: the Australian Scientific and Technical Mission to Germany, 1945-1950","authors":"James Mills","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2222535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2222535","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Among the multiplicity of missions that the Allied governments and armed forces sent to Europe towards the end and after World War II to document and exploit Nazi Germany’s wartime scientific and industrial progress was the Australian Scientific and Technical Mission to Germany. Composed of less than a dozen personnel, the Mission was a modest but important component in the Australian Commonwealth Government’s post-war foreign policy towards Germany and expansion of scientific and industrial development. Based at Australia House in London, the Mission worked in close cooperation with British Government departments, and was instrumental in the transnational transfer of German science and technology to Australia between 1946 and 1950 – initially under the auspices of the British Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee, and later through the Inter-Allied Reparation Agency and the Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens scheme.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45477228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-11DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2222534
D. Hansén
ABSTRACT The study of intelligence oversight captures the inherently political nature of secret intelligence. However, many studies of intelligence oversight adopt rather instrumentalist views that omit important political aspects of the policy process. Typically, these studies focus on obstacles to effective oversight. This article discusses how the effectiveness of oversight can be assessed by applying broad evaluative categories that contain programmatic, process-related, political, and durability dimensions. Empirically, the study probes the case of Sweden as an illustration. Swedish oversight arrangements have on balance been successful in some dimensions, particularly the programmatic dimension, which arguably also contributed to its relative longevity.
{"title":"Assessing intelligence oversight: the case of Sweden","authors":"D. Hansén","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2222534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2222534","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study of intelligence oversight captures the inherently political nature of secret intelligence. However, many studies of intelligence oversight adopt rather instrumentalist views that omit important political aspects of the policy process. Typically, these studies focus on obstacles to effective oversight. This article discusses how the effectiveness of oversight can be assessed by applying broad evaluative categories that contain programmatic, process-related, political, and durability dimensions. Empirically, the study probes the case of Sweden as an illustration. Swedish oversight arrangements have on balance been successful in some dimensions, particularly the programmatic dimension, which arguably also contributed to its relative longevity.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46596603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-04DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2219013
A. Bateman
ABSTRACT Satellite reconnaissance emerged as an irreplaceable source of U.S. intelligence during the Cold War. The vast resources required to build intelligence satellites quickly transformed space reconnaissance into an industrial-scale activity. Though satellite reconnaissance primarily served policymakers in Washington, two of its critical nodes for research, development, and operations were in Sunnyvale, California and Rochester, New York. In both places, a coalition of scientists and engineers in corporations, universities, and intelligence agencies collaborated to create satellites designed to penetrate the Iron Curtain. These technical experts were critical not only for the development of satellite reconnaissance systems, but also for their operation.
{"title":"Secret partners: the national reconnaissance office and the intelligence-industrial-academic complex","authors":"A. Bateman","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2219013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2219013","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Satellite reconnaissance emerged as an irreplaceable source of U.S. intelligence during the Cold War. The vast resources required to build intelligence satellites quickly transformed space reconnaissance into an industrial-scale activity. Though satellite reconnaissance primarily served policymakers in Washington, two of its critical nodes for research, development, and operations were in Sunnyvale, California and Rochester, New York. In both places, a coalition of scientists and engineers in corporations, universities, and intelligence agencies collaborated to create satellites designed to penetrate the Iron Curtain. These technical experts were critical not only for the development of satellite reconnaissance systems, but also for their operation.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42053377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2216964
Joakim Brattvoll, Vic Castro
ABSTRACT The French spy series Le Bureau des légendes (2015–2020) has been acclaimed for its allegedly realistic depiction of French foreign intelligence. Drawing on the concept of ‘legend’, this article adapts actor-network theory to understand how Le Bureau was able to make a significant impact on public discussions of secret intelligence in France. The article shows how the series was constituted as a ‘virtually true’ cover story for the Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure (DGSE), which supported the series’ production, and how this story impacted the DGSE itself.
{"title":"How intelligence tales are made real: Le Bureau des légendes as a cover story for the French DGSE","authors":"Joakim Brattvoll, Vic Castro","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2216964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2216964","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The French spy series Le Bureau des légendes (2015–2020) has been acclaimed for its allegedly realistic depiction of French foreign intelligence. Drawing on the concept of ‘legend’, this article adapts actor-network theory to understand how Le Bureau was able to make a significant impact on public discussions of secret intelligence in France. The article shows how the series was constituted as a ‘virtually true’ cover story for the Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure (DGSE), which supported the series’ production, and how this story impacted the DGSE itself.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46215578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2219534
Stephen Coulthart, Abebe Rorissa
ABSTRACT Intelligence studies scholarship is growing exponentially but is siloed in disciplinary clusters. After reviewing a citation dataset of nearly 6,000 articles on intelligence, we found that article-based scholarship on intelligence is growing at an exponential rate – the last ten years (2010–2020) saw more knowledge production in scholarship than the previous sixty years combined (1950–2010). The topics under investigation have diversified into three major areas: the study of intelligence services, the ‘how to’ of intelligence practice, and the impact of intelligence on society. Our analyses of topics and core co-authorship networks show productive but disconnected islands between disciplines. We argue a shift towards more interdisciplinary research could narrow these gaps and make intelligence scholarship more impactful.
