Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2149648
Joan A Reid, Klejdis Bilali, B. Fox, Jennifer Diaz
ABSTRACT Preventing child sex trafficking remains an urgent concern for public health and criminal justice professionals. Using crime script analysis, this study identified a typology of child sex traffickers (CSTs). Data for this study were drawn from 78 child sex trafficking cases involving 54 CSTs and 48 victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) investigated by the Child Protective Investigation Unit in a predominately rural and suburban county. Using a decision tree model, we identified subtypes of child sex traffickers (CSTs) and explored patterns and variation in the victim recruitment tactics used by these subtypes during three phases of the victim recruitment crime script – find, groom, and exploit. Seven types of CSTs emerged from the cases: Peer/Acquaintance, Organized Crime, Family Abuser, Romantic Coercive Conman, “Mate Crime” Predator, Opportunistic, and Cyber traffickers. Both shared and unique tactics were identified such as social media and peer recruitment to find victims, promises, and gifts to groom victims, and threats and violence to ensnare victims. Based upon the study findings, we recommend specific prevention strategies and education themes related to the various at-risk situational scenarios and documented tactics used by CSTs at each phase of victim recruitment.
{"title":"Toward a Typology of Child Sex Traffickers: Using Crime Script Analysis to Inform Prevention","authors":"Joan A Reid, Klejdis Bilali, B. Fox, Jennifer Diaz","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2149648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2149648","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Preventing child sex trafficking remains an urgent concern for public health and criminal justice professionals. Using crime script analysis, this study identified a typology of child sex traffickers (CSTs). Data for this study were drawn from 78 child sex trafficking cases involving 54 CSTs and 48 victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) investigated by the Child Protective Investigation Unit in a predominately rural and suburban county. Using a decision tree model, we identified subtypes of child sex traffickers (CSTs) and explored patterns and variation in the victim recruitment tactics used by these subtypes during three phases of the victim recruitment crime script – find, groom, and exploit. Seven types of CSTs emerged from the cases: Peer/Acquaintance, Organized Crime, Family Abuser, Romantic Coercive Conman, “Mate Crime” Predator, Opportunistic, and Cyber traffickers. Both shared and unique tactics were identified such as social media and peer recruitment to find victims, promises, and gifts to groom victims, and threats and violence to ensnare victims. Based upon the study findings, we recommend specific prevention strategies and education themes related to the various at-risk situational scenarios and documented tactics used by CSTs at each phase of victim recruitment.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"423 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44001430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2133036
Chase Childress, Amy Farrell, Shawn Bhimani, K. Maass
ABSTRACT Law enforcement interventions continue to be the primary mechanism used to identify offenders and illicit businesses involved in human trafficking, yet trafficking continues to be a thriving international operation. We explore alternative mechanisms to disrupt illicit operations and reduce victimization through labor trafficking supply chains using supply chain disruption theory. Using a case study approach to examine one federally prosecuted labor trafficking case in the agricultural sector, we (1) extend criminological concepts of disruption by identifying sources and methods of disruption and (2) inform criminal justice system responses by presenting novel methods of assessing effectiveness of anti-human trafficking policies and programs.
{"title":"Disrupting Labor Trafficking in the Agricultural Sector: Looking at Opportunities beyond Law Enforcement Interventions","authors":"Chase Childress, Amy Farrell, Shawn Bhimani, K. Maass","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2133036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2133036","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Law enforcement interventions continue to be the primary mechanism used to identify offenders and illicit businesses involved in human trafficking, yet trafficking continues to be a thriving international operation. We explore alternative mechanisms to disrupt illicit operations and reduce victimization through labor trafficking supply chains using supply chain disruption theory. Using a case study approach to examine one federally prosecuted labor trafficking case in the agricultural sector, we (1) extend criminological concepts of disruption by identifying sources and methods of disruption and (2) inform criminal justice system responses by presenting novel methods of assessing effectiveness of anti-human trafficking policies and programs.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"473 - 511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46355538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2131021
Caralin Branscum, Tara N. Richards
ABSTRACT Using the 2019 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, the prevalence and predictors of substantiated reports of child sex trafficking (CST) (n = 1,286) and other maltreatment (n = 705,778) (e.g., physical abuse, sexual abuse, but not sex trafficking) were explored. Descriptive statistics were used to present the profile of children who were victims of CST, and negative binomial regression modeling explored the individual/ontological-, microsystem-, and exosystem-level risk factors for CST compared to other forms of maltreatment. Findings showed that multiracial identity, substance use, disability status; caregiver type—most notably living in a group home—and residing in more rural areas; and professionals as the reporting source were associated with CST versus other maltreatment. Implications for research, policy, and practice for CST are discussed.
