Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2147069
Lidia E. Nuño, S. Hill, E. Maguire, H. Giles
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes police and public reactions to an intergroup-communication intervention developed and tested in Santa Barbara, California. We discuss the theory underlying the development of the intervention as well as its implementation as a means of improving relationships between police officers and members of the Hispanic community. Based on thematic analysis of interviews with program participants, we provide qualitative evidence about police and public reactions to the intervention. The data presented herein indicate that the intervention improved empathy and trust between participants from both groups. These results suggest that interventions based on principles of intergroup communication could be a useful mechanism for improving relationships between police and historically marginalized communities. They also provide a promising framework for research on how police can translate research into practice in the area of community trust-building with groups reluctant to engage with police. Future research should begin testing the effectiveness of these types of interventions using experimental or quasi-experimental methods.
{"title":"Experiencing VOICES: police and public reactions to an intergroup communication intervention","authors":"Lidia E. Nuño, S. Hill, E. Maguire, H. Giles","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2147069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2147069","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyzes police and public reactions to an intergroup-communication intervention developed and tested in Santa Barbara, California. We discuss the theory underlying the development of the intervention as well as its implementation as a means of improving relationships between police officers and members of the Hispanic community. Based on thematic analysis of interviews with program participants, we provide qualitative evidence about police and public reactions to the intervention. The data presented herein indicate that the intervention improved empathy and trust between participants from both groups. These results suggest that interventions based on principles of intergroup communication could be a useful mechanism for improving relationships between police and historically marginalized communities. They also provide a promising framework for research on how police can translate research into practice in the area of community trust-building with groups reluctant to engage with police. Future research should begin testing the effectiveness of these types of interventions using experimental or quasi-experimental methods.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77920440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2145288
Leila B. Dutton, Tracy L. Tamborra
ABSTRACT This study assessed the experiences with and perceptions of the Lethality Assessment Program (LAP) among law enforcement officers tasked with coordinating the program in their departments. The LAP is a police-social service domestic violence (DV) intervention utilized in a number states in the United States. Interviews were conducted with 20 coordinators from police departments in Connecticut to assess their perceptions of and experiences with the LAP. Coordinators reported that implementation of the program went well, overall, but noted challenges such as lack of officer buy-in, failure to follow the protocol, and resistance to using personal cellular phones on the job. Participants also indicated that the collaboration served to establish or strengthen the department’s relationship with the local DV agency. Recommendations for addressing the challenges and directions for future research are discussed.
{"title":"The Lethality Assessment Program: police coordinators’ experiences and perceptions","authors":"Leila B. Dutton, Tracy L. Tamborra","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2145288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2145288","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study assessed the experiences with and perceptions of the Lethality Assessment Program (LAP) among law enforcement officers tasked with coordinating the program in their departments. The LAP is a police-social service domestic violence (DV) intervention utilized in a number states in the United States. Interviews were conducted with 20 coordinators from police departments in Connecticut to assess their perceptions of and experiences with the LAP. Coordinators reported that implementation of the program went well, overall, but noted challenges such as lack of officer buy-in, failure to follow the protocol, and resistance to using personal cellular phones on the job. Participants also indicated that the collaboration served to establish or strengthen the department’s relationship with the local DV agency. Recommendations for addressing the challenges and directions for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83930965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2141743
A. Keddie
ABSTRACT Recent investigations into sex discrimination, sexual harassment and predatory behaviour within police organisations have led to a range of gender reforms that aim to create more inclusion, respect and safety. These reforms have tended to be female-focused and designed to support greater equality for female police. This paper reports on an interview-based study that sought to understand and address resistance to gender equality reform within a large police organisation in Australia. The paper draws on Nancy Fraser’s model of social justice to consider the capacity of particular reforms to reproduce and/or transform the organisation’s hierarchical structures and masculinised cultures. Fraser’s model is presented as enriching current understandings about how the policy aims of gender equality might be realised in police organisations through a broader focus on supporting political, cultural and economic justice for all. The paper concludes by considering the practice implications of this social justice approach for police organisations.
