Social Issues and Policy Review最新文献

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How Groups Affect Our Health and Well‐Being: The Path from Theory to Policy 群体如何影响我们的健康和福祉:从理论到政策的路径

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/SIPR.12003

J. Jetten, C. Haslam, S. Haslam, G. Dingle, Janelle M. Jones

Considerable evidence now exists that people can draw on social groups in order to maintain and enhance health and well-being. We review this evidence and suggest that social identity theorizing, and its development in the social identity approach to health and well-being, can help us to understand the way that groups, and the identities that underpin them, can promote a social cure. Specifically, we propose that social groups are important psychological resources that have the capacity to protect health and well-being, but that they are only utilized effectively when individuals perceive they share identity with another individual or group. However, as powerful as shared identities may be, their consequences for health are largely ignored in policy and practice. In this review, we offer a novel direction for policy, identifying ways in which building and consolidating group identification can help to capitalize effectively on the potential of group membership for health. Using this as a basis to increase awareness, we go further to offer practical interventions aimed at assessing identity resources as substantial and concrete assets, which can be cultivated and harnessed in order to realize their health-enhancing potential.

现在有相当多的证据表明，人们可以利用社会群体来维持和增进健康和福祉。我们回顾了这些证据，并提出社会认同理论化，以及它在健康和幸福的社会认同方法中的发展，可以帮助我们理解群体的方式，以及支撑他们的身份，可以促进社会治疗。具体来说，我们提出社会群体是重要的心理资源，有能力保护健康和福祉，但只有当个人认为他们与另一个个人或群体有共同的身份时，这些资源才能得到有效利用。然而，尽管共同身份可能很强大，但它们对健康的影响在政策和实践中基本上被忽视了。在这篇综述中，我们为政策提供了一个新的方向，确定了建立和巩固群体认同的方法，可以帮助有效利用群体成员对健康的潜力。以此作为提高认识的基础，我们进一步提供实际干预措施，旨在评估身份资源作为实质性和具体的资产，这些资产可以加以培育和利用，以实现其增进健康的潜力。

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引用次数: 279

Informal Caregiving: A Reappraisal of Effects on Caregivers 非正式照顾:对照顾者影响的再评价

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/SIPR.12002

R. Brown, Stephanie L. Brown

For decades caregiver distress (psychological and physical) has been considered an inevitable outcome of providing care for family members, loved ones, and others who require assistance. This negative assessment of informal caregiving pervades not only peer-reviewed scientific articles, but also caregiving-relevant agency reports, fact sheets, policy recommendations, advice columns, and media discussions. Our review critically examines this assessment in light of important methodological limitations of supporting studies, and considers theory and research that suggest an alternative appraisal of caregiving. We find that the case for an overall negative evaluation of caregiver effects is, for the most part, unjustified. Indeed, recent data suggest that giving may yield beneficial health and well-being outcomes, including reduced mortality for informal caregivers. An alternative, more balanced view of caregiving has important implications for research and theory, caregiver assessment and intervention, and public policy.

几十年来，照顾者的痛苦(心理和身体上的)一直被认为是照顾家庭成员、亲人和其他需要帮助的人的必然结果。这种对非正式护理的负面评价不仅普遍存在于同行评议的科学文章中，也存在于与护理相关的机构报告、情况说明书、政策建议、咨询专栏和媒体讨论中。我们的综述在支持研究的重要方法学局限性的基础上批判性地检查了这一评估，并考虑了提出另一种护理评估的理论和研究。我们发现，在大多数情况下，对照顾者影响的整体负面评价是不合理的。事实上，最近的数据表明，给予可能产生有益的健康和福祉结果，包括降低非正式照顾者的死亡率。另一种更平衡的照顾观对研究和理论、照顾者评估和干预以及公共政策具有重要意义。

引用次数: 144

Naturally Green: Harnessing Stone Age Psychological Biases to Foster Environmental Behavior 自然绿色:利用石器时代的心理偏见来培养环保行为

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/SIPR.12000

M. van Vugt, Vladas Griskevicius, P. W. Schultz

It is widely agreed that humans must reduce their environmental impact. We propose that an improved understanding of our evolved human nature can help to improve programs and policies to address environmental problems. Combining evolutionary and social psychological approaches, we argue that environmental problems are often caused or exacerbated by five evolutionarily adaptive psychological biases: Humans (1) value personal over collective outcomes (self-interest), (2) prefer immediate over delayed rewards (shortsightedness), (3) value relative over absolute status (status), (4) copy the behaviors of others (social imitation), and (5) ignore problems that we cannot see or feel (sensing). By considering how and why these five "Stone Age" biases continue to influence modern environmental practices, although acknowledging the role of individual and cultural differences, we present novel ways that human nature can be harnessed to develop intervention strategies to lessen resource depletion, restrain wasteful consumption, curb overpopulation, and foster green choices. © 2014 The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.

