Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2036657
Vanessa Centelles, Ráchael A. Powers, Richard K. Moule
ABSTRACT The increased connectivity on mobile platforms – including dating applications – is associated with increased risks of victimization both online and in-person. The current study explores the role of dating applications in shaping the risk(s) of victimization. Using a sample of college students (N = 324), we examine the relationship between low self-control and victimization (online and in-person), and the mediating effect of risky behavior, finding that low self-control is associated with in-person victimization, although partially mediated by risky behavior. Low self-control was not a significant predictor for cybervictimization. We also discern gendered effects in both engagement of risky behaviors and experiences of victimization.
{"title":"Self-Control, Risky Behavior, and Dating Application-Facilitated Victimization","authors":"Vanessa Centelles, Ráchael A. Powers, Richard K. Moule","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2036657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2036657","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The increased connectivity on mobile platforms – including dating applications – is associated with increased risks of victimization both online and in-person. The current study explores the role of dating applications in shaping the risk(s) of victimization. Using a sample of college students (N = 324), we examine the relationship between low self-control and victimization (online and in-person), and the mediating effect of risky behavior, finding that low self-control is associated with in-person victimization, although partially mediated by risky behavior. Low self-control was not a significant predictor for cybervictimization. We also discern gendered effects in both engagement of risky behaviors and experiences of victimization.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"693 - 711"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43102107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2065714
Shelly L. Clevenger, Jordana N. Navarro, T. Holt
ABSTRACT Past research on intimate partner violence (IPV) has examined physical, sexual, emotional/psychological, and financial forms of abuse and its impacts on people within harmful relationships. However, there is a lack of research on the impact of cyberfinancial abuse on people experiencing IPV. This paper presents the experiences and effect of cyberfinancial abuse, such as identity theft and fraud, on people with a history of IPV victimization. Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who experienced IPV and at least one type of cyberfinancial abuse. The experiences of these people, including the nature and extent of their victimization, as well as the impact it had on their lives, their employment and their ability to leave their abuser is discussed. Additionally, feedback is gathered on their ability to maintain their independence, which then leads to our discussion of how laypersons and stakeholders can better assist individuals who experience crime.
{"title":"The Financial Leash: Cyberfinancial Abuse within Intimate Relationships","authors":"Shelly L. Clevenger, Jordana N. Navarro, T. Holt","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2065714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2065714","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Past research on intimate partner violence (IPV) has examined physical, sexual, emotional/psychological, and financial forms of abuse and its impacts on people within harmful relationships. However, there is a lack of research on the impact of cyberfinancial abuse on people experiencing IPV. This paper presents the experiences and effect of cyberfinancial abuse, such as identity theft and fraud, on people with a history of IPV victimization. Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who experienced IPV and at least one type of cyberfinancial abuse. The experiences of these people, including the nature and extent of their victimization, as well as the impact it had on their lives, their employment and their ability to leave their abuser is discussed. Additionally, feedback is gathered on their ability to maintain their independence, which then leads to our discussion of how laypersons and stakeholders can better assist individuals who experience crime.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"781 - 793"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46829013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2036660
Ashley E. Towers, Jordana N. Navarro, T. Holt
ABSTRACT Although geographic information systems (GIS) are popular tools for investigations and resource deployment/management within law enforcement agencies, the utility of software programs like Esri’s ArcGIS mapping software to identify vulnerable areas or populations to prevent or mitigate the impact of crime is rarely explored within the field. What is even less explored is how online information can be leveraged and mapped to inform practitioners of areas where harm reduction strategies could be deployed. Recognizing this gap in the literature, this investigation explored whether publicly available online chatter by established and potential customers of sex workers could point to areas of targeted outreach before harm occurs. Ultimately, we found that online chatter about accessing sex workers can be mapped to identify vulnerable areas and people. While this study was exploratory and others should build on this idea, this study demonstrated GIS could aid in the prevention of crime by leveraging online information to highlight areas and people at risk for harm.