{"title":"Towards gender equality reform in police organisations: the utility of a social justice approach","authors":"A. Keddie","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2141743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2141743","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent investigations into sex discrimination, sexual harassment and predatory behaviour within police organisations have led to a range of gender reforms that aim to create more inclusion, respect and safety. These reforms have tended to be female-focused and designed to support greater equality for female police. This paper reports on an interview-based study that sought to understand and address resistance to gender equality reform within a large police organisation in Australia. The paper draws on Nancy Fraser’s model of social justice to consider the capacity of particular reforms to reproduce and/or transform the organisation’s hierarchical structures and masculinised cultures. Fraser’s model is presented as enriching current understandings about how the policy aims of gender equality might be realised in police organisations through a broader focus on supporting political, cultural and economic justice for all. The paper concludes by considering the practice implications of this social justice approach for police organisations.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74115622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2140663
Wendy M. Koslicki
ABSTRACT The 1033 Program has become a favored dataset for scholars examining the impact of police militarization on outcomes such as fatal force and crime rates. However, these data are often not treated appropriately, leading to mixed results that have been salient in US policy decision-making. Beyond the US, other nations looking at these studies may use their implications in decision-making about equipping the police with military items, and improperly handled data may generate inaccurate conclusions that drive policy decisions. To illustrate necessary considerations for proper data handling, this article conducts a systematic review of quantitative literature using 1033 Program data to determine how these data were handled. Findings show that 12 out of 14 peer-reviewed articles do not use the data properly for longitudinal data, and that a wide variety of categorization schemes are used. This article concludes with best practice recommendations for obtaining, structuring, and categorizing the data.
{"title":"Crucial considerations when using 1033 Program data as a measure of police militarization","authors":"Wendy M. Koslicki","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2140663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2140663","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The 1033 Program has become a favored dataset for scholars examining the impact of police militarization on outcomes such as fatal force and crime rates. However, these data are often not treated appropriately, leading to mixed results that have been salient in US policy decision-making. Beyond the US, other nations looking at these studies may use their implications in decision-making about equipping the police with military items, and improperly handled data may generate inaccurate conclusions that drive policy decisions. To illustrate necessary considerations for proper data handling, this article conducts a systematic review of quantitative literature using 1033 Program data to determine how these data were handled. Findings show that 12 out of 14 peer-reviewed articles do not use the data properly for longitudinal data, and that a wide variety of categorization schemes are used. This article concludes with best practice recommendations for obtaining, structuring, and categorizing the data.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82870187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-26DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2132250
Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot, Graham Abela, C. Witt, Jonathan W. Hak
ABSTRACT The challenges accompanying the investigation of homicide have been observed for some time. Although police today can gather evidence in ways not imagined decades ago, the use of forensic science and technology (FST) have created challenges and consequences for modern-day homicide investigations. While ‘digital footprints’ are increasingly expected in court proceedings, the provision of and analysis of FST data falls to the police who face resource shortages and other challenges. We surveyed homicide investigators across Alberta to examine their perceptions of FST and the implications of FST for their work. Participants revealed that data volume, lack of expertise and resource constraints result in frustration with FST and the demands it creates. At the same time, most participants pointed to civilianization as the means through which technology can provide full advantage to homicide (and other) investigations.
