Abstract Mass gatherings are routinely viewed as posing risks to physical health However, social psychological research shows mass gathering participation can also bring benefits to psychological well-being We describe how both sets of outcomes can be understood as arising from the distinctive forms of behavior that may be found when people?even strangers?come to define themselves and each other in terms of a shared social identity We show that many of the risks and benefits of participation are products of group processes;that these different outcomes can have their roots in the same core processes;and that knowledge of these process provides a basis for health promotion interventions to mitigate the risks and maximize the benefits of participation Throughout, we offer practical guidance as to how policy makers and practitioners should tailor such interventions
{"title":"Mass Gatherings, Health, and Well‐Being: From Risk Mitigation to Health Promotion","authors":"N. Hopkins, S. Reicher","doi":"10.1111/SIPR.12071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/SIPR.12071","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mass gatherings are routinely viewed as posing risks to physical health However, social psychological research shows mass gathering participation can also bring benefits to psychological well-being We describe how both sets of outcomes can be understood as arising from the distinctive forms of behavior that may be found when people?even strangers?come to define themselves and each other in terms of a shared social identity We show that many of the risks and benefits of participation are products of group processes;that these different outcomes can have their roots in the same core processes;and that knowledge of these process provides a basis for health promotion interventions to mitigate the risks and maximize the benefits of participation Throughout, we offer practical guidance as to how policy makers and practitioners should tailor such interventions","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/SIPR.12071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45853996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. V. Van Bavel, Elizabeth Harris, P. Pärnamets, Steve Rathje, Kimberly C. Doell, Joshua A. Tucker
The spread of misinformation, including “fake news,” propaganda, and conspiracy theories, represents a serious threat to society, as it has the potential to alter beliefs, behavior, and policy. Research is beginning to disentangle how and why misinformation is spread and identify processes that contribute to this social problem. We propose an integrative model to understand the social, political, and cognitive psychology risk factors that underlie the spread of misinformation and highlight strategies that might be effective in mitigating this problem. However, the spread of misinformation is a rapidly growing and evolving problem; thus scholars need to identify and test novel solutions, and work with policy makers to evaluate and deploy these solutions. Hence, we provide a roadmap for future research to identify where scholars should invest their energy in order to have the greatest overall impact.
{"title":"Political Psychology in the Digital (mis)Information age: A Model of News Belief and Sharing","authors":"J. V. Van Bavel, Elizabeth Harris, P. Pärnamets, Steve Rathje, Kimberly C. Doell, Joshua A. Tucker","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/u5yts","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u5yts","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of misinformation, including “fake news,” propaganda, and conspiracy theories, represents a serious threat to society, as it has the potential to alter beliefs, behavior, and policy. Research is beginning to disentangle how and why misinformation is spread and identify processes that contribute to this social problem. We propose an integrative model to understand the social, political, and cognitive psychology risk factors that underlie the spread of misinformation and highlight strategies that might be effective in mitigating this problem. However, the spread of misinformation is a rapidly growing and evolving problem; thus scholars need to identify and test novel solutions, and work with policy makers to evaluate and deploy these solutions. Hence, we provide a roadmap for future research to identify where scholars should invest their energy in order to have the greatest overall impact.","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49378365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perhaps one of the most reaffirming findings to emerge over the past several decades is that humans not only engage in generous behavior, they also appear to experience pleasure from doing so. Yet not all acts of helping lead to greater happiness. Here, we review the growing body of evidence showing that people engage in a wide array of prosocial behaviors (e.g., charitable giving, volunteering, blood/organ donation, offering advice, food sharing) which can promote positive emotions. Then, using self-determination theory, a foundational theory of human motivation, we consider when and how generous actions are most likely to boost the helper’s happiness—and when they are not. Finally, we leverage these insights to consider how public policy and organizations can apply this information to make prosocial action more emotionally rewarding for citizens and employees alike.
