Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2023.2231954
Yasemin Irvin-Erickson
ABSTRACT There has been no research study to date in the United States (US) looking at how an individual’s immigration status and citizenship might affect their odds of becoming an identity theft victim. This study fills this gap by analyzing the relationship between immigration status and identity theft victimization risk with recently released data from the 2018 iteration of the US National Crime Victimization Survey’s Identity Theft Supplement. Descriptive analysis presents demographics, risky and protective behavior, and identity theft prevalence across US-born citizens, naturalized citizens, non-citizens, and individuals with an ambiguous citizenship status in the US. Logistic regression models explore the differences between these groups in their identity theft victimization risk controlling for other demographic factors and known correlates of identity theft. Results suggest that US-born citizens, naturalized citizens, and non-citizens are at the end of the spectrum with a higher risk of identity theft victimization, whereas individuals with an ambiguous immigration status are at the lower end. Implications of the study findings and future avenues for data collection and research are discussed.
{"title":"How Does Immigration Status and Citizenship Affect Identity Theft Victimization Risk in the US? Insights from the 2018 National Crime Victimization Survey Identity Theft Supplement","authors":"Yasemin Irvin-Erickson","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2023.2231954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2231954","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There has been no research study to date in the United States (US) looking at how an individual’s immigration status and citizenship might affect their odds of becoming an identity theft victim. This study fills this gap by analyzing the relationship between immigration status and identity theft victimization risk with recently released data from the 2018 iteration of the US National Crime Victimization Survey’s Identity Theft Supplement. Descriptive analysis presents demographics, risky and protective behavior, and identity theft prevalence across US-born citizens, naturalized citizens, non-citizens, and individuals with an ambiguous citizenship status in the US. Logistic regression models explore the differences between these groups in their identity theft victimization risk controlling for other demographic factors and known correlates of identity theft. Results suggest that US-born citizens, naturalized citizens, and non-citizens are at the end of the spectrum with a higher risk of identity theft victimization, whereas individuals with an ambiguous immigration status are at the lower end. Implications of the study findings and future avenues for data collection and research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"13 1","pages":"1401 - 1424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73821268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2023.2218369
Loretta J. Stalans, Eric Chan-Tin, Anna Hart, M. Moran, S. Kennison
ABSTRACT Phishing victimization is prevalent and results in theft of personal identifiable information (PII) or installing malware to steal PII. Drawing upon social psychological and criminological theories, we conducted a prospective study to assess three groups of predictors to being phished or not: a) prior victimization; b) protective or vulnerable habitual strategies, and c) emotional and cognitive decision-making styles. Students (N = 236) completed a survey assessing these predictors and then about 4 weeks later received a phishing e-mail using the university’s phishing testing system. The e-mail requested that they click on a link and enter their student ID to avoid having their account blocked. About half (50.8%) clicked on the link, and 81.6% of those phished entered their PII. Individuals who had low avoidant style and high generalized anxiety were four times more likely to be phished, after controlling for the significant effects of vulnerable habitual strategies and using dating apps. Machine learning analyses also found cognitive styles and generalized anxiety are the better predictors of getting phished compared to vulnerable and protective strategies and prior victimization. These findings suggest that cybersecurity training needs to be expanded to address the emotional and cognitive processing of deceptive appeals in e-mails.