{"title":"The Wrong Rite of Passage: Comparing Sex Trafficking to Other Types of Child Maltreatment Using the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS)","authors":"Caralin Branscum, Tara N. Richards","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2131021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2131021","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using the 2019 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, the prevalence and predictors of substantiated reports of child sex trafficking (CST) (n = 1,286) and other maltreatment (n = 705,778) (e.g., physical abuse, sexual abuse, but not sex trafficking) were explored. Descriptive statistics were used to present the profile of children who were victims of CST, and negative binomial regression modeling explored the individual/ontological-, microsystem-, and exosystem-level risk factors for CST compared to other forms of maltreatment. Findings showed that multiracial identity, substance use, disability status; caregiver type—most notably living in a group home—and residing in more rural areas; and professionals as the reporting source were associated with CST versus other maltreatment. Implications for research, policy, and practice for CST are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"399 - 422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2153956
Kate Price, K. Bentele
ABSTRACT The federal Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) includes children who are sexually exploited for commercial purposes in its definition of human trafficking victims. However, most states criminalize sex trafficked minors for prostitution. Despite this tension, little research exists on variation in state-level child sex trafficking statutes. Studying this legislation is necessary because state-level statutes often determine if children are treated as criminals or victims. Local law enforcement and service providers interact with this population more often than federal officials. This mixed methods study uses Event History Analysis and interviews with anti-criminalization advocates, state legislators, state legislative aides, and state prosecutors to examine social, economic, and political factors associated with legislative decisions prohibiting the arrest and/or prosecution of sexually exploited minors for prostitution. Statistical analyses suggest that states with a higher prevalence of concentrated disadvantage are more likely to criminalize this population. Similarly, participants in qualitative interviews describe conditions of structural economic inequality as a primary risk factor for child sex trafficking. For that reason, addressing socio-economic factors such as jobs, wages, and housing are essential for preventing minors from being commercially sexually exploited, and, as a result, being criminalized. Theoretical implications and policy recommendations are also discussed.
{"title":"Defining Worthy Victims: Socioeconomic Factors Associated with State-level Legislative Decisions to Prevent the Criminalization of Sexually Exploited Children in the United States","authors":"Kate Price, K. Bentele","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2153956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2153956","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The federal Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) includes children who are sexually exploited for commercial purposes in its definition of human trafficking victims. However, most states criminalize sex trafficked minors for prostitution. Despite this tension, little research exists on variation in state-level child sex trafficking statutes. Studying this legislation is necessary because state-level statutes often determine if children are treated as criminals or victims. Local law enforcement and service providers interact with this population more often than federal officials. This mixed methods study uses Event History Analysis and interviews with anti-criminalization advocates, state legislators, state legislative aides, and state prosecutors to examine social, economic, and political factors associated with legislative decisions prohibiting the arrest and/or prosecution of sexually exploited minors for prostitution. Statistical analyses suggest that states with a higher prevalence of concentrated disadvantage are more likely to criminalize this population. Similarly, participants in qualitative interviews describe conditions of structural economic inequality as a primary risk factor for child sex trafficking. For that reason, addressing socio-economic factors such as jobs, wages, and housing are essential for preventing minors from being commercially sexually exploited, and, as a result, being criminalized. Theoretical implications and policy recommendations are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"512 - 542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45603450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2023.2182856
Joan A Reid, B. Fox
Human trafficking is a burgeoning crime, which is often inadequately measured by researchers and misunderstood by policy-makers and the public (Dottridge, 2017; Fedina, 2015; Guilbert, 2017). At the most basic level, human trafficking is a crime driven by motives of financial gain, and accomplished through exploitive mechanisms of force, fraud, or coercion. Severe consequences are endured by individuals, and by society, because of those who perpetrate and facilitate human trafficking (Kloer, 2010). Perpetrators of human trafficking conscript and exploit youth in criminal enterprises, whether as drug mules or sex workers, who are often paid in drugs, if they are paid at all (Windle et al., 2020). Human trafficking breeds corruption and generates billions of dollars a year for organized criminal networks, thereby undermining economic prosperity, and destroying the social fabric of communities (Okubo & Shelley, 2011; Shelley, 2010). In addition to being considered a severe type of crime due its nature and consequences, human trafficking is also considered a crime with immense global reach. Estimates of the number of victims of human trafficking are precipitously increasing, with the latest estimates indicating that 50 million men, women, and children were victims of human trafficking or forced marriage