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A human rights‐based approach to climates injustices at the local, national, and international levels: Program and policy recommendations 在地方、国家和国际层面采用基于人权的方法解决气候不公正问题:计划和政策建议
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12103
Sheri R. Levy, Meroona Gopang, Luisa Ramírez, Allan B. I. Bernardo, Martin D. Ruck, Anni Sternisko
The climate crisis threatens and violates human rights to development, education, food, health, housing, life, meaningful and informed participation, self‐determination, and water. Climate injustices refer to how some communities are shouldering the disproportionate brunt of the negative effects of climate change while being the least responsible. With a human rights‐based approach focused on protection and participation rights, this paper reviews climate injustices based on age, disability, ethnicity, gender identity, geography, income, Indigenous identity, migratory status, race, refugee and internally displaced status, and their intersections. Policy recommendations include increasing climate education, utilizing disaggregated data, and expanding mental health services. Cross‐cutting themes throughout the paper are that climate change is interconnected with other crises, thereby compounding inequalities, and that a diversity of interdisciplinary and international perspectives and knowledge centered on the voices of frontline communities are essential for addressing the climate crisis.
气候危机威胁并侵犯了发展、教育、食品、健康、住房、生命、有意义的知情参与、自决和用水等人权。气候不公正指的是一些社区如何在气候变化的负面影响中首当其冲,却又责任最小。本文采用注重保护和参与权的人权方法,审查了基于年龄、残疾、种族、性别认同、地理、收入、土著认同、移民身份、种族、难民和境内流离失所者身份及其交叉因素的气候不公正现象。政策建议包括加强气候教育、利用分类数据和扩大心理健康服务。本文贯穿始终的主题是:气候变化与其他危机相互关联,从而加剧了不平等;以第一线社区的声音为中心,多元化的跨学科和国际视角与知识对于解决气候危机至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The connections—and misconnections—between the public and politicians over climate policy: A social psychological perspective 在气候政策问题上,公众与政治家之间的联系与错位:社会心理学视角
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12104
David K. Sherman, Leaf Van Boven
We review findings from social psychology and related fields to examine the bidirectional relationship between the public—what are their views about climate change and the need for policies to address the climate crisis—and the politicians who are making (or not making) climate policy and beholden to electoral constraints. We illustrate social psychological pressures that influence policy support and their relevance to how policies emerge from coordinated action and how barriers impede policy progress. We review two factors that have been the focus of research within communication, political science, and psychology and that are relevant to how climate policies are promoted (or undermined): activists and the media. We examine the process by which activists amplify and transmit the preferences of the public to politicians, and how research on persuasion and social norms helps understand how this effect can be amplified or diminished. We also describe how the media environment can amplify or diminish the roles of the public and the politicians in influencing each other. As the world confronts the climate crisis, research from social psychologists, environmental psychologists, political scientists, and communication scholars has examined the interrelations between the public, politicians, media, and activists, but largely in a disconnected way. The current paper provides a social psychological framework to integrate these approaches and, in so doing, suggest new directions for research and theory‐guided ways to influence policy around climate change.
我们回顾了社会心理学及相关领域的研究成果,探讨了公众--他们对气候变化的看法以及制定政策应对气候危机的必要性--与制定(或不制定)气候政策并受选举制约的政治家之间的双向关系。我们阐述了影响政策支持的社会心理压力,以及这些压力与政策如何从协调行动中产生以及障碍如何阻碍政策进展的相关性。我们回顾了一直是传播学、政治学和心理学研究重点的两个因素,它们与气候政策的推动(或破坏)方式相关:积极分子和媒体。我们探讨了活动家将公众的偏好放大并传递给政治家的过程,以及有关说服和社会规范的研究如何帮助理解这种效应如何被放大或减弱。我们还描述了媒体环境如何放大或缩小公众和政治家在相互影响中的作用。在全球面临气候危机之际,社会心理学家、环境心理学家、政治学家和传播学者对公众、政治家、媒体和活动家之间的相互关系进行了研究,但这些研究大多互不关联。本文提供了一个社会心理学框架来整合这些方法,并以此提出了新的研究方向和以理论为指导的影响气候变化政策的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Omission as a modern form of bias against Native Peoples: Implications for policies and practices 遗漏是针对原住民的一种现代偏见形式:对政策和实践的影响
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12105
Stephanie A. Fryberg, J. D. Dai, Arianne E. Eason
The omission of Native Peoples’ existence, experiences, and perspectives is systematic and widespread across numerous societal domains, referred to as Native omission. In mainstream media, for example, less than 0.5% of representations are of contemporary Native Peoples. We theorize that Native omission is a tool furthering settler colonial goals to oppress and eventually erase Native Peoples. To make this case, we will review both experimental and national survey studies that unpack how Native omission shapes psychological processes among non‐Native and Native individuals and contribute to discrimination, oppression, and disparities facing Native Peoples. We then discuss ways in which Native Peoples are actively resisting Native omission. Finally, we provide a series of policy recommendations to address Native omission and promote Native equity. By making visible the pernicious consequences of omission for Native Peoples, we chart a path for creating a more equitable future.