{"title":"Predicting Phishing Victimization: Comparing Prior Victimization, Cognitive, and Emotional Styles, and Vulnerable or Protective E-mail Strategies","authors":"Loretta J. Stalans, Eric Chan-Tin, Anna Hart, M. Moran, S. Kennison","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2023.2218369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2218369","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Phishing victimization is prevalent and results in theft of personal identifiable information (PII) or installing malware to steal PII. Drawing upon social psychological and criminological theories, we conducted a prospective study to assess three groups of predictors to being phished or not: a) prior victimization; b) protective or vulnerable habitual strategies, and c) emotional and cognitive decision-making styles. Students (N = 236) completed a survey assessing these predictors and then about 4 weeks later received a phishing e-mail using the university’s phishing testing system. The e-mail requested that they click on a link and enter their student ID to avoid having their account blocked. About half (50.8%) clicked on the link, and 81.6% of those phished entered their PII. Individuals who had low avoidant style and high generalized anxiety were four times more likely to be phished, after controlling for the significant effects of vulnerable habitual strategies and using dating apps. Machine learning analyses also found cognitive styles and generalized anxiety are the better predictors of getting phished compared to vulnerable and protective strategies and prior victimization. These findings suggest that cybersecurity training needs to be expanded to address the emotional and cognitive processing of deceptive appeals in e-mails.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"25 1","pages":"1216 - 1235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87344970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-21DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2023.2211570
You Zhou, Jianhua Xu, Sinan Wu, Shangyi Zhu
ABSTRACT The aging-related vulnerabilities have long been regarded as salient factors affecting older adults’ health fraud victimization. Traditional wisdom tends to focus on how victims’ vulnerability facilitates victimization. Despite its insights, such a focus neglects the importance of offenders’ active manipulation and exploitation of victims’ vulnerability, which may lead to victim blaming. Using data collected from 233 Chinese judgment documents (the court records of the crime) and 13 interviews with secondary victims – family members or close relatives of the (primary) victims, this paper examines how three aging-related vulnerabilities, declined ability in information processing, comfort-driven social preference, and positivity-driven emotional preference, were deliberately manipulated by health fraud offenders. This study provides the latest empirical evidence on how health fraud against the elderly occurs in China and sheds new light on vulnerability manipulation from the socio-emotional selectivity theory.
{"title":"Health Fraud against the Elderly in China: The Perspective of Vulnerability Manipulation","authors":"You Zhou, Jianhua Xu, Sinan Wu, Shangyi Zhu","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2023.2211570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2211570","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aging-related vulnerabilities have long been regarded as salient factors affecting older adults’ health fraud victimization. Traditional wisdom tends to focus on how victims’ vulnerability facilitates victimization. Despite its insights, such a focus neglects the importance of offenders’ active manipulation and exploitation of victims’ vulnerability, which may lead to victim blaming. Using data collected from 233 Chinese judgment documents (the court records of the crime) and 13 interviews with secondary victims – family members or close relatives of the (primary) victims, this paper examines how three aging-related vulnerabilities, declined ability in information processing, comfort-driven social preference, and positivity-driven emotional preference, were deliberately manipulated by health fraud offenders. This study provides the latest empirical evidence on how health fraud against the elderly occurs in China and sheds new light on vulnerability manipulation from the socio-emotional selectivity theory.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"11 1","pages":"1354 - 1372"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88733709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2051108
Christiane J. Jones, M. Salter, D. Woodlock
ABSTRACT Reports of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) on the internet are rapidly increasing and the number of people accessing it is substantial. Many of these men have partners or families who are impacted by their CSAM use. These families experience negative mental health and social outcomes as a result. Despite this, there are limited services that provide support to this population. In this article, we examine the findings of an evaluation of PartnerSPEAK, a service in Victoria, Australia, that supports the non-offending partners and families of CSAM offenders. The evaluation included a survey of 53 clients as well as seven in-depth interviews. The findings showed that the peer support model utilized by PartnerSPEAK offered effective support for this underserved client group including the reduction of shame and isolation.
{"title":"“Someone Who Has Been in My Shoes”: The Effectiveness of a Peer Support Model for Providing Support to Partners, Family and Friends of Child Sexual Abuse Material Offenders","authors":"Christiane J. Jones, M. Salter, D. Woodlock","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2051108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2051108","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reports of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) on the internet are rapidly increasing and the number of people accessing it is substantial. Many of these men have partners or families who are impacted by their CSAM use. These families experience negative mental health and social outcomes as a result. Despite this, there are limited services that provide support to this population. In this article, we examine the findings of an evaluation of PartnerSPEAK, a service in Victoria, Australia, that supports the non-offending partners and families of CSAM offenders. The evaluation included a survey of 53 clients as well as seven in-depth interviews. The findings showed that the peer support model utilized by PartnerSPEAK offered effective support for this underserved client group including the reduction of shame and isolation.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"715 - 731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44199951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2023.2214800
E. Homer, C. Jalain, K. B. Hoover
ABSTRACT Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi scheme may be one of the most famous in history. The victims included over 15,000 parties. Roughly 130 elected to share their stories in court by filing victim impact statements. In the current study, we performed a content analysis that explored the consequences of victimization as reported in Madoff’s victim impact statements. We found that the consequences of Ponzi scheme victimization included financial, mental or emotional, interpersonal, physical, life trajectory, and a change in trust in the government. The findings indicate that victims would be better served by having quicker responses from the government after victimization. They also benefit from being included in all phases of criminal proceedings.