{"title":"Helping and Happiness: A Review and Guide for Public Policy","authors":"L. Aknin, Ashley V. Whillans","doi":"10.1111/sipr.12069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12069","url":null,"abstract":"Perhaps one of the most reaffirming findings to emerge over the past several decades is that humans not only engage in generous behavior, they also appear to experience pleasure from doing so. Yet not all acts of helping lead to greater happiness. Here, we review the growing body of evidence showing that people engage in a wide array of prosocial behaviors (e.g., charitable giving, volunteering, blood/organ donation, offering advice, food sharing) which can promote positive emotions. Then, using self-determination theory, a foundational theory of human motivation, we consider when and how generous actions are most likely to boost the helper’s happiness—and when they are not. Finally, we leverage these insights to consider how public policy and organizations can apply this information to make prosocial action more emotionally rewarding for citizens and employees alike.","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/sipr.12069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48579098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social–psychological interventions in education have shown remarkable promise as brief, inexpensive, and powerful methods for improving educational equity and inclusion by helping underperforming students realize their potential. These findings have led to intensive study and replication attempts to understand and close achievement gaps at scale. In the present review, we identify several significant issues this work has raised that bear on the theoretical, ethical, and policy implications of using these interventions to close achievement gaps. Using both classic and contemporary models of threat and performance, we propose a Zone Model of Threat to predict when social–psychological interventions in education may yield positive, null, and negative effects for specific students. From this analysis, we argue from an ethical standpoint that to reduce backfire effects, interventions should be focused on optimizing the salience of psychological threat across students rather than on uniformly reducing it. As a long-term policy goal, intervention studies should follow a two-step process, in which students’ individual levels of threat are first diagnosed and then interventions are tailored to the students based on their threat levels. Practical and theoretical implications of the proposed framework are discussed.
{"title":"Theoretical, Ethical, and Policy Considerations for Conducting Social–Psychological Interventions to Close Educational Achievement Gaps","authors":"Kevin R. Binning, A. Browman","doi":"10.1111/sipr.12066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12066","url":null,"abstract":"Social–psychological interventions in education have shown remarkable promise as brief, inexpensive, and powerful methods for improving educational equity and inclusion by helping underperforming students realize their potential. These findings have led to intensive study and replication attempts to understand and close achievement gaps at scale. In the present review, we identify several significant issues this work has raised that bear on the theoretical, ethical, and policy implications of using these interventions to close achievement gaps. Using both classic and contemporary models of threat and performance, we propose a Zone Model of Threat to predict when social–psychological interventions in education may yield positive, null, and negative effects for specific students. From this analysis, we argue from an ethical standpoint that to reduce backfire effects, interventions should be focused on optimizing the salience of psychological threat across students rather than on uniformly reducing it. As a long-term policy goal, intervention studies should follow a two-step process, in which students’ individual levels of threat are first diagnosed and then interventions are tailored to the students based on their threat levels. Practical and theoretical implications of the proposed framework are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":"14 1","pages":"182-216"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/sipr.12066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63735097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471006.20200402
Liu Wanli
“Due to China’s vast territory, huge population, and social-economic complexity, the heading of China’s central-local relationship has gone to vary heart of Chinese politics”(Jia and Lin, 1994). In China’s long process of dynamic changes of central-local relationship, centralization and decentralization have profound effects on the development of Chinese economy, culture and society. A high level of centralization was implemented, despite Mao’s slogan of“socialism”. Administrative system had experienced several waves of decentralizations only in nominal form until the marketization after the Maoist era. In post-socialist China, dramatic change of central-local relationship has taken place and has experienced several waves of centralization-decentralization debate since the late 1970s. It also resulted in the transition of Chinese government-led economy to
“由于中国幅员辽阔、人口众多、社会经济复杂，中国中央与地方关系的主题已经成为中国政治的核心问题”(Jia and Lin, 1994)。在中国中央与地方关系的长期动态变化过程中，中央集权与地方分权对中国经济、文化和社会的发展产生了深刻的影响。尽管毛的口号是“社会主义”，但高度的中央集权还是得以实施。在毛时代之后的市场化之前，行政体制经历了几波名义上的分权。自20世纪70年代末以来，后社会主义时代的中国，中央与地方的关系发生了巨大变化，并经历了几波中央与地方分权的争论。这也导致了中国政府主导经济向经济转型