人们普遍认为人类必须减少对环境的影响。我们建议，更好地理解我们进化的人性有助于改进解决环境问题的计划和政策。结合进化和社会心理学的方法，我们认为环境问题通常是由五种进化适应性心理偏见引起或加剧的:人类(1)重视个人结果而不是集体结果(自利)，(2)喜欢即时奖励而不是延迟奖励(短视)，(3)重视相对地位而不是绝对地位(地位)，(4)复制他人的行为(社会模仿)，以及(5)忽略我们看不到或感觉不到的问题(感知)。通过考虑这五种“石器时代”偏见如何以及为什么继续影响现代环境实践，尽管承认个人和文化差异的作用，我们提出了利用人性制定干预策略的新方法，以减少资源枯竭，限制浪费消费，遏制人口过剩，促进绿色选择。©2014社会问题心理研究学会。

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引用次数: 101

Reintegration Challenges in U.S. Service Members and Veterans Following Combat Deployment 美国军人和退伍军人在战斗部署后重新融入社会的挑战

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/SIPR.12001

Nina A. Sayer, K. Carlson, P. Frazier

Although the majority of combat veterans reintegrate into civilian life without long-lasting problems, a sizable minority return from deployment with psychiatric or physical injuries that warrant medical attention. Even in the absence of diagnosable disorders, many experience functional problems that impede full reintegration into civilian life. Considerable resources have been allocated to studying, diagnosing, treating, and compensating combat-related disorders. This important work has resulted in significant improvements in healthcare for those with deployment-related difficulties. Nevertheless, many service members and veterans with reintegration difficulty may not receive needed help. Based on our review, we argue that in addition to treatment and compensation for diagnosable postdeployment problems, a comprehensive approach to reintegration is needed that includes partnership between the government, private sector, and the public.

虽然大多数战斗退伍军人在没有长期问题的情况下重新融入平民生活，但有相当数量的少数人从部署返回时受到精神或身体伤害，需要医疗照顾。即使在没有可诊断的疾病的情况下，许多人也会遇到妨碍完全重新融入平民生活的功能问题。相当多的资源用于研究、诊断、治疗和补偿与战斗有关的疾病。这项重要的工作大大改善了与部署有关的困难人员的医疗保健。然而，许多有重新融入社会困难的军人和退伍军人可能得不到所需的帮助。根据我们的回顾，我们认为，除了对可诊断的部署后问题进行治疗和补偿外，还需要一种包括政府、私营部门和公共部门之间的伙伴关系在内的全面的重返社会方法。

引用次数: 100

Beyond the Glass Ceiling: The Glass Cliff and Its Lessons for Organizational Policy 超越玻璃天花板:玻璃悬崖及其对组织政策的启示

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/SIPR.12006

Susanne Bruckmueller, Michelle K. Ryan, F. Rink, A. Haslam

It has been almost 30 years since the metaphor of the "glass ceiling" was coined to describe the often subtle, but very real, barriers that women face as they try to climb the organizational hierarchy. Here we review evidence for a relatively new form of gender discrimination-captured by the metaphor of the glass cliff-that women face when they obtain positions of leadership. Such positions often prove to be more risky and precarious than those of their male counterparts. We summarize evidence demonstrating the existence of glass cliffs in business and politics as well as experimental work that identifies a number of factors contributing to the phenomenon. We then discuss implications for policy and practice, highlighting the importance of understanding women's and men's experiences in the workplace rather than treating gender diversity as merely "a numbers game."