{"title":"Hearing from the Forgotten Victims: A Content Analysis of the Consequences of Bernard L. Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme","authors":"E. Homer, C. Jalain, K. B. Hoover","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2023.2214800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2214800","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi scheme may be one of the most famous in history. The victims included over 15,000 parties. Roughly 130 elected to share their stories in court by filing victim impact statements. In the current study, we performed a content analysis that explored the consequences of victimization as reported in Madoff’s victim impact statements. We found that the consequences of Ponzi scheme victimization included financial, mental or emotional, interpersonal, physical, life trajectory, and a change in trust in the government. The findings indicate that victims would be better served by having quicker responses from the government after victimization. They also benefit from being included in all phases of criminal proceedings.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"89 1","pages":"1335 - 1353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86739154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-19DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2023.2186996
Branislav Hock, Mark D. Button
ABSTRACT Pyramid schemes, including their various forms such as chain letters and illegal forms of multi-level marketing, harm people that are often far from ideal victims. While many lose cash and suffer emotional, health, and other harms; victims also facilitate pyramids by actively recruiting new victims and turning them into more recruiters ad nauseam. Research in this area is, however, small. This paper seeks to add to this small body of research by constructing a typology of actors in pyramid schemes being inspired by concepts of ideal victim and non-ideal victim and building upon the characteristics of pyramid schemes. It provides a unique insight into a complex network of relationships featured by pyramid schemes and contentious areas between victims and perpetrators of economically motivated crimes and wrongs. The paper presents policy implications and argues more research is needed on this group and their needs as they are often neglected by the criminal justice systems.
{"title":"Non-Ideal Victims or Offenders? The Curious Case of Pyramid Scheme Participants","authors":"Branislav Hock, Mark D. Button","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2023.2186996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2186996","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Pyramid schemes, including their various forms such as chain letters and illegal forms of multi-level marketing, harm people that are often far from ideal victims. While many lose cash and suffer emotional, health, and other harms; victims also facilitate pyramids by actively recruiting new victims and turning them into more recruiters ad nauseam. Research in this area is, however, small. This paper seeks to add to this small body of research by constructing a typology of actors in pyramid schemes being inspired by concepts of ideal victim and non-ideal victim and building upon the characteristics of pyramid schemes. It provides a unique insight into a complex network of relationships featured by pyramid schemes and contentious areas between victims and perpetrators of economically motivated crimes and wrongs. The paper presents policy implications and argues more research is needed on this group and their needs as they are often neglected by the criminal justice systems.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"69 1","pages":"1311 - 1334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76529723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-08DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2023.2183917
C. Jonson, Amanda Graham, F. Cullen, Justin T. Pickett, Murat Haner, Melissa M. Sloan
ABSTRACT In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented number of people purchasing firearms/ammunition. However, this was not the only way Americans responded to the pandemic: large swaths of the public also stayed at home and stockpiled goods. Twelve months later, as the pandemic raged, these coping mechanisms were still present as Americans continued to buy guns/ammunition, limit social interactions, and hoard supplies. Using two nationwide surveys conducted one year apart, we examine the extent and sources of gun/ammunition purchasing compared to staying home and panic buying during this unique moment in American history. Results from both surveys indicate that the factors that led to these divergent coping mechanisms vary. Both at the beginning of the pandemic and one year later, the likelihood of purchasing a firearm/ammunition was associated low self-control and White nationalism. Conversely, fear of the virus was associated with people staying home and amassing supplies.