{"title":"Changing Central-Local Relationships in the Post-Socialist China","authors":"Liu Wanli","doi":"10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471006.20200402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471006.20200402","url":null,"abstract":"“Due to China’s vast territory, huge population, and social-economic complexity, the heading of China’s central-local relationship has gone to vary heart of Chinese politics”(Jia and Lin, 1994). In China’s long process of dynamic changes of central-local relationship, centralization and decentralization have profound effects on the development of Chinese economy, culture and society. A high level of centralization was implemented, despite Mao’s slogan of“socialism”. Administrative system had experienced several waves of decentralizations only in nominal form until the marketization after the Maoist era. In post-socialist China, dramatic change of central-local relationship has taken place and has experienced several waves of centralization-decentralization debate since the late 1970s. It also resulted in the transition of Chinese government-led economy to","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83987358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health policies routinely emphasize weight loss as a target for health promotion. These policies rest upon the assumptions: (1) that higher body weight equals poorer health, (2) that long-term weight loss is widely achievable, and (3) that weight loss results in consistent improvements in physical health. Our review of the literature suggests that these three assumptions underlying the current weightfocused approach are not supported empirically. Complicating this further are the misguided assumptions (4) that weight stigma (i.e., pervasive social devaluation and denigration of higher weight individuals) promotes weight loss and (5) recognizing that one is “overweight” is necessary to spur health-promoting behaviors. We highlight throughout how these assumptions have manifested in current policies and offer suggestions for alternative approaches to health promotion. We conclude by advocating for the broad adoption of a weight-inclusive approach to health policy.
{"title":"An Evidence‐Based Rationale for Adopting Weight‐Inclusive Health Policy","authors":"J. Hunger, Joslyn P. Smith, A. Tomiyama","doi":"10.1111/sipr.12062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12062","url":null,"abstract":"Health policies routinely emphasize weight loss as a target for health promotion. These policies rest upon the assumptions: (1) that higher body weight equals poorer health, (2) that long-term weight loss is widely achievable, and (3) that weight loss results in consistent improvements in physical health. Our review of the literature suggests that these three assumptions underlying the current weightfocused approach are not supported empirically. Complicating this further are the misguided assumptions (4) that weight stigma (i.e., pervasive social devaluation and denigration of higher weight individuals) promotes weight loss and (5) recognizing that one is “overweight” is necessary to spur health-promoting behaviors. We highlight throughout how these assumptions have manifested in current policies and offer suggestions for alternative approaches to health promotion. We conclude by advocating for the broad adoption of a weight-inclusive approach to health policy.","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/sipr.12062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46204906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471002.20200401
Chen Xiangjun, Jiang Jie
Children’s physical well being and good mental health have very imIII portant relationship with the happiness of family life, prosperous race and highly development of the nation. Government paid attention to child welfare issues for a long time. In order to improve the advancement of child welfare policy and direct the completion of child welfare system, this article investigated China5s child welIII fare policy documents in recent 10 years. During the research 9 the article found that current child welfare policy had reached several good achievements already, but the policy still had some mistakes and deficiencies. Finally, the article pointed out various new direction for the child welfare policy research.
{"title":"An Overview of China’s Child Welfare Policy Research","authors":"Chen Xiangjun, Jiang Jie","doi":"10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471002.20200401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471002.20200401","url":null,"abstract":"Children’s physical well being and good mental health have very imIII portant relationship with the happiness of family life, prosperous race and highly development of the nation. Government paid attention to child welfare issues for a long time. In order to improve the advancement of child welfare policy and direct the completion of child welfare system, this article investigated China5s child welIII fare policy documents in recent 10 years. During the research 9 the article found that current child welfare policy had reached several good achievements already, but the policy still had some mistakes and deficiencies. Finally, the article pointed out various new direction for the child welfare policy research.","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73370858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471005.20200401
Dai Jianzhong
For Zhu De, who is familiar with the ancient books of the Chinese naIII tion, the thought of national rejuvenation of modern patriots has a great influence on him.Specifically speaking, Zhu De national rejuvenation spirit was born under the direct guidance of Marxist national rejuvenation thought, closely related to Sun Yat Sen national rejuvenation thought, inseparable from the national rejuvenaIII tion consciousness of modern patriots, and learning from some national rejuvenaIII tion ideas of modern western bourgeoisie.