在许多社会领域,对原住民的存在、经历和观点的忽略是系统而普遍的,被称为原住民的忽略。例如,在主流媒体中,对当代原住民的描述不到 0.5%。我们的理论是,对原住民的忽略是一种工具,它进一步实现了殖民定居者压迫原住民并最终抹杀原住民的目标。为了说明这一点,我们将回顾实验研究和全国性调查研究,这些研究揭示了原住民的遗漏是如何影响非原住民和原住民的心理过程,并导致原住民面临歧视、压迫和差异的。然后,我们将讨论原住民如何积极抵制本土遗漏。最后,我们提出了一系列政策建议,以解决原住民被忽视的问题,促进原住民公平。通过揭示遗漏对原住民造成的有害后果,我们为创造更加公平的未来指明了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Psychological science and its societal mission during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: The Motivation Barometer as an evidence‐informed policy instrument in Belgium 心理科学及其在 SARS-CoV-2 大流行期间的社会使命:比利时将 "动机晴雨表 "作为循证政策工具
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12101
M. Vansteenkiste, J. Waterschoot, S. Morbée, P. Van Oost, Mathias Schmitz, O. Klein, O. Luminet, Vincent Yzerbyt, Omer Van den Bergh
Upon the outbreak of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, it was clear that the pandemic would not only entail physical but also psychological challenges and threats to individuals’ sustained motivation, behavioral adherence, and mental health. To encourage the Belgian authorities to take these psychological aspects into account, the Motivation Barometer, a large‐scale and dynamic survey, was launched in March 2020. Its purpose was to monitor cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of citizens’ functioning across the pandemic, with special attention given to motivational and social factors. In the present review, we provide a description of the methodology of the Motivation Barometer, we synthesize the key findings emerging from the Motivation Barometer, we clarify how these findings were used in practice to the benefit of different societal stakeholders (i.e., the broader public, policymakers, intermediate‐level organizations, and media), and we highlight its potential contribution for the management of other societal challenges (e.g., climate change, well‐being). We conclude that the Motivation Barometer was a critical policy instrument during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in Belgium. It helped to bridge the gap between social scientists, policymakers, the media, and the general public, and, as such, allowed to demonstrate the incremental value of psychological sciences for society.
在 SARS-CoV-2 病毒爆发后,人们清楚地认识到,这种大流行病不仅会带来身体上的挑战,还会带来心理上的挑战,并对个人的持续动力、行为坚持和心理健康造成威胁。为了鼓励比利时当局考虑这些心理因素,2020 年 3 月启动了大规模动态调查 "动机晴雨表"。其目的是监测整个大流行期间公民在认知、情感和行为方面的功能,并特别关注动机和社会因素。在本综述中,我们介绍了 "动机晴雨表 "的方法,综述了 "动机晴雨表 "的主要研究结果,阐明了这些研究结果在实践中是如何为不同的社会利益相关者(即广大公众、政策制定者、中级组织和媒体)服务的,并强调了 "动机晴雨表 "对管理其他社会挑战(如气候变化、福祉)的潜在贡献。我们的结论是,在比利时 SARS-CoV-2 大流行期间,"动机晴雨表 "是一个重要的政策工具。它有助于弥合社会科学家、政策制定者、媒体和公众之间的鸿沟,并因此得以展示心理科学对社会的增量价值。
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引用次数: 0
The role of suspect development practices in eyewitness identification accuracy and racial disparities in wrongful conviction 嫌疑人培养实践在目击证人指认准确性和误判中的种族差异中的作用
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12102
M. B. Kovera
This article reviews the three previously studied categories of variables that are related to eyewitness identification accuracy: estimator (characteristics of the witnessing conditions), system (characteristics of the identification procedure that are under the control of the criminal legal system), and reflector (variables that reflect the likely accuracy of a witness). Although eyewitness scholars frequently turn to these variables and models of memory to explain why eyewitnesses make mistakes, none of these variables provides a reasonable explanation for the large racial disparities in wrongful convictions based on mistaken identifications, yet problematic policing practices might. The policies and practices guiding police efforts to develop suspects as well as the decisions of officers to place a suspect at risk of misidentification determine the base‐rate of innocent suspects that appear in identification procedures. Current police practices—from developing suspects based on hunches, through facial recognition technology, or by pressuring reluctant witnesses to make identifications—increase the likelihood that innocent suspects will be placed in lineups. An increase in lineups with innocent suspects increases the ratio of mistaken to correct identifications without changes in witness performance. Requirements for evidence‐based suspicion, video recording identification procedures, and prohibiting coercive interviewing techniques with reluctant witnesses are recommended for reducing the effect of unreliable suspect development methods on eyewitness evidence.
