Pub Date : 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101410
Masanori Kuroki
This study investigates the relationship between prefecture-level minimum wages and suicide rates in Japan from 2009 to 2024. The results show a statistically significant negative association between minimum wages and suicide rates for both men and women aged 20–29, with the magnitude of the association being stronger for men. Furthermore, minimum wage hikes do not appear to be associated with a rise in suicides among the unemployed, suggesting that potential negative employment effects may not translate into higher suicide rates due to job loss. Additional analysis indicates minimum wages may also reduce suicide among middle-aged workers (aged 30–49) in prefectures with a greater share of non-regular workers and a higher number of households receiving public assistance. Finally, the association became stronger for young men during the post-pandemic period (2020–2024) but vanished for young women, suggesting a shift toward non-financial drivers of suicide for young women during this period.
{"title":"Minimum wages and suicide rates in Japan: 2009–2024","authors":"Masanori Kuroki","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the relationship between prefecture-level minimum wages and suicide rates in Japan from 2009 to 2024. The results show a statistically significant negative association between minimum wages and suicide rates for both men and women aged 20–29, with the magnitude of the association being stronger for men. Furthermore, minimum wage hikes do not appear to be associated with a rise in suicides among the unemployed, suggesting that potential negative employment effects may not translate into higher suicide rates due to job loss. Additional analysis indicates minimum wages may also reduce suicide among middle-aged workers (aged 30–49) in prefectures with a greater share of non-regular workers and a higher number of households receiving public assistance. Finally, the association became stronger for young men during the post-pandemic period (2020–2024) but vanished for young women, suggesting a shift toward non-financial drivers of suicide for young women during this period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101394
Suguru Otani
I analyze proprietary data from BizReach (2014–2024) to estimate the matching function for high-skill workers on a private on-the-job search platform using Lange and Papageorgiou (2020) nonparametric approach. Comparing it to Hello Work, I find that matching efficiency on the private platform is both more volatile and higher, reflecting its growing popularity. Matching elasticity with respect to users is around 0.75, while for vacancies, it reaches 1.0, suggesting a more balanced elasticity than Hello Work. The study also uncovers industry-level heterogeneity, highlighting differences in matching dynamics across sectors.
{"title":"Nonparametric estimation of matching efficiency and elasticity on a private on-the-job search platform: Evidence from Japan, 2014–2024","authors":"Suguru Otani","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>I analyze proprietary data from BizReach (2014–2024) to estimate the matching function for high-skill workers on a private on-the-job search platform using Lange and Papageorgiou (2020) nonparametric approach. Comparing it to Hello Work, I find that matching efficiency on the private platform is both more volatile and higher, reflecting its growing popularity. Matching elasticity with respect to users is around 0.75, while for vacancies, it reaches 1.0, suggesting a more balanced elasticity than Hello Work. The study also uncovers industry-level heterogeneity, highlighting differences in matching dynamics across sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101393
Hiroshi Aiura , Reo Takaku
We examine how the large expansion of a medical subsidy program changes the behavior of primary care physicians. Since 2000, Japan, has seen a rapid development of a local subsidization program known as the Medical Subsidy for Children and Infants (MSCI), which substantially reduces out-of-pocket expenses for children’s healthcare utilization. Using a census of clinics from 1999 to 2011 matched with municipality-level eligibility criteria for the MSCI, we show that the MSCI increases the monthly number of visits per clinic. However, MSCI increased the likelihood that physicians would choose to open clinics in more densely populated areas, suggesting that expanding the generosity of the health insurance system may accelerate the concentration of physicians in urban centers.
