Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2022.2040473
S. Dühr
ABSTRACT Spatial planning is a comprehensive field of public policy and characterized by a considerable diversity of policy tools. Some of these policy tools have a long tradition, but a broadening scope of spatial planning over recent decades in many liberal democracies, accompanied by policy reforms to the way in which spatial planning operates, has altered the nature and type of policy instruments in use. Previous analyses have given limited attention to policy tools for urban and regional planning, yet in this article it is argued that a focus on procedural policy tools can allow a structured assessment of implications of major policy reforms for substantive instruments and societal outcomes. A framework for the study of policy tools according to different stages of the policy cycle is proposed. This is applied to recent planning reform in South Australia to understand changes to procedural tools and how these can influence the effectiveness of substantive policy tools.
{"title":"Investigating the policy tools of spatial planning","authors":"S. Dühr","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2022.2040473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2022.2040473","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Spatial planning is a comprehensive field of public policy and characterized by a considerable diversity of policy tools. Some of these policy tools have a long tradition, but a broadening scope of spatial planning over recent decades in many liberal democracies, accompanied by policy reforms to the way in which spatial planning operates, has altered the nature and type of policy instruments in use. Previous analyses have given limited attention to policy tools for urban and regional planning, yet in this article it is argued that a focus on procedural policy tools can allow a structured assessment of implications of major policy reforms for substantive instruments and societal outcomes. A framework for the study of policy tools according to different stages of the policy cycle is proposed. This is applied to recent planning reform in South Australia to understand changes to procedural tools and how these can influence the effectiveness of substantive policy tools.","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74420887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2023.2183944
Xiaolei Qin, Jing Huang
{"title":"Policy punctuations and agenda diversity in China: a national level analysis from 1980 to 2019","authors":"Xiaolei Qin, Jing Huang","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2023.2183944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2023.2183944","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74302233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-29DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2022.2161499
Parwiz Mosamim, Jean-Patrick Villeneuve
ABSTRACT This article analyses the limits and challenges of positive discrimination policies in the Afghan government (2001–2021). One of the primary objectives of the international community after the fall of the Taliban in 2001 was to bring Afghan women back into public service. The government adopted international and national policy frameworks in this direction, notably positive discrimination policies such as quotas. It set an objective of 30% female participation in civil service by 2020. To analyze these policies’ effectiveness and identify the challenges faced, we analyzed official documents setting the stage for a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews with female civil servants and women’s rights activists. The study shows that the Afghan government failed to meet its objective. This was due to both institutional and non-institutional factors. These factors included the pervasiveness of sexual violence, discrimination, and corruption, and the impact of a traditional and patriarchal culture. These findings contribute to a better understanding of past policies. The article has important lessons for the study of mechanisms to promote women in government more widely.
{"title":"Women in government: the limits and challenges of a representative bureaucracy for Afghanistan (2001–2021)","authors":"Parwiz Mosamim, Jean-Patrick Villeneuve","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2022.2161499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2022.2161499","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article analyses the limits and challenges of positive discrimination policies in the Afghan government (2001–2021). One of the primary objectives of the international community after the fall of the Taliban in 2001 was to bring Afghan women back into public service. The government adopted international and national policy frameworks in this direction, notably positive discrimination policies such as quotas. It set an objective of 30% female participation in civil service by 2020. To analyze these policies’ effectiveness and identify the challenges faced, we analyzed official documents setting the stage for a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews with female civil servants and women’s rights activists. The study shows that the Afghan government failed to meet its objective. This was due to both institutional and non-institutional factors. These factors included the pervasiveness of sexual violence, discrimination, and corruption, and the impact of a traditional and patriarchal culture. These findings contribute to a better understanding of past policies. The article has important lessons for the study of mechanisms to promote women in government more widely.","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75364853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-18DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2023.2168636
J. Newman
ABSTRACT The Universal Credit reforms of the 2010s were a crucial turning point in the UK’s social security system. The reforms have been widely criticized in the literature for placing too much responsibility on welfare recipients, for using cultural explanations of poverty, and for prioritizing incentive-based solutions. This article argues that these common points of criticism actually point to demonstrable contradictions in the formation of Universal Credit, contradictions that are problematic regardless of the strength of the aforementioned criticisms. The focus is on “ontological contradictions”, which derive from fundamental assumptions about how individual agents relate to their material and ideational contexts. To make this argument, a critical realist framework is developed in a dialogue with existing poststructuralist approaches.