{"title":"Mapping as Harm Reduction: Using GIS to Map Chatter Associated with Sex Work","authors":"Ashley E. Towers, Jordana N. Navarro, T. Holt","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2036660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2036660","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although geographic information systems (GIS) are popular tools for investigations and resource deployment/management within law enforcement agencies, the utility of software programs like Esri’s ArcGIS mapping software to identify vulnerable areas or populations to prevent or mitigate the impact of crime is rarely explored within the field. What is even less explored is how online information can be leveraged and mapped to inform practitioners of areas where harm reduction strategies could be deployed. Recognizing this gap in the literature, this investigation explored whether publicly available online chatter by established and potential customers of sex workers could point to areas of targeted outreach before harm occurs. Ultimately, we found that online chatter about accessing sex workers can be mapped to identify vulnerable areas and people. While this study was exploratory and others should build on this idea, this study demonstrated GIS could aid in the prevention of crime by leveraging online information to highlight areas and people at risk for harm.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"679 - 692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45133152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2029785
Jaeyong Choi, Brandon C. Dulisse, Sungil Han
ABSTRACT While there is a growing empirical literature on victimization in the virtual world, limited scholarship has examined the potentially overlapping relationship between cyberstalking victimization and face-to-face sexual victimization. The current study uses data from a sample of 7,109 middle and high school students in South Korea to investigate the extent to which the overlap exists between cyberstalking victimization and face-to-face sexual victimization. Additionally, we examine whether the two forms of victimization are the outcome of the same underlying mechanisms. The results from bivariate probit models show a significant degree of overlap between cyberstalking victimization and face-to-face sexual victimization. Being a female, a high level of parental strain, and a high level of school disorder are significantly associated with the joint occurrence of the two forms of victimization. Our findings highlight the importance of crime prevention policies that focus on familial and school factors.
{"title":"Assessing the Overlap between Cyberstalking Victimization and Face-to-face Sexual Victimization among South Korean Middle and High School Students","authors":"Jaeyong Choi, Brandon C. Dulisse, Sungil Han","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2029785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2029785","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While there is a growing empirical literature on victimization in the virtual world, limited scholarship has examined the potentially overlapping relationship between cyberstalking victimization and face-to-face sexual victimization. The current study uses data from a sample of 7,109 middle and high school students in South Korea to investigate the extent to which the overlap exists between cyberstalking victimization and face-to-face sexual victimization. Additionally, we examine whether the two forms of victimization are the outcome of the same underlying mechanisms. The results from bivariate probit models show a significant degree of overlap between cyberstalking victimization and face-to-face sexual victimization. Being a female, a high level of parental strain, and a high level of school disorder are significantly associated with the joint occurrence of the two forms of victimization. Our findings highlight the importance of crime prevention policies that focus on familial and school factors.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"660 - 678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47560691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2036656
Kweilin T. Lucas
ABSTRACT Technology-facilitated abuse is becoming an increasingly standard component of domestic violence, having proliferated in recent decades due to an increased use of smart phones and the Internet. While there are a variety of ways that videos and other content can be altered to misrepresent people and events, the use of deepfake technology is increasing in popularity because users can create high-quality, realistic visuals and manipulate video and audio to manufacture situations. Deepfake technology is widely available to everyone, and there are online communities where people discuss, and sometimes, create, non-consensual sexual deepfakes to be used for malicious purposes. Deepfake technology poses significant risk for victims of domestic violence because perpetrators can use deepfakes to threaten, blackmail, and abuse victims. Research on the use of deepfakes as a means of technology-facilitated image-based sexual abuse is in its infancy. Therefore, this policy analysis aims to add to the criminological literature on the subject by exploring the intersection of deepfake technology and domestic abuse to bring further attention to the issue and to help guide future policy, accounting for privacy issues, criminal and civil litigation, and the role that law enforcement officials and domestic violence advocates play in prevention.