{"title":"Locked, Stocked, and Charmin: Sources of White Americans’ Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"C. Jonson, Amanda Graham, F. Cullen, Justin T. Pickett, Murat Haner, Melissa M. Sloan","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2023.2183917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2183917","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented number of people purchasing firearms/ammunition. However, this was not the only way Americans responded to the pandemic: large swaths of the public also stayed at home and stockpiled goods. Twelve months later, as the pandemic raged, these coping mechanisms were still present as Americans continued to buy guns/ammunition, limit social interactions, and hoard supplies. Using two nationwide surveys conducted one year apart, we examine the extent and sources of gun/ammunition purchasing compared to staying home and panic buying during this unique moment in American history. Results from both surveys indicate that the factors that led to these divergent coping mechanisms vary. Both at the beginning of the pandemic and one year later, the likelihood of purchasing a firearm/ammunition was associated low self-control and White nationalism. Conversely, fear of the virus was associated with people staying home and amassing supplies.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"765 - 798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43327686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2134242
Jacquelyn Burckley, Michelle N. Jeanis, B. Fox
ABSTRACT Despite the apparent ubiquity of prostitution over time and place, and legality of most other modern forms of sex work (e.g., erotic dancing, cam girls, entrepreneurial pornography), prostitution remains criminalized around most of the globe. In recent years there has been a push to reevaluate this stance, with new debates arising over the positive and negative implications of criminalizing prostitution, with particular attention paid to victimization, public health, and human trafficking. Still, most of these arguments are emotive, political, or normative in nature, and rarely are empirical evaluations of the impact of criminalized prostitution included in this narrative. This essay aims to address this issue by presenting the scientific findings on the impact of criminalized prostitution with respect to violence/victimization, public health, and risk of sex trafficking. We find that overall, criminalization has iatrogenic effects on victimization and public health (such as spread of STDs, use of condoms, etc.) in the literature, but the impact on sex trafficking is more mixed. We therefore call for more research and funding to be dedicated to the issue, with focus on developing and evaluating policies that specifically aim to maximize benefits from decriminalizing prostitution across domains, while also protecting our most vulnerable.
{"title":"On the Illegality of Sex Work and the Impact on Victimization, Health, and Human Trafficking: Is Criminalization a Cure or Disease?","authors":"Jacquelyn Burckley, Michelle N. Jeanis, B. Fox","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2134242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2134242","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the apparent ubiquity of prostitution over time and place, and legality of most other modern forms of sex work (e.g., erotic dancing, cam girls, entrepreneurial pornography), prostitution remains criminalized around most of the globe. In recent years there has been a push to reevaluate this stance, with new debates arising over the positive and negative implications of criminalizing prostitution, with particular attention paid to victimization, public health, and human trafficking. Still, most of these arguments are emotive, political, or normative in nature, and rarely are empirical evaluations of the impact of criminalized prostitution included in this narrative. This essay aims to address this issue by presenting the scientific findings on the impact of criminalized prostitution with respect to violence/victimization, public health, and risk of sex trafficking. We find that overall, criminalization has iatrogenic effects on victimization and public health (such as spread of STDs, use of condoms, etc.) in the literature, but the impact on sex trafficking is more mixed. We therefore call for more research and funding to be dedicated to the issue, with focus on developing and evaluating policies that specifically aim to maximize benefits from decriminalizing prostitution across domains, while also protecting our most vulnerable.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"572 - 585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47455852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2151538
Calli M. Cain
ABSTRACT Minors under the age of 18 involved in prostitution, or commercial sex acts, are defined as victims by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. However, state and local justice systems continued to arrest and incarcerate minors for prostitution after the passage of the TVPA despite widespread agreement that youth involved in commercial sexual exploitation are victims, not offenders. Most youth charged with prostitution have an extensive history of victimization experiences and detaining them often exacerbates their problems, delays appropriate therapeutic responses, interrupts their education, exposes them to youth who commit more serious offenses, and increases justice system costs. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics and risk factors (e.g., victimization histories, drug/alcohol use, gang involvement, home type) of justice-involved youth charged with prostitution in the United States. Given that males and females have different pathways to crime/arrest, this study will also test for gender differences in these risk factors using a nationally representative sample of incarcerated youth (Survey of Youth in Residential Placement; Sedlak, 2003). Results indicate this population of incarcerated youth have several risk factors, including extensive victimization experiences during childhood, and that these experiences vary by gender. I conclude with the implications of this research and give several policy and future research recommendation.