{"title":"Research on the spiritual motivation and external reference of Zhu De’s thought of people livelihood","authors":"Dai Jianzhong","doi":"10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471005.20200401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471005.20200401","url":null,"abstract":"For Zhu De, who is familiar with the ancient books of the Chinese naIII tion, the thought of national rejuvenation of modern patriots has a great influence on him.Specifically speaking, Zhu De national rejuvenation spirit was born under the direct guidance of Marxist national rejuvenation thought, closely related to Sun Yat Sen national rejuvenation thought, inseparable from the national rejuvenaIII tion consciousness of modern patriots, and learning from some national rejuvenaIII tion ideas of modern western bourgeoisie.","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77803103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471001.20200401
Guo Zhonghua
Social right is one of the basic elements of citizenship rights. The aim of the social right is to guarantee people’s survival rights. Through the combinaIII tion with regime, nationalism and capitalism, social right exhibits different existIII ing models in history. In the second half of 19th century, after social right comIII bined with nationalism and authoritarian regime it exhibited an authoritarian modIII el in which social rights performed both functions of improving people’s life and promoting legitimacy of the authoritarian regime. Liberal capitalism model of soIII cial right was the production of the adhering combination between social right and capitalism in which the former distorted its own value to serve the latter’s develIII opment. And welfare state model was the antagonisticcombination between social right and capitalism in which social right got the regime’s protection and set itself in a ’warlike relationship with the capitalism. In the late 20 century, the trends of globalization, post-nation state and post-industrialisation drove the social right into a convergent development orbit which reflected by Anthony Giddens posiIII tive welfare thought.
{"title":"The Historical Divergences and Contemporary Convergence of Social Rights","authors":"Guo Zhonghua","doi":"10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471001.20200401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471001.20200401","url":null,"abstract":"Social right is one of the basic elements of citizenship rights. The aim of the social right is to guarantee people’s survival rights. Through the combinaIII tion with regime, nationalism and capitalism, social right exhibits different existIII ing models in history. In the second half of 19th century, after social right comIII bined with nationalism and authoritarian regime it exhibited an authoritarian modIII el in which social rights performed both functions of improving people’s life and promoting legitimacy of the authoritarian regime. Liberal capitalism model of soIII cial right was the production of the adhering combination between social right and capitalism in which the former distorted its own value to serve the latter’s develIII opment. And welfare state model was the antagonisticcombination between social right and capitalism in which social right got the regime’s protection and set itself in a ’warlike relationship with the capitalism. In the late 20 century, the trends of globalization, post-nation state and post-industrialisation drove the social right into a convergent development orbit which reflected by Anthony Giddens posiIII tive welfare thought.","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85436704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471002.20200402
Li Dongjie
a good political ecology needs to meet three general standards and five specific standards. These standards are not only the objective basis for us to grasp the situation of political ecology as a whole, but also the concrete starting point for us to further build a good political ecology. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to strengthen the understanding and application of the three general standards and five specific standards.
{"title":"Grasp the evaluation standard of good political ecology","authors":"Li Dongjie","doi":"10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471002.20200402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47297/WSPSPRWSP2515-471002.20200402","url":null,"abstract":"a good political ecology needs to meet three general standards and five specific standards. These standards are not only the objective basis for us to grasp the situation of political ecology as a whole, but also the concrete starting point for us to further build a good political ecology. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to strengthen the understanding and application of the three general standards and five specific standards.","PeriodicalId":47129,"journal":{"name":"Social Issues and Policy Review","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76836564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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