“玻璃天花板”这个比喻被用来形容女性在试图攀登组织层级时所面临的通常微妙但非常真实的障碍，已经有近30年的历史了。在这里，我们回顾了一种相对较新的性别歧视形式的证据——被玻璃悬崖的隐喻所捕捉——女性在获得领导职位时面临的歧视。事实证明，这些职位往往比男性同行更危险、更不稳定。我们总结了证明玻璃悬崖在商业和政治中存在的证据，以及确定导致这一现象的一些因素的实验工作。然后，我们讨论了对政策和实践的影响，强调了理解女性和男性在工作场所经历的重要性，而不是仅仅将性别多样性视为“数字游戏”。

引用次数: 123

Workplace Diversity: A Social–Ecological Framework and Policy Implications 工作场所多样性:一个社会-生态框架和政策含义

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/SIPR.12005

M. Bond, M. Haynes

The diversification of the global workforce brings both challenges and opportunities. We focus on diversity defined by membership in traditionally underrepresented groups. To harness the power of diversity, organizations must: increase representation of diverse individuals throughout the organizational hierarchy, attend to the social processes that emerge once diversity is present, and foster an organizational climate that supports the full inclusion of diverse individuals. We review dynamics at multiple levels of analysis that affect organizations in these three realms. Policy recommendations are grounded in the following ecological principles: (1) organizational issues are nested within multiple levels of context, (2) any organizational event can have reverberating effects throughout the system, (3) people's experiences of events shape their reactions and the impact of practices on varied groups shapes organizational consequences, and (4) people are continually adapting to one another and to organizational resources and requirements.

全球劳动力的多样化既带来挑战，也带来机遇。我们关注传统上代表性不足的群体的成员所定义的多样性。为了利用多样性的力量，组织必须:在整个组织层级中增加不同个人的代表性，关注多样性出现后出现的社会进程，并营造一种支持充分包容不同个人的组织氛围。我们在影响这三个领域的组织的多个分析层次上回顾动态。政策建议基于以下生态原则:(1)组织问题嵌套在多个层次的背景中;(2)任何组织事件都可能在整个系统中产生回响效应;(3)人们对事件的经历决定了他们的反应，对不同群体的实践影响决定了组织的后果;(4)人们不断地相互适应，并适应组织的资源和要求。

引用次数: 53

The Social and Educational Consequences of Identity‐Based Rejection 基于身份的拒绝的社会和教育后果

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/SIPR.12004

Bonita London, Sheana Ahlqvist, Ángel Gonzalez, Kiana V. Glanton, G. Thompson

Legal and social sanctions on overt discrimination in educational institutions were implemented to redress the inequalities associated with years of segregation and unequal treatment of groups on the basis of social identity characteristics such as race, gender, and nationality. In this article, we draw on research and theory demonstrating that, despite sanctions on overt discrimination, biases and cues of threat persist in educational institutions and are often present in subtle and ambiguous forms. These threats burden members of historically stigmatized groups (e.g., women, racial minority group members) with stress in the form of negative achievement expectations that ultimately undermine their psychological well-being and academic achievement and success outcomes. To capture the process by which these threats impact students from historically stigmatized groups, we present a critical review and analysis of research and theory from the identity-based Rejection Sensitivity literature. This literature demonstrates the interplay between the individual's appraisals and coping mechanisms with the threatening messages present in the environment. Our analysis applies a stress and coping framework to integrate the literatures on social identity threat and identity-based Rejection Sensitivity, and to ground education policy recommendations.

对教育机构中公开的歧视行为实施了法律和社会制裁，以纠正多年来因种族、性别和国籍等社会身份特征而对群体进行隔离和不平等对待所带来的不平等。在本文中，我们利用研究和理论证明，尽管对公开歧视的制裁，偏见和威胁线索仍然存在于教育机构中，并且经常以微妙和模糊的形式存在。这些威胁使历史上被污名化的群体成员(如妇女、少数种族群体成员)承受了以消极成就期望形式出现的压力，最终破坏了他们的心理健康、学业成就和成功结果。为了捕捉这些威胁对来自历史上被污名化群体的学生的影响过程，我们对基于身份的拒绝敏感性文献的研究和理论进行了批判性的回顾和分析。这篇文献展示了个体的评价与环境中存在的威胁信息的应对机制之间的相互作用。我们的分析采用压力和应对框架来整合有关社会身份威胁和基于身份的拒绝敏感性的文献，并提出基础教育政策建议。

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引用次数: 15

Rethinking Homelessness Prevention among Persons with Serious Mental Illness 重新思考严重精神疾病患者的无家可归预防

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-2409.2012.01043.X

A. Montgomery, Stephen Metraux, D. Culhane

During recent years, the need to consider effective and innovative ways to prevent and end homelessness among individuals with serious mental illness has been abetted by an increased and more sophisticated understanding of the composition of the homeless population, the emergence of evidence-based practices to address homelessness, and the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This article summarizes the evolving understanding of the role that serious mental illness plays in homelessness as well as the interventions that are effective at preventing and ending homelessness among persons with serious mental illness. This summary contextualizes a discussion of the practice and policy agenda to address homelessness among people with serious mental illness using a new prevention framework and considering the opportunities inherent in increased affordable health care coverage for very low-income individuals with serious mental illness.