{"title":"Growth, diversification, and disconnection: an analysis of 70 years of intelligence scholarship (1950-2020)","authors":"Stephen Coulthart, Abebe Rorissa","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2219534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2219534","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Intelligence studies scholarship is growing exponentially but is siloed in disciplinary clusters. After reviewing a citation dataset of nearly 6,000 articles on intelligence, we found that article-based scholarship on intelligence is growing at an exponential rate – the last ten years (2010–2020) saw more knowledge production in scholarship than the previous sixty years combined (1950–2010). The topics under investigation have diversified into three major areas: the study of intelligence services, the ‘how to’ of intelligence practice, and the impact of intelligence on society. Our analyses of topics and core co-authorship networks show productive but disconnected islands between disciplines. We argue a shift towards more interdisciplinary research could narrow these gaps and make intelligence scholarship more impactful.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48848455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2216035
Kyle Cunliffe
ABSTRACT The acquisition of clandestine human sources – or agents – inside Russia and China likely remains the key priority for Western HUMINT agencies, and yet their ability to do this safely is quickly waning. This paper considers the utility of cyberspace for espionage recruitment in these two hard target states, and assesses its value as a potential solution to emerging surveillance threats. With the aid of history, this paper proposes that hard target espionage is fundamentally afflicted by a tradecraft paradox, one that will severely curtail the utility of cyberspace to agent recruitment.
{"title":"Cyber-enabled tradecraft and contemporary espionage: assessing the implications of the tradecraft paradox on agent recruitment in Russia and China","authors":"Kyle Cunliffe","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2216035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2216035","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The acquisition of clandestine human sources – or agents – inside Russia and China likely remains the key priority for Western HUMINT agencies, and yet their ability to do this safely is quickly waning. This paper considers the utility of cyberspace for espionage recruitment in these two hard target states, and assesses its value as a potential solution to emerging surveillance threats. With the aid of history, this paper proposes that hard target espionage is fundamentally afflicted by a tradecraft paradox, one that will severely curtail the utility of cyberspace to agent recruitment.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42721151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2208317
Ronan P. Mainprize
ABSTRACT The scholarly consensus regarding the CIA and the Six Day War holds that the Agency’s intelligence enjoyed a clear impact on President Johnson’s policy and thereafter markedly improved the White House-Langley relationship. Yet this narrative places excessive emphasis on the role of the Agency, while additionally overlooking several other international and domestic contextual factors that would have informed Johnson’s policy decision-making. Subsequently, evidence also suggests that Johnson’s relationship with the CIA and its intelligence did not improve after June 1967, and that DCI Helms did not become a close confidant of the President.
{"title":"A seat at the president’s table? Lyndon Johnson, the CIA, and the Six Day War","authors":"Ronan P. Mainprize","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2208317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2208317","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The scholarly consensus regarding the CIA and the Six Day War holds that the Agency’s intelligence enjoyed a clear impact on President Johnson’s policy and thereafter markedly improved the White House-Langley relationship. Yet this narrative places excessive emphasis on the role of the Agency, while additionally overlooking several other international and domestic contextual factors that would have informed Johnson’s policy decision-making. Subsequently, evidence also suggests that Johnson’s relationship with the CIA and its intelligence did not improve after June 1967, and that DCI Helms did not become a close confidant of the President.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42862572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2219442
D. Schaefer
{"title":"Sigint and cyber power down under","authors":"D. Schaefer","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2219442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2219442","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41805609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-20DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2212557
J. Battersby, Rhys Ball
ABSTRACT New Zealand’s involvement in the Five Eyes is under-reported in academic and general literature. New Zealand’s participation was initially due to its integration within World War II western alliance intelligence systems, which evolved further after the war ended. Once in, New Zealand’s role became something of a self-fulfilling prophecy, but genuine nonetheless. Changes in communications technology, access to US technical capability, and geopolitical changes in the Pacific have all led to a viable New Zealand role in Five Eyes, as both contributor and beneficiary. But to retain this, New Zealand must increase its foreign intelligence capability in the future.
{"title":"The Phantom Eye: New Zealand and the Five Eyes","authors":"J. Battersby, Rhys Ball","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2212557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2212557","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT New Zealand’s involvement in the Five Eyes is under-reported in academic and general literature. New Zealand’s participation was initially due to its integration within World War II western alliance intelligence systems, which evolved further after the war ended. Once in, New Zealand’s role became something of a self-fulfilling prophecy, but genuine nonetheless. Changes in communications technology, access to US technical capability, and geopolitical changes in the Pacific have all led to a viable New Zealand role in Five Eyes, as both contributor and beneficiary. But to retain this, New Zealand must increase its foreign intelligence capability in the future.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45644680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2023.2212556
Netanel Flamer
ABSTRACT This article explores a new aspect of Hamas’s exploitation of the media: open source intelligence (OSINT). Based mostly on primary sources from within Hamas, the article describes how, through OSINT, Hamas has obtained valuable information for its operations and has successfully learned about various military and civilian aspects of Israel and the Israel Defense Forces in a readily available, simple, and inexpensive manner. The article goes on to analyze the pitfalls for Hamas of relying exclusively on OSINT within its strategic assessment efforts. This analysis sheds new light on the academic literature regarding intelligence of violent non-state actors and asymmetric warfare.
{"title":"‘The enemy teaches us how to operate’: Palestinian Hamas use of open source intelligence (OSINT) in its intelligence warfare against Israel (1987-2012)","authors":"Netanel Flamer","doi":"10.1080/02684527.2023.2212556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2212556","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores a new aspect of Hamas’s exploitation of the media: open source intelligence (OSINT). Based mostly on primary sources from within Hamas, the article describes how, through OSINT, Hamas has obtained valuable information for its operations and has successfully learned about various military and civilian aspects of Israel and the Israel Defense Forces in a readily available, simple, and inexpensive manner. The article goes on to analyze the pitfalls for Hamas of relying exclusively on OSINT within its strategic assessment efforts. This analysis sheds new light on the academic literature regarding intelligence of violent non-state actors and asymmetric warfare.","PeriodicalId":47048,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence and National Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46432751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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