{"title":"Commercial Sexual Exploitation Victims Treated as Offenders: Examining the Gendered Risk Factors of Incarcerated Youth Charged with Prostitution","authors":"Calli M. Cain","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2151538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2151538","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Minors under the age of 18 involved in prostitution, or commercial sex acts, are defined as victims by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. However, state and local justice systems continued to arrest and incarcerate minors for prostitution after the passage of the TVPA despite widespread agreement that youth involved in commercial sexual exploitation are victims, not offenders. Most youth charged with prostitution have an extensive history of victimization experiences and detaining them often exacerbates their problems, delays appropriate therapeutic responses, interrupts their education, exposes them to youth who commit more serious offenses, and increases justice system costs. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics and risk factors (e.g., victimization histories, drug/alcohol use, gang involvement, home type) of justice-involved youth charged with prostitution in the United States. Given that males and females have different pathways to crime/arrest, this study will also test for gender differences in these risk factors using a nationally representative sample of incarcerated youth (Survey of Youth in Residential Placement; Sedlak, 2003). Results indicate this population of incarcerated youth have several risk factors, including extensive victimization experiences during childhood, and that these experiences vary by gender. I conclude with the implications of this research and give several policy and future research recommendation.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"543 - 571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42887480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2022.2151539
Ieke de Vries, Joan A Reid, Amy Farrell
ABSTRACT Commercial sex policies are often at the core of many anti-trafficking efforts, yet rigorous empirical evidence about the effectiveness of these policies in preventing sex trafficking is lacking. In response to ongoing debates about which commercial sex laws and policies would help prevent sex trafficking, we seek to contribute to more nuanced discussions on commercial sex policies in relation to sex trafficking victimizations. The purpose of this essay is to identify the pitfalls in the debate on how to govern commercial sex markets, emphasizing 1) the lack of recognition of the variation in laws and policies on commercial sex; 2) the moral instead of empirical underpinnings of the debate; 3) ambiguous and stigmatizing notions of vulnerability to sex trafficking victimizations; and 4) a continued reliance on a traditional criminal justice system response that may cause harm to victims. We conclude with five premises to promote more nuanced, inclusive, and collaborative debates and governance of commercial sex markets that allow countries and local jurisdictions to move away from response models for which harm-reducing effects are either unknown or refuted.
{"title":"From Responding to Uncertainties and Ambiguities to More Constructive and Inclusive Debates on Commercial Sex and Sex Trafficking","authors":"Ieke de Vries, Joan A Reid, Amy Farrell","doi":"10.1080/15564886.2022.2151539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2151539","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Commercial sex policies are often at the core of many anti-trafficking efforts, yet rigorous empirical evidence about the effectiveness of these policies in preventing sex trafficking is lacking. In response to ongoing debates about which commercial sex laws and policies would help prevent sex trafficking, we seek to contribute to more nuanced discussions on commercial sex policies in relation to sex trafficking victimizations. The purpose of this essay is to identify the pitfalls in the debate on how to govern commercial sex markets, emphasizing 1) the lack of recognition of the variation in laws and policies on commercial sex; 2) the moral instead of empirical underpinnings of the debate; 3) ambiguous and stigmatizing notions of vulnerability to sex trafficking victimizations; and 4) a continued reliance on a traditional criminal justice system response that may cause harm to victims. We conclude with five premises to promote more nuanced, inclusive, and collaborative debates and governance of commercial sex markets that allow countries and local jurisdictions to move away from response models for which harm-reducing effects are either unknown or refuted.","PeriodicalId":47085,"journal":{"name":"Victims & Offenders","volume":"18 1","pages":"586 - 606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49470016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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