in 2021 alone, an increase of 10 million from the same estimates in 2016 (International Labour Organization, 2022). No geographic area is exempt from human trafficking; it occurs in almost every country, every region, and every community (Shelley, 2010). Moreover, human trafficking is nonspecialized, meaning it takes many forms and victims are exploited in countless industries and trades. Victims are exploited by gangs funded by illegal drug sales and forced commercial sex, in the service businesses such as hotels or bars, in agriculture, production, construction, and mining. The annual profits from human trafficking are estimated at $99–150 billion from sex trafficking and $51 billion from labor trafficking (De Cock & Woode, 2014; May, 2017). By comparison, the popular store Target had a gross annual profit of just $31 billion in 2022. As a result of the deleterious and widespread impacts of human trafficking, in the past two decades international protocols and national anti-trafficking laws have authorized and directed law enforcement to protect victims and prosecute traffickers (Reid, 2021). Despite the unanimous condemnation of human trafficking as a violation of human rights, debates have arisen and continue to persist today over the adoption of a predominantly criminal justice response to address the problem. Arguments have been made against the strengthening of crime control responses to human trafficking and the overprovision of anti-trafficking legislation. Many consider these responses as simply a smokescreen created by moral crusaders. Concerns have arisen concerning the possible criminalization of non-offenders and even victims of human tr
{"title":"Reforming the Criminal Justice Response to Human Trafficking Victims and Offenders: An Introduction","authors":"Joan A Reid, B. Fox","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2023.2182856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2182856","url":null,"abstract":"Human trafficking is a burgeoning crime, which is often inadequately measured by researchers and misunderstood by policy-makers and the public (Dottridge, 2017; Fedina, 2015; Guilbert, 2017). At the most basic level, human trafficking is a crime driven by motives of financial gain, and accomplished through exploitive mechanisms of force, fraud, or coercion. Severe consequences are endured by individuals, and by society, because of those who perpetrate and facilitate human trafficking (Kloer, 2010). Perpetrators of human trafficking conscript and exploit youth in criminal enterprises, whether as drug mules or sex workers, who are often paid in drugs, if they are paid at all (Windle et al., 2020). Human trafficking breeds corruption and generates billions of dollars a year for organized criminal networks, thereby undermining economic prosperity, and destroying the social fabric of communities (Okubo & Shelley, 2011; Shelley, 2010). In addition to being considered a severe type of crime due its nature and consequences, human trafficking is also considered a crime with immense global reach. Estimates of the number of victims of human trafficking are precipitously increasing, with the latest estimates indicating that 50 million men, women, and children were victims of human trafficking or forced marriage in 2021 alone, an increase of 10 million from the same estimates in 2016 (International Labour Organization, 2022). No geographic area is exempt from human trafficking; it occurs in almost every country, every region, and every community (Shelley, 2010). Moreover, human trafficking is nonspecialized, meaning it takes many forms and victims are exploited in countless industries and trades. Victims are exploited by gangs funded by illegal drug sales and forced commercial sex, in the service businesses such as hotels or bars, in agriculture, production, construction, and mining. The annual profits from human trafficking are estimated at $99–150 billion from sex trafficking and $51 billion from labor trafficking (De Cock & Woode, 2014; May, 2017). By comparison, the popular store Target had a gross annual profit of just $31 billion in 2022. As a result of the deleterious and widespread impacts of human trafficking, in the past two decades international protocols and national anti-trafficking laws have authorized and directed law enforcement to protect victims and prosecute traffickers (Reid, 2021). Despite the unanimous condemnation of human trafficking as a violation of human rights, debates have arisen and continue to persist today over the adoption of a predominantly criminal justice response to address the problem. Arguments have been made against the strengthening of crime control responses to human trafficking and the overprovision of anti-trafficking legislation. Many consider these responses as simply a smokescreen created by moral crusaders. Concerns have arisen concerning the possible criminalization of non-offenders and even victims of human tr","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"393 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43547407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2128128
Amber E. Krushas, T. C. Kulig
ABSTRACT It is well established that experiencing human trafficking is associated with adverse consequences that are oftentimes substantial and enduring, including mental, physical, and social harms. Although health complications are recognized as being an important consideration in the response to victims, little is known about how these effects might vary depending on when victims were exploited or how they compare to individuals who have not experienced trafficking. Using a national sample of 986 young, non-college educated women, the current study seeks to fill this gap by examining the physical, mental, and social health issues of sex trafficking victims by stage of exploitation (i.e., minor only, adult only, both minor and adult) compared to non-sex trafficking victims. Results indicate significant associations between stage of exploitation and current social health issues, with limited significant associations between stage of exploitation and mental and physical health issues. Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that victims may experience different types of health issues based on when they were exploited, which could inform future response efforts.