{"title":"Health insurance and physicians’ practice location choice: A natural experiment in Japan","authors":"Hiroshi Aiura , Reo Takaku","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine how the large expansion of a medical subsidy program changes the behavior of primary care physicians. Since 2000, Japan, has seen a rapid development of a local subsidization program known as the Medical Subsidy for Children and Infants (MSCI), which substantially reduces out-of-pocket expenses for children’s healthcare utilization. Using a census of clinics from 1999 to 2011 matched with municipality-level eligibility criteria for the MSCI, we show that the MSCI increases the monthly number of visits per clinic. However, MSCI increased the likelihood that physicians would choose to open clinics in more densely populated areas, suggesting that expanding the generosity of the health insurance system may accelerate the concentration of physicians in urban centers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101392
Opale Guyot, Heather A. Montgomery
Modeling the reaction function of Japanese policymakers as an optimization of a cost–benefit framework based on JPY/USD exchange rate movements, volatility, and trade volume, this study investigates Japan’s foreign exchange intervention timing and motives from 2008 to 2024 using both daily and high-frequency 15 min data. The empirical results show that at the daily frequency, policymakers primarily target a long-run exchange rate level, with daily volatility playing no significant role. In contrast, the intraday analysis reveals that policymakers are more likely to intervene in response to heightened volatility and trade volume, and tend to reinforce short-term market trends by leaning in the wind. These findings underscore the complexity of intervention strategies, highlighting distinct decision-making approaches across different time horizons.
{"title":"Against the wind or with it? The intraday and daily dynamics of yen interventions","authors":"Opale Guyot, Heather A. Montgomery","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modeling the reaction function of Japanese policymakers as an optimization of a cost–benefit framework based on JPY/USD exchange rate movements, volatility, and trade volume, this study investigates Japan’s foreign exchange intervention timing and motives from 2008 to 2024 using both daily and high-frequency 15 min data. The empirical results show that at the daily frequency, policymakers primarily target a long-run exchange rate level, with daily volatility playing no significant role. In contrast, the intraday analysis reveals that policymakers are more likely to intervene in response to heightened volatility and trade volume, and tend to reinforce short-term market trends by <em>leaning in the wind</em>. These findings underscore the complexity of intervention strategies, highlighting distinct decision-making approaches across different time horizons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101391
Taiyo Yoshimi , Uraku Yoshimoto , Takatoshi Ito , Kiyotaka Sato , Junko Shimizu , Yushi Yoshida
This study utilizes the granular Japanese customs data from 2014 to 2020 to examine the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to Japanese import prices. It mainly focuses on the impact of the invoicing currency choice on ERPT. The ERPT elasticity in products invoiced in the exporter’s currency is greater than those invoiced in yen. In the full sample analysis, the ERPT elasticity was 0.75 for products invoiced in the exporter’s currency, compared to 0.19 for yen-invoiced products. We find the same tendency for imports from two Asian powerhouses: China and Thailand. No significant difference in the ERPT elasticity between products invoiced in the exporter’s currency and those invoiced in a third currency (i.e., a currency other than yen or the exporter’s currency). In addition, an asymmetric pass-through is found, namely the ERPT during the appreciation phase of the yen is higher than during the depreciation phase. This finding is interpreted that foreign exporters strengthen their pricing-to-market behavior during the yen depreciation phase to maintain their market share.
{"title":"Invoicing currency and exchange rate pass-through in Japanese imports: A panel VAR analysis","authors":"Taiyo Yoshimi , Uraku Yoshimoto , Takatoshi Ito , Kiyotaka Sato , Junko Shimizu , Yushi Yoshida","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study utilizes the granular Japanese customs data from 2014 to 2020 to examine the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to Japanese import prices. It mainly focuses on the impact of the invoicing currency choice on ERPT. The ERPT elasticity in products invoiced in the exporter’s currency is greater than those invoiced in yen. In the full sample analysis, the ERPT elasticity was 0.75 for products invoiced in the exporter’s currency, compared to 0.19 for yen-invoiced products. We find the same tendency for imports from two Asian powerhouses: China and Thailand. No significant difference in the ERPT elasticity between products invoiced in the exporter’s currency and those invoiced in a third currency (i.e., a currency other than yen or the exporter’s currency). In addition, an asymmetric pass-through is found, namely the ERPT during the appreciation phase of the yen is higher than during the depreciation phase. This finding is interpreted that foreign exporters strengthen their pricing-to-market behavior during the yen depreciation phase to maintain their market share.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101391"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101388
Yui Kishaba, Tatsushi Okuda
We estimate the slope of the Phillips curve for service prices in Japan using prefecture-level panel data, where we control for the impact of inflation expectations on inflation by including time-fixed effects instead of proxies for inflation expectations. Our estimates indicate that the slope of the Phillips curve has overall halved, or even decreased further, since the 2000s, during which the Bank of Japan confronted the zero lower bond constraint and implemented unconventional monetary policy measures.