本文回顾了之前研究过的与目击证人指认准确性相关的三类变量:估计变量(目击条件的特征)、系统变量(由刑事法律系统控制的指认程序的特征)和反映变量(反映证人可能的准确性的变量)。尽管目击证人学者经常求助于这些变量和记忆模型来解释目击证人为何会犯错,但这些变量都无法合理解释因错误指认而被错误定罪的巨大种族差异,而有问题的警务实践却可以。指导警方努力培养嫌疑人的政策和做法,以及警官将嫌疑人置于错误指认风险中的决定,决定了指认程序中出现的无辜嫌疑人的基数。目前警方的做法--从根据直觉、通过面部识别技术或迫使不愿指认的证人指认嫌疑人--增加了无辜嫌疑人被列入列队的可能性。在证人表现不发生变化的情况下,增加无辜嫌疑人的列队指认会增加错误指认与正确指认的比例。为减少不可靠的嫌疑人培养方法对目击证人证据的影响,建议要求以证据为基础进行怀疑,对指认程序进行录像,并禁止对不情愿的证人采用胁迫性面谈技巧。
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引用次数: 0
Overcoming unintended consequences of social impact accountability: How to avoid counterproductive responses of individuals and groups in organizations 克服社会影响问责制的意外后果:如何避免组织中的个人和团体做出适得其反的反应
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12100
Naomi Ellemers, Dick de Gilder
This contribution aims to explain when and why policies that increase social accountability are likely to have unintended and counterproductive effects on the social performance of organizations. The Behavioral Regulation Model applies insights from social identity theory to recent research on moral psychology. This elucidates that deep concerns about social approval for one's morality and good intentions, raise “the paradox of morality”: The motivation to signal endorsement of social values and good intentions prompts people to justify and defend shortcomings in these domains, instead of addressing them. We demonstrate how this approach and research supporting it can help recognize and understand a range of defensive responses organizations and their representatives are likely to show. Subsequently, we specify how policymakers, regulators, and other stakeholders can circumvent these counterproductive effects and help people in organizations to show more constructive responses toward social impact improvement.
这篇论文旨在解释增强社会责任感的政策何时以及为何可能对组织的社会绩效产生意想不到和适得其反的影响。行为调节模型将社会认同理论的见解应用于道德心理学的最新研究。它阐明了人们对自己的道德和善意是否得到社会认可的深切关注,从而产生了 "道德悖论":对社会价值观和善意的认可促使人们为自己在这些领域的不足之处进行辩解和辩护,而不是解决这些问题。我们展示了这种方法和支持这种方法的研究如何帮助认识和理解组织及其代表可能表现出的一系列防御性反应。随后,我们将具体说明政策制定者、监管者和其他利益相关者如何规避这些适得其反的影响,并帮助组织中的人们对改善社会影响做出更具建设性的回应。
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引用次数: 0
Gender essentialism and benevolent sexism in anti‐trans rhetoric 反变性言论中的性别本质论和善意的性别歧视
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12099
S. Atwood, Thekla Morgenroth, Kristina R. Olson
The past half‐decade has seen an exponential rise in proposed and debated anti‐trans legislation in the United States. These bills are often positioned at the center of divisive political debates between Republicans (who typically support these laws) and Democrats (who typically do not). In the process of discussing these debates, there has been widespread dissemination of anti‐trans rhetoric that has the potential to impact public opinion. In this review, we approach this rhetoric through the lens of social psychology with a specific focus on instances where anti‐trans legislation is portrayed as beneficial for the rights of other vulnerable groups of people, such as cisgender women and children. We identify psychological constructs reflected in anti‐trans rhetoric and then review existing literature on the consequences and beliefs associated with these constructs. Based upon this review, we argue that the kind of reasoning used to promote anti‐trans laws—specifically, essentialist beliefs and benevolent sexism—is actually associated with outcomes that are detrimental to the very groups these laws purport to protect. Given these potentially adverse effects of essentialism and benevolent sexism, we reflect on ways to reduce the impact of these psychological constructs in everyday life and suggest some alternatives to these laws that would improve the lives of both cisgender and transgender individuals. Next, we briefly discuss other forms of anti‐trans rhetoric and suggest ways that social psychology can be used to positively reframe rhetoric and policy to promote the welfare of transgender and gender‐diverse individuals. We close our paper with a brief discussion of limitations and summary of our ideas.