{"title":"‘Poisoned Chalice?’: the challenges of forensic science and technology for homicide investigations","authors":"Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot, Graham Abela, C. Witt, Jonathan W. Hak","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2132250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2132250","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The challenges accompanying the investigation of homicide have been observed for some time. Although police today can gather evidence in ways not imagined decades ago, the use of forensic science and technology (FST) have created challenges and consequences for modern-day homicide investigations. While ‘digital footprints’ are increasingly expected in court proceedings, the provision of and analysis of FST data falls to the police who face resource shortages and other challenges. We surveyed homicide investigators across Alberta to examine their perceptions of FST and the implications of FST for their work. Participants revealed that data volume, lack of expertise and resource constraints result in frustration with FST and the demands it creates. At the same time, most participants pointed to civilianization as the means through which technology can provide full advantage to homicide (and other) investigations.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86295553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2130310
Richard Hester, J. Hobson
ABSTRACT In 2019, the reported cost of policing football, according to an infographic on South Yorkshire Police’s website, was £48 million per season with £5.5 million being recovered by the police from football clubs. These figures were discussed in Parliament and deemed accurate by politicians. Chief Constable Mark Roberts, the National Police Chiefs’ Council lead for football policing, says police forces cannot continue to subsidise a multi-billion-pound industry. This research uses Freedom of Information requests submitted to all police forces in England and Wales to establish the true cost of football policing. The results demonstrate that previous data is unreliable, as the actual amount recovered through Special Police Services from football clubs averaged £10 million per season between 2015 and 2019. This paper shows that police forces do not have a grasp of how much is spent on football policing, and the £48 million headline figure is likely overestimated, raising concerns about the lack of transparency over the data in the South Yorkshire Police infographic. Finally, the paper calls for further research to establish the exact cost of football policing and consideration of more efficient methods of football policing that can help to reduce costs and prevent disorder, not only in England and Wales but across Europe.
{"title":"The true cost of policing football in England & Wales: freedom of information data from 2015-2019","authors":"Richard Hester, J. Hobson","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2130310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2130310","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 2019, the reported cost of policing football, according to an infographic on South Yorkshire Police’s website, was £48 million per season with £5.5 million being recovered by the police from football clubs. These figures were discussed in Parliament and deemed accurate by politicians. Chief Constable Mark Roberts, the National Police Chiefs’ Council lead for football policing, says police forces cannot continue to subsidise a multi-billion-pound industry. This research uses Freedom of Information requests submitted to all police forces in England and Wales to establish the true cost of football policing. The results demonstrate that previous data is unreliable, as the actual amount recovered through Special Police Services from football clubs averaged £10 million per season between 2015 and 2019. This paper shows that police forces do not have a grasp of how much is spent on football policing, and the £48 million headline figure is likely overestimated, raising concerns about the lack of transparency over the data in the South Yorkshire Police infographic. Finally, the paper calls for further research to establish the exact cost of football policing and consideration of more efficient methods of football policing that can help to reduce costs and prevent disorder, not only in England and Wales but across Europe.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88497172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2125389
Camilla R. De Camargo
ABSTRACT Emblematic power is entrenched in the uniform and bodily image of the police. The COVID-19 pandemic has afforded a new layer of understandings of ‘dirty work’ with police officers, and has shown how the police uniform is perceived to be an involuntary vehicle for physical contamination and symbolic taint. This article is based on interviews with 18 police officers from 11 UK police forces over the summer of 2020 and explores how the COVID-19 pandemic caused increased fear and anxiety about virus contraction, particularly when officers were not prioritised for testing and vaccinations at the time. The possibility of transmitting COVID-19 to family members motivated officers to treat their uniforms differently, and they undertook purification rituals to mitigate violations of the physical and symbolic space around the body. Fear and anxiety of ‘the unknown’ is a motivator for discussions about long-term effects of officer well-being, and the significance of learning to prepare for future pandemics.
{"title":"‘Wait! Don’t touch me!’: Police uniforms, family anxiety, and rituals of purification in the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Camilla R. De Camargo","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2125389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2125389","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Emblematic power is entrenched in the uniform and bodily image of the police. The COVID-19 pandemic has afforded a new layer of understandings of ‘dirty work’ with police officers, and has shown how the police uniform is perceived to be an involuntary vehicle for physical contamination and symbolic taint. This article is based on interviews with 18 police officers from 11 UK police forces over the summer of 2020 and explores how the COVID-19 pandemic caused increased fear and anxiety about virus contraction, particularly when officers were not prioritised for testing and vaccinations at the time. The possibility of transmitting COVID-19 to family members motivated officers to treat their uniforms differently, and they undertook purification rituals to mitigate violations of the physical and symbolic space around the body. Fear and anxiety of ‘the unknown’ is a motivator for discussions about long-term effects of officer well-being, and the significance of learning to prepare for future pandemics.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79451675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2128354
Kyle McLean, Terry Cherry, G. Alpert
ABSTRACT Policing in the United States is currently undergoing a serious workforce crisis. Drawing on Van Maanen’s police socialization theory, we suggest that police recruiting videos provide an opportunity for departments to send clear signals to recruits about their attitudes and values that will improve recruiting. We employ a randomized vignette survey design to test the effectiveness of recruiting videos. Our findings demonstrate that college students indicate a greater willingness to become a police officer when recruiting videos focus on police officers’ service to the community. This effect is particularly strong for students who indicate they desire to make a positive change in the world.