{"title":"The slope of the Phillips curve for service prices in Japan: Regional panel data approach","authors":"Yui Kishaba, Tatsushi Okuda","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We estimate the slope of the Phillips curve for service prices in Japan using prefecture-level panel data, where we control for the impact of inflation expectations on inflation by including time-fixed effects instead of proxies for inflation expectations. Our estimates indicate that the slope of the Phillips curve has overall halved, or even decreased further, since the 2000s, during which the Bank of Japan confronted the zero lower bond constraint and implemented unconventional monetary policy measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the impact of class closures on the academic achievement of primary and middle school students, with a particular focus on heterogeneous effects related to their household socioeconomic backgrounds. Using administrative data from students in a Japanese city within the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, we analyze the effects of class closures due to influenza epidemics on students’ language and mathematics test scores. Our findings indicate that class closures adversely affect the mathematics test scores of economically disadvantaged students. The magnitude of these negative effects on disadvantaged students varies by subject, grade level, gender, the timing of closures, and students’ prior academic achievement. In particular, male students from economically disadvantaged households are more susceptible to class closures, and those with lower prior academic achievement experience more severe adverse effects. These deleterious effects among economically disadvantaged male students appear to be driven not only by reductions in in-school instructional time but also by behavioral changes that may diminish their learning capacity. Furthermore, we find that high-quality teachers can mitigate the negative impact of class closures on economically disadvantaged students. These results highlight the importance of public programs designed to safeguard student learning environments against such adverse disruptions.
{"title":"Do class closures affect students’ achievements? Heterogeneous effects of students’ socioeconomic backgrounds","authors":"Masato Oikawa , Ryuichi Tanaka , Shun-ichiro Bessho , Akira Kawamura , Haruko Noguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the impact of class closures on the academic achievement of primary and middle school students, with a particular focus on heterogeneous effects related to their household socioeconomic backgrounds. Using administrative data from students in a Japanese city within the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, we analyze the effects of class closures due to influenza epidemics on students’ language and mathematics test scores. Our findings indicate that class closures adversely affect the mathematics test scores of economically disadvantaged students. The magnitude of these negative effects on disadvantaged students varies by subject, grade level, gender, the timing of closures, and students’ prior academic achievement. In particular, male students from economically disadvantaged households are more susceptible to class closures, and those with lower prior academic achievement experience more severe adverse effects. These deleterious effects among economically disadvantaged male students appear to be driven not only by reductions in in-school instructional time but also by behavioral changes that may diminish their learning capacity. Furthermore, we find that high-quality teachers can mitigate the negative impact of class closures on economically disadvantaged students. These results highlight the importance of public programs designed to safeguard student learning environments against such adverse disruptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101390
Akira Okamoto
Japan’s life expectancy exceeds that of other developed countries; however, the standard starting age for receiving public pension benefits remains at 65 years. This paper uses an extended lifecycle general equilibrium model with endogenous fertility to investigate how a higher starting age for pension benefits affects individual welfare and future demographic dynamics. Our simulation analysis indicates that per-capita welfare will increase if the starting age for pension benefits is raised to 68 or 70. The higher the employment rate of individuals aged 65 and older, the higher are the per-capita welfare and the future population level. Conversely, if the employment rate for older adults remains at 52% (Japan’s current level), the total population would decrease in the long run compared with the benchmark case with a starting age of 65 for pension benefits. The findings demonstrate the importance of enhancing the employment rate of older adults while raising the standard pensionable age in Japan.