{"title":"Deepfakes and Domestic Violence: Perpetrating Intimate Partner Abuse Using Video Technology","authors":"Kweilin T. Lucas","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2036656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2036656","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Technology-facilitated abuse is becoming an increasingly standard component of domestic violence, having proliferated in recent decades due to an increased use of smart phones and the Internet. While there are a variety of ways that videos and other content can be altered to misrepresent people and events, the use of deepfake technology is increasing in popularity because users can create high-quality, realistic visuals and manipulate video and audio to manufacture situations. Deepfake technology is widely available to everyone, and there are online communities where people discuss, and sometimes, create, non-consensual sexual deepfakes to be used for malicious purposes. Deepfake technology poses significant risk for victims of domestic violence because perpetrators can use deepfakes to threaten, blackmail, and abuse victims. Research on the use of deepfakes as a means of technology-facilitated image-based sexual abuse is in its infancy. Therefore, this policy analysis aims to add to the criminological literature on the subject by exploring the intersection of deepfake technology and domestic abuse to bring further attention to the issue and to help guide future policy, accounting for privacy issues, criminal and civil litigation, and the role that law enforcement officials and domestic violence advocates play in prevention.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"647 - 659"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45559694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2021.2018080
Cassandra Cross, Murray Lee
ABSTRACT This article assesses 3,259 romance fraud reports made by individuals to Scamwatch (Australian online reporting portal for fraud), between July 2018 – July 2019 (inclusive). It seeks to highlight experiences of fear of crime as articulated by the complainants. Drawing on frameworks used to analyze fear of crime (specifically the affective, behavioral and cognitive aspects of fear) the article is an exploratory assessment of how fear of crime is evident in those targeted by romance fraud. It builds a model for better understanding differing victim responses to romance fraud and the often-hidden harms involved around the anxieties of victims which importantly, can manifest in both online and offline environments.
{"title":"Exploring Fear of Crime for Those Targeted by Romance Fraud","authors":"Cassandra Cross, Murray Lee","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2021.2018080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2021.2018080","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article assesses 3,259 romance fraud reports made by individuals to Scamwatch (Australian online reporting portal for fraud), between July 2018 – July 2019 (inclusive). It seeks to highlight experiences of fear of crime as articulated by the complainants. Drawing on frameworks used to analyze fear of crime (specifically the affective, behavioral and cognitive aspects of fear) the article is an exploratory assessment of how fear of crime is evident in those targeted by romance fraud. It builds a model for better understanding differing victim responses to romance fraud and the often-hidden harms involved around the anxieties of victims which importantly, can manifest in both online and offline environments.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"735 - 755"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49108609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2021.2015031
Catarina Fonseca, Samuel Moreira, I. Guedes
ABSTRACT Online consumer fraud is one of the most fast-growing crimes. It corresponds to situations where, for instance, the products that are bought, but are not delivered. The present study (N = 1710) aimed at exploring, on the one hand, the predictors of online fraud victimization and, on the other hand, to examine the reporting to the police. Even though 223 were victims of online consumer fraud, only 20 reported to the police. Moreover, while individual variables were not predictors of victimization, online routines were relevant to its explanation. Finally, monetary loss was the most important predictor of reporting to the police.
{"title":"Online Consumer Fraud Victimization and Reporting: A Quantitative Study of the Predictors and Motives","authors":"Catarina Fonseca, Samuel Moreira, I. Guedes","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2021.2015031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2021.2015031","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Online consumer fraud is one of the most fast-growing crimes. It corresponds to situations where, for instance, the products that are bought, but are not delivered. The present study (N = 1710) aimed at exploring, on the one hand, the predictors of online fraud victimization and, on the other hand, to examine the reporting to the police. Even though 223 were victims of online consumer fraud, only 20 reported to the police. Moreover, while individual variables were not predictors of victimization, online routines were relevant to its explanation. Finally, monetary loss was the most important predictor of reporting to the police.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"756 - 780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49648381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2036658
F. McLachlan, Bridget A. Harris
ABSTRACT The relationship between technology and fatal intimate partner violence has been previously thought of as distinct and separate. This research paper suggests, however, that online abuse that is considered “spaceless” in fact is intrinsically linked to the perpetration of “real world” and fatal violence. This study examined 100 cases of intimate partner femicide to determine the frequency of technology-facilitated intimate partner violence in Queensland, Australia. Findings indicate that risk factors of intimate partner femicide, including coercive control and stalking are closely associated with technology-facilitated intimate partner violence. This suggests that technology allows offenders to enact an omnipresent violence. Implications highlight the need for future research, policy, and practice to acknowledge the interconnectedness of offline and online abuse in responding to fatal intimate partner violence.