{"title":"Recruiting for change: shifting focus to address a workforce crisis","authors":"Kyle McLean, Terry Cherry, G. Alpert","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2128354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2128354","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Policing in the United States is currently undergoing a serious workforce crisis. Drawing on Van Maanen’s police socialization theory, we suggest that police recruiting videos provide an opportunity for departments to send clear signals to recruits about their attitudes and values that will improve recruiting. We employ a randomized vignette survey design to test the effectiveness of recruiting videos. Our findings demonstrate that college students indicate a greater willingness to become a police officer when recruiting videos focus on police officers’ service to the community. This effect is particularly strong for students who indicate they desire to make a positive change in the world.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88583076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2127717
Kai Lin, Shan Shen, I. Sun, Yuning Wu
ABSTRACT In December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in Wuhan, China. Soon after, China became the first country in the world to enforce strict lockdown protocols in an effort to mitigate the spread of the disease. This study examines the perceptions of pandemic rules enforcement during the first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 among 600 Chinese police officers. The analyses reveal that police departments’ prompt and adequate adjustment to the pandemic, police officers’ procedural justice in interacting with citizens, and police perceptions of police trustworthiness among the citizens all had direct and indirect effects on public compliance to lockdown enforcement during the pandemic. These findings affirm the role of police procedural justice in public compliance to law enforcement in China and stress the importance of organizational adjustment and public trust during an emergency situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications to pandemic-related policymaking and enforcement are also discussed.
{"title":"Policing pandemic in China: investigating the roles of organizational adjustment, procedural justice, and police trustworthiness on public compliance","authors":"Kai Lin, Shan Shen, I. Sun, Yuning Wu","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2127717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2127717","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in Wuhan, China. Soon after, China became the first country in the world to enforce strict lockdown protocols in an effort to mitigate the spread of the disease. This study examines the perceptions of pandemic rules enforcement during the first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 among 600 Chinese police officers. The analyses reveal that police departments’ prompt and adequate adjustment to the pandemic, police officers’ procedural justice in interacting with citizens, and police perceptions of police trustworthiness among the citizens all had direct and indirect effects on public compliance to lockdown enforcement during the pandemic. These findings affirm the role of police procedural justice in public compliance to law enforcement in China and stress the importance of organizational adjustment and public trust during an emergency situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications to pandemic-related policymaking and enforcement are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84608685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2121281
Julie B. Raines, F. Merenda
ABSTRACT Mandated by a consent decree, the Ethical Policing is Courageous (EPIC) program was developed by the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD). The EPIC curriculum is based on active bystandership, encouraging officers to intervene when police misconduct could potentially occur. This research sought to evaluate the EPIC program recently adopted in one state. An adapted integrity measuring instrument from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) developed by Klockars et al. was used to compare officers who have recently completed the ethics programming being phased out against officers who participated in the EPIC program. Results indicate a significant difference in the areas of reporting and intervening with respect to excessive force. Implications for further research are also provided.
{"title":"Evaluating implementation of the EPIC peer bystander intervention program in basic law enforcement training (BLET)","authors":"Julie B. Raines, F. Merenda","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2121281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2121281","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mandated by a consent decree, the Ethical Policing is Courageous (EPIC) program was developed by the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD). The EPIC curriculum is based on active bystandership, encouraging officers to intervene when police misconduct could potentially occur. This research sought to evaluate the EPIC program recently adopted in one state. An adapted integrity measuring instrument from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) developed by Klockars et al. was used to compare officers who have recently completed the ethics programming being phased out against officers who participated in the EPIC program. Results indicate a significant difference in the areas of reporting and intervening with respect to excessive force. Implications for further research are also provided.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82082143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：