The type of mood or tense marking that causes counterfactuality inferences—as figuring prominently, but far from exclusively, in counterfactual conditionals—has not yet received a comprehensive and compositional analysis. Focusing on four languages, the paper presents under-appreciated facts and a novel theory where the mood serves to activate alternatives to modal operators, particularly one: the identity operator, often giving rise to counterfactual implicatures.
This paper investigates lexical mass-to-count and count-to-mass operators in Slavic languages, primarily Russian and Ukrainian, by exploring the distribution and semantic contribution of the suffix -in/-yn. The focus is on two uses of the suffix: the singulative turns mass nouns like gorox ‘pea’ into count, denoting sets of natural units (e.g., gorošina ‘a pea’), and the massifier applies to count nouns, such as kon’ ‘horse’, and turns them into mass (e.g., konina ‘horsemeat’). It is proposed that each use of -in/-yn contributes a partition operator which triggers a new division into units of the original material part. It is further argued that the singulative and the massifier should be unified, given their (i) phonological identity, (ii) shared grammatical properties, and (iii) common semantic core. Under the proposed analysis, there is a single suffix that functions as an underspecified lexical partition shifter.
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