{"title":"Exploring the Physical, Mental, and Social Health Issues of Sex Trafficking Victims by Stage of Exploitation","authors":"Amber E. Krushas, T. C. Kulig","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2128128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2128128","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is well established that experiencing human trafficking is associated with adverse consequences that are oftentimes substantial and enduring, including mental, physical, and social harms. Although health complications are recognized as being an important consideration in the response to victims, little is known about how these effects might vary depending on when victims were exploited or how they compare to individuals who have not experienced trafficking. Using a national sample of 986 young, non-college educated women, the current study seeks to fill this gap by examining the physical, mental, and social health issues of sex trafficking victims by stage of exploitation (i.e., minor only, adult only, both minor and adult) compared to non-sex trafficking victims. Results indicate significant associations between stage of exploitation and current social health issues, with limited significant associations between stage of exploitation and mental and physical health issues. Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that victims may experience different types of health issues based on when they were exploited, which could inform future response efforts.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"447 - 472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60073397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-26DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2023.2171169
C. S. Lee, A. Jang
ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoombombing emerged as a new form of online disruption/harassment characterized by unintended and unsolicited virtual visits by both strangers and known individuals via Zoom. The current study utilizes a grounded theory-based qualitative analysis of over 1,000 posts on Reddit to explore discussions around Zoombombing victimization incidents. This paper reveals how Zoombombing victimization subreddits function as communities for sharing victimization stories, user perceptions, and support while further developing a space that promotes informal justice online. The implications include an enhanced understanding of how Zoombombing occurs and the role of online forums and cyberpolicing tools in preventing and discussing victimization.
{"title":"Sharing Experiences and Seeking Informal Justice Online: A Grounded Theory Analysis of Zoombombing Victimization on Reddit","authors":"C. S. Lee, A. Jang","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2023.2171169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2171169","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoombombing emerged as a new form of online disruption/harassment characterized by unintended and unsolicited virtual visits by both strangers and known individuals via Zoom. The current study utilizes a grounded theory-based qualitative analysis of over 1,000 posts on Reddit to explore discussions around Zoombombing victimization incidents. This paper reveals how Zoombombing victimization subreddits function as communities for sharing victimization stories, user perceptions, and support while further developing a space that promotes informal justice online. The implications include an enhanced understanding of how Zoombombing occurs and the role of online forums and cyberpolicing tools in preventing and discussing victimization.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"988 - 1007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42014828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2138665
Kathleen Ratajczak, Jo Teut
ABSTRACT Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) students have unique barriers to success. One method to reduce these barriers is expanding Title IX protections to TGNC students. We adopt a feminist and queer jurisprudence lens to investigate current Title IX guidance. A content analysis of current guidance reveals that only the initial forms of feminist jurisprudence are present in the early guidance. Later guidance displays harmful distortions of feminist jurisprudence, limiting its ability to effectively protect TGNC students from discrimination. We discuss how recent iterations of feminist and queer jurisprudence would more effectively protect TGNC students from discrimination.