过去半个世纪以来,美国反变性立法的提案和辩论呈指数级增长。这些法案往往成为共和党人(通常支持这些法律)和民主党人(通常不支持)之间政治辩论的焦点。在讨论这些辩论的过程中,反变性人的言论被广泛传播,有可能对公众舆论产生影响。在这篇评论中,我们将从社会心理学的角度来探讨这些言论,并特别关注反变性立法被描绘成有利于其他弱势群体(如顺性别妇女和儿童)权利的情况。我们确定了反变性言论中反映的心理结构,然后回顾了与这些结构相关的后果和信念的现有文献。在此基础上,我们认为,用来推动反变性法律的推理方式--特别是本质主义信念和仁慈的性别主义--实际上与不利于这些法律旨在保护的群体的结果相关联。鉴于本质主义和善意性别歧视可能带来的这些不利影响,我们思考了如何减少这些心理建构在日常生活中的影响,并提出了这些法律的一些替代方案,以改善顺性别者和跨性别者的生活。接下来,我们简要讨论了其他形式的反变性言论,并提出了社会心理学可用于积极重构言论和政策的方法,以促进变性人和性别多元化个体的福利。最后,我们简要讨论了本文的局限性并总结了我们的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the challenges and opportunities of talking to children about race and racism in child‐facing institutions 了解在面向儿童的机构中与儿童谈论种族和种族主义的挑战与机遇
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12098
Leigh S. Wilton, Jessica Sullivan, Analia F. Albuja, Sylvia P. Perry
Researchers from a range of disciplines emphasize that effectively socializing children about race and racism is vital to promoting positive outcomes, such as disrupting the development of racist attitudes and beliefs. While parents and guardians influence children's racial attitudes and beliefs, children also learn about race and racism from many other important adults in their lives, such as teachers, community leaders, and librarians. Yet race‐related topics are largely absent or underdeveloped from child‐facing programming, policies, and procedures. In this paper, we describe three major barriers to effectively socializing children about race and racism within child‐facing institutions like libraries, museums, and schools: (1) adults’ (often inaccurate) beliefs about children's social and cognitive race‐related development, (2) adults’ knowledge and comfort discussing race and racism with others, and (3) social norms that minimize explicit discussion of race and racism in institutional and interpersonal contexts. To contextualize these barriers, we address how children can process and reason about race across childhood and outline the evidence‐based benefits of socializing children about race and racism inside and outside the home. Finally, we provide recommendations aimed at translating this research to child‐focused spaces and provide general guidelines to consider when implementing such practices in their own spheres of influence. In sum, we argue that effective socialization about race and racism benefits all children and can (and should!) be achieved successfully outside of the home; and that adults who interact with children must interrogate their own beliefs, biases, and perspectives, work to develop cultural competence, and invest in and continually reassess practices and policies to facilitate effective socialization about race and racism.
各学科的研究人员都强调,有效地使儿童了解种族和种族主义对促进积极的结果,如阻 止种族主义态度和信念的形成至关重要。虽然父母和监护人会影响儿童的种族态度和信仰,但儿童也会从生活中其他许多重要的成年人,如教师、社区领袖和图书管理员那里了解种族和种族主义。然而,在面向儿童的计划、政策和程序中,与种族相关的主题大多缺失或发展不足。在本文中,我们描述了在面向儿童的机构(如图书馆、博物馆和学校)中有效地使 儿童种族和种族主义社会化的三大障碍:(1) 成人对儿童的社会和认知种族发展的看法 (往往不准确);(2) 成人对种族和种族主义的了解以及与他人讨论时的自在程度;(3) 在 机构和人际交往中尽量少明确讨论种族和种族主义的社会规范。为了说明这些障碍的来龙去脉,我们探讨了儿童如何在整个童年时期处理和推理种族问题,并概述了在家庭内外让儿童了解种族和种族主义社会化的有据可依的益处。最后,我们提出了一些建议,旨在将这一研究成果转化为以儿童为中心的空间,并提供了在自己的影响范围内实施此类做法时应考虑的一般准则。总之,我们认为,有效的种族和种族主义社会化对所有儿童都有好处,可以(也应该!)在家庭之外成功实现;与儿童互动的成年人必须审视自己的信仰、偏见和观点,努力培养文化能力,投资并不断重新评估各种做法和政策,以促进有效的种族和种族主义社会化。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to “Structural racism and health in the age of COVID‐19: A selective review with policy implications” 更正“COVID - 19时代的结构性种族主义与健康:具有政策影响的选择性审查”
1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12096
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引用次数: 0
System justification motivation as a source of backlash against equality‐promoting policies—and what to do about it 制度正当性动机是反对促进平等政策的根源——以及如何应对
IF 9.4 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12093
Usman Liaquat, J. Jost, E. Balcetis
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引用次数: 2
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