{"title":"Intimate Risks: Examining Online and Offline Abuse, Homicide Flags, and Femicide","authors":"F. McLachlan, Bridget A. Harris","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2036658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2036658","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The relationship between technology and fatal intimate partner violence has been previously thought of as distinct and separate. This research paper suggests, however, that online abuse that is considered “spaceless” in fact is intrinsically linked to the perpetration of “real world” and fatal violence. This study examined 100 cases of intimate partner femicide to determine the frequency of technology-facilitated intimate partner violence in Queensland, Australia. Findings indicate that risk factors of intimate partner femicide, including coercive control and stalking are closely associated with technology-facilitated intimate partner violence. This suggests that technology allows offenders to enact an omnipresent violence. Implications highlight the need for future research, policy, and practice to acknowledge the interconnectedness of offline and online abuse in responding to fatal intimate partner violence.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"623 - 646"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43906138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2036655
Katalin Parti, Thomas E. Dearden, J. Hawdon
ABSTRACT Criminal offending and victimization often overlap in both the virtual and offline worlds. However, scholars are still unsure how the offending-victimization relationship plays out between the online and offline worlds. Using a sample of 2,491 adults, four clusters are discovered: 1) those unlikely to have offended or been victimized, 2) those who had online victimization and offending experiences, 3) Those who have been victimized offline and online, but who are unlikely to have offended, and 4) individuals who were victims both online and offline and offended online. Thus, the offending-victimization overlap may be common, but it is certainly not exclusive.
{"title":"Understanding the Overlap of Online Offending and Victimization: Using Cluster Analysis to Examine Group Differences","authors":"Katalin Parti, Thomas E. Dearden, J. Hawdon","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2036655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2036655","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Criminal offending and victimization often overlap in both the virtual and offline worlds. However, scholars are still unsure how the offending-victimization relationship plays out between the online and offline worlds. Using a sample of 2,491 adults, four clusters are discovered: 1) those unlikely to have offended or been victimized, 2) those who had online victimization and offending experiences, 3) Those who have been victimized offline and online, but who are unlikely to have offended, and 4) individuals who were victims both online and offline and offended online. Thus, the offending-victimization overlap may be common, but it is certainly not exclusive.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"17 1","pages":"712 - 734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46673220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2077495
Mackenzie Kushner, A. Fagan
ABSTRACT General strain theory (GST) proposes that criminal coping is most likely for victims who possess multiple individual and environmental risk factors that together create a strong propensity for offending. However, this conceptualization does not consider the potential buffering effects of multiple protective factors on the victimization/offending relationship. This study addresses this limitation using self-report data from waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) (N = 13,346). Negative binomial logistic regression models assessed the conditioning effects of composite and individual measures representing criminal propensity/risk and protection/resilience on the victim/offending relationship. Results support GST’s premise that victimization increases involvement in offending but, contrary to GST, greater risk weakened the relationship between victimization and offending while greater protection strengthened this relationship. Findings highlight a need for further theoretical development and a greater understanding of the subjective experience of victimization and pathways associated with increased risk and resiliency.
{"title":"The Effects of Victimization on Offending: An Examination of General Strain Theory, Criminal Propensity, Risk, Protection, and Resilience","authors":"Mackenzie Kushner, A. Fagan","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2077495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2077495","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT General strain theory (GST) proposes that criminal coping is most likely for victims who possess multiple individual and environmental risk factors that together create a strong propensity for offending. However, this conceptualization does not consider the potential buffering effects of multiple protective factors on the victimization/offending relationship. This study addresses this limitation using self-report data from waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) (N = 13,346). Negative binomial logistic regression models assessed the conditioning effects of composite and individual measures representing criminal propensity/risk and protection/resilience on the victim/offending relationship. Results support GST’s premise that victimization increases involvement in offending but, contrary to GST, greater risk weakened the relationship between victimization and offending while greater protection strengthened this relationship. Findings highlight a need for further theoretical development and a greater understanding of the subjective experience of victimization and pathways associated with increased risk and resiliency.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"1009 - 1029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44539980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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