{"title":"Queering Title IX: Protecting Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Students from Discrimination, Harassment, and Violence","authors":"Kathleen Ratajczak, Jo Teut","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2138665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2138665","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) students have unique barriers to success. One method to reduce these barriers is expanding Title IX protections to TGNC students. We adopt a feminist and queer jurisprudence lens to investigate current Title IX guidance. A content analysis of current guidance reveals that only the initial forms of feminist jurisprudence are present in the early guidance. Later guidance displays harmful distortions of feminist jurisprudence, limiting its ability to effectively protect TGNC students from discrimination. We discuss how recent iterations of feminist and queer jurisprudence would more effectively protect TGNC students from discrimination.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"101 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46141937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2084194
Wan Huang, Xiaojin Chen, Yuning Wu
ABSTRACT The effects of parental migration on behavioral and psychological outcomes of children left behind (LBC) in rural China have drawn much public and research attention. Surprisingly, despite much research attention to this highly disadvantaged group, we know little about whether parental migration and alternative caretaking arrangements influence the exposure of this group to corporal punishment and neglect – key predictors of a myriad of child developmental outcomes such as educational performance, delinquency, and mental wellbeing. To address this research gap, we used a probability sample of approximately 1,200 middle-school students in Jiangxi province to investigate whether parental migration and alternative caretaking arrangements influenced children’s exposure to corporal punishment and neglect. Our models revealed that being taken care of by grandparents significantly decreased the odds of exposure to corporal punishment among children. Meanwhile, our results indicated that child neglect is prevalent among all children regardless of living and caretaking arrangements. Suggesting a protective role that grandparenting plays in LBC families against corporal punishment, these findings enrich the literature on child abuse and neglect in general and contribute to the understanding of the effect of parental migration on LBC’s development and experience in particular. Finally, policy recommendations are offered based on these findings.
{"title":"Tough or No Love? Parental Migration and Children’s Exposure to Corporal Punishment and Neglect in Rural China","authors":"Wan Huang, Xiaojin Chen, Yuning Wu","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2084194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2084194","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effects of parental migration on behavioral and psychological outcomes of children left behind (LBC) in rural China have drawn much public and research attention. Surprisingly, despite much research attention to this highly disadvantaged group, we know little about whether parental migration and alternative caretaking arrangements influence the exposure of this group to corporal punishment and neglect – key predictors of a myriad of child developmental outcomes such as educational performance, delinquency, and mental wellbeing. To address this research gap, we used a probability sample of approximately 1,200 middle-school students in Jiangxi province to investigate whether parental migration and alternative caretaking arrangements influenced children’s exposure to corporal punishment and neglect. Our models revealed that being taken care of by grandparents significantly decreased the odds of exposure to corporal punishment among children. Meanwhile, our results indicated that child neglect is prevalent among all children regardless of living and caretaking arrangements. Suggesting a protective role that grandparenting plays in LBC families against corporal punishment, these findings enrich the literature on child abuse and neglect in general and contribute to the understanding of the effect of parental migration on LBC’s development and experience in particular. Finally, policy recommendations are offered based on these findings.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"217 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45374752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2137613
Alisa Garni, Lisa A. Melander
ABSTRACT Gender-based violence is a pervasive global crisis that affects people in myriad ways. Little is known about the impact of victimization experiences of one particularly vulnerable group: women who are “defensively” seeking asylum in the United States. Our ethnographic research with asylum seekers and legal advocates reveals how systems of oppression interact across borders to multiply women’s vulnerability to victimization, obstruct their access to critical resources, bar their flight and safe passage, and restrict their access to asylum. We urge recognizing gender as a protected ground for asylum and enforcing robust rights and protections for women transnationally.
{"title":"“Nevertheless She Persisted:” Confronting the Silencing and Reproduction of Gender-Based Violence among U.S. Asylum Seekers","authors":"Alisa Garni, Lisa A. Melander","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2137613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2137613","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Gender-based violence is a pervasive global crisis that affects people in myriad ways. Little is known about the impact of victimization experiences of one particularly vulnerable group: women who are “defensively” seeking asylum in the United States. Our ethnographic research with asylum seekers and legal advocates reveals how systems of oppression interact across borders to multiply women’s vulnerability to victimization, obstruct their access to critical resources, bar their flight and safe passage, and restrict their access to asylum. We urge recognizing gender as a protected ground for asylum and enforcing robust rights and protections for women transnationally.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"23 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42195307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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