{"title":"Pension reform for an aging Japan: Welfare and demographic dynamics","authors":"Akira Okamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Japan’s life expectancy exceeds that of other developed countries; however, the standard starting age for receiving public pension benefits remains at 65 years. This paper uses an extended lifecycle general equilibrium model with endogenous fertility to investigate how a higher starting age for pension benefits affects individual welfare and future demographic dynamics. Our simulation analysis indicates that per-capita welfare will increase if the starting age for pension benefits is raised to 68 or 70. The higher the employment rate of individuals aged 65 and older, the higher are the per-capita welfare and the future population level. Conversely, if the employment rate for older adults remains at 52% (Japan’s current level), the total population would decrease in the long run compared with the benchmark case with a starting age of 65 for pension benefits. The findings demonstrate the importance of enhancing the employment rate of older adults while raising the standard pensionable age in Japan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101389
Masayuki Morikawa
Amid growing concerns about Japan’s declining research capability, policies to support doctoral human resources are actively discussed and implemented. This study uses micro data from the 2022 Employment Status Survey to document the labor market outcomes of postgraduates, distinguishing doctoral and master’s graduates. According to the analysis, first, the employment rate of doctoral graduates is higher than that of master’s graduates, with the difference particularly pronounced among females. Second, on average, doctoral graduates are paid 40% more than master’s graduates, and the proportion of low-wage workers is smaller among doctoral graduates compared to those with a master’s or four-year university education. Third, when controlling for detailed industries and occupations, the wage difference between doctoral and master’s graduates reduces to about 10%, suggesting that doctoral graduates tend to self-select into higher-paying jobs. Fourth, the discounted present value of lifetime earnings is estimated to be 17% higher for male and 36% higher for female doctoral graduates compared to master’s graduates. Based on some assumptions, the internal rate of return on investment in doctoral education is estimated at around 10% for both males and females.
{"title":"Labor market outcomes for doctoral graduates in Japan: Evidence from a large statistical survey","authors":"Masayuki Morikawa","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid growing concerns about Japan’s declining research capability, policies to support doctoral human resources are actively discussed and implemented. This study uses micro data from the 2022 Employment Status Survey to document the labor market outcomes of postgraduates, distinguishing doctoral and master’s graduates. According to the analysis, first, the employment rate of doctoral graduates is higher than that of master’s graduates, with the difference particularly pronounced among females. Second, on average, doctoral graduates are paid 40% more than master’s graduates, and the proportion of low-wage workers is smaller among doctoral graduates compared to those with a master’s or four-year university education. Third, when controlling for detailed industries and occupations, the wage difference between doctoral and master’s graduates reduces to about 10%, suggesting that doctoral graduates tend to self-select into higher-paying jobs. Fourth, the discounted present value of lifetime earnings is estimated to be 17% higher for male and 36% higher for female doctoral graduates compared to master’s graduates. Based on some assumptions, the internal rate of return on investment in doctoral education is estimated at around 10% for both males and females.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101379
Sawako Maruyama
This paper estimates the task content of trade for Japanese manufacturing in terms of the number of employees using Japanese Input–Output (IO) Tables. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-industrial differences in the task content of trade and to reveal their determinants through descriptive and empirical analyses. For the estimation, the composite task index is calculated for five task categories. From the descriptive analysis, it is found that labour-intensive sectors with low technology tend to have relatively large imports of routine manual tasks. Another finding is that only machinery sectors have a trade surplus in terms of the task content of trade, whereas the trade deficit of routine manual tasks tends to be large in labour-intensive sectors. In addition, empirical results reveal that the industrial characteristics and the occupational structure explain the difference in the task content of trade by sector.
{"title":"A cross-industrial analysis on the task content of trade","authors":"Sawako Maruyama","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2025.101379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper estimates the task content of trade for Japanese manufacturing in terms of the number of employees using Japanese Input–Output (IO) Tables. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-industrial differences in the task content of trade and to reveal their determinants through descriptive and empirical analyses. For the estimation, the composite task index is calculated for five task categories. From the descriptive analysis, it is found that labour-intensive sectors with low technology tend to have relatively large imports of routine manual tasks. Another finding is that only machinery sectors have a trade surplus in terms of the task content of trade, whereas the trade deficit of routine manual tasks tends to be large in labour-intensive sectors. In addition, empirical results reveal that the industrial characteristics and the occupational structure explain the difference in the task content of trade by sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 101379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号