近年来，由于对无家可归人口的构成有了更深入的了解，出现了以证据为基础的解决无家可归问题的做法，以及通过了《病人保护和负担得起的医疗法案》，因此有必要考虑有效和创新的方法来预防和结束严重精神疾病患者的无家可归现象。本文总结了对严重精神疾病在无家可归中所起作用的不断发展的理解，以及有效预防和结束严重精神疾病患者无家可归的干预措施。本摘要将讨论利用新的预防框架解决严重精神疾病患者无家可归问题的做法和政策议程置于背景下，并考虑到为极低收入的严重精神疾病患者增加负担得起的医疗保健覆盖面所固有的机会。

引用次数: 37

More Is Not Always Better: Intuitions About Effective Public Policy Can Lead to Unintended Consequences. 并非越多越好：关于有效公共政策的直觉可能导致意想不到的后果。

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2012.01045.x

Ellen Peters, William Klein, Annette Kaufman, Louise Meilleur, Anna Dixon

Public policy decisions often appear based on an assumption that providing more options, more information, and greater decision-making autonomy to consumers will produce better outcomes. We examine reasons why this "more-is-better" approach exists based on the psychological literature. Although better outcomes can result from informed consumer choice, we argue that more options, information, and autonomy can also lead to unintended negative consequences. We use mostly health-related policies and guidelines from the United States and elsewhere as exemplars. We consider various psychological mechanisms that cause these unintended consequences including cognitive overload, affect, and anticipated regret, information salience and availability, and trust in governments as authoritative information providers. We also point toward potential solutions based on psychological research that may reduce the negative unintended consequences of a "more-is-better" approach.

公共政策决策往往基于这样一种假设，即为消费者提供更多的选择、更多的信息和更大的决策自主权将产生更好的结果。我们根据心理学文献研究了这种 "越多越好 "方法存在的原因。虽然消费者的知情选择会带来更好的结果，但我们认为，更多的选择、信息和自主权也可能导致意想不到的负面后果。我们主要以美国和其他国家与健康相关的政策和指导方针为例。我们考虑了导致这些意外后果的各种心理机制，包括认知超载、情感和预期遗憾、信息的显著性和可用性，以及对政府作为权威信息提供者的信任。我们还指出了基于心理学研究的潜在解决方案，这些方案可以减少 "越多越好 "方法带来的意想不到的负面影响。

引用次数: 0

Subtyping Ageism: Policy Issues in Succession and Consumption. 细分老龄歧视：继承和消费的政策问题。

IF 9.4 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Issues and Policy Review

Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2012.01042.x

Michael S North, Susan T Fiske

Ageism research tends to lump "older people" together as one group, as do policy matters that conceptualize everyone over-65 as "senior." This approach is problematic primarily because it often fails to represent accurately a rapidly growing, diverse, and healthy older population. In light of this, we review the ageism literature, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between the still-active "young-old" and the potentially more impaired "old-old" (Neugarten, 1974). We argue that ageism theory has disproportionately focused on the old-old and differentiate the forms of age discrimination that apparently target each elder subgroup. In particular, we highlight the young-old's plights predominantly in the workplace and tensions concerning succession of desirable resources; by contrast, old-old predicaments likely center on consumption of shared resources outside of the workplace. For both social psychological researchers and policymakers, accurately subtyping ageism will help society best accommodate a burgeoning, diverse older population.

老龄歧视研究倾向于将 "老年人 "作为一个群体来看待，政策问题也是如此，将 65 岁以上的所有人都视为 "老年人"。这种方法之所以存在问题，主要是因为它往往不能准确地代表快速增长、多样化和健康的老年人口。有鉴于此，我们回顾了有关老龄歧视的文献，强调了区分仍然活跃的 "年轻老人 "和可能受到更多损害的 "年老老人"（Neugarten，1974 年）的重要性。我们认为，年龄歧视理论过多地关注老年人，并对明显针对每个老年人亚群的年龄歧视形式进行了区分。我们特别强调了年轻人主要在工作场所的困境，以及与继承理想资源有关的紧张关系；相比之下，老年人的困境可能集中在工作场所以外的共享资源消费上。对于社会心理学研究者和政策制定者来说，准确地细分老龄歧视将有助于社会更好地适应快速增长的多样化老年人口。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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