{"title":"Ontological contradictions in the UK’s Universal Credit reforms","authors":"J. Newman","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2023.2168636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2023.2168636","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Universal Credit reforms of the 2010s were a crucial turning point in the UK’s social security system. The reforms have been widely criticized in the literature for placing too much responsibility on welfare recipients, for using cultural explanations of poverty, and for prioritizing incentive-based solutions. This article argues that these common points of criticism actually point to demonstrable contradictions in the formation of Universal Credit, contradictions that are problematic regardless of the strength of the aforementioned criticisms. The focus is on “ontological contradictions”, which derive from fundamental assumptions about how individual agents relate to their material and ideational contexts. To make this argument, a critical realist framework is developed in a dialogue with existing poststructuralist approaches.","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77633761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2022.2162032
D. Hall, Tong Meng
ABSTRACT Sustainable Finance Roadmaps (SFRs) have emerged internationally as an instrument for sustainable finance reform. However, there is variation among countries over who leads the SFR process. This article focuses on Aotearoa New Zealand where the process was led by an intermediary, the Sustainable Finance Forum, a multistakeholder process which convened stakeholders for SFR development. This case study contributes to the literature on intermediaries in sustainability transitions by showing intermediation in the financial sector. Empirical analysis demonstrates that intermediation functioned as a strategic intervention to overcome regime-level barriers to transition by visioning, convening and coordinating stakeholders, and developing transition pathways, albeit with challenges in terms of Māori representation and government participation. This case study shows how intermediaries adapted to the distinctive demands of early transition phases, especially by a process of reproduction where one intermediary created another.
{"title":"Intermediating sustainable finance: a case study of The Aotearoa Circle's Sustainable Finance Forum","authors":"D. Hall, Tong Meng","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2022.2162032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2022.2162032","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sustainable Finance Roadmaps (SFRs) have emerged internationally as an instrument for sustainable finance reform. However, there is variation among countries over who leads the SFR process. This article focuses on Aotearoa New Zealand where the process was led by an intermediary, the Sustainable Finance Forum, a multistakeholder process which convened stakeholders for SFR development. This case study contributes to the literature on intermediaries in sustainability transitions by showing intermediation in the financial sector. Empirical analysis demonstrates that intermediation functioned as a strategic intervention to overcome regime-level barriers to transition by visioning, convening and coordinating stakeholders, and developing transition pathways, albeit with challenges in terms of Māori representation and government participation. This case study shows how intermediaries adapted to the distinctive demands of early transition phases, especially by a process of reproduction where one intermediary created another.","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91050030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2022.2162033
Puyao Xing, Huaizhen Xing
ABSTRACT Exploring the micro-mechanisms of collaborative governance regarding decision-makers’ behavioural and psychological motivations can advance an understanding of governance in fragmented systems. Among these motivations, local favouritism is a common behaviour that has received little attention in inter-local collaboration. Whether and why local government decision-makers engage in local favouritism in inter-local collaboration remains unanswered. This study incorporates social identity theory into the institutional collective action framework to answer these questions and tests our hypotheses using an empirical case of the impact of provincial leadership turnover on inter-provincial watershed environmental collaboration in China. The results show that decision-makers engage in local favouritism in inter-local collaboration and that the reasons for such behaviour are related to decision-makers’ social identity with their hometowns. The social identity of local decision-makers with their hometowns enhances the utility they obtain when engaging in collaboration. This increased individual utility raises the perceived benefits of collaboration and makes decision-makers more likely to collaborate with their hometown jurisdictions.
{"title":"Blood is thicker than water: local favouritism and inter-local collaborative governance","authors":"Puyao Xing, Huaizhen Xing","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2022.2162033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2022.2162033","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Exploring the micro-mechanisms of collaborative governance regarding decision-makers’ behavioural and psychological motivations can advance an understanding of governance in fragmented systems. Among these motivations, local favouritism is a common behaviour that has received little attention in inter-local collaboration. Whether and why local government decision-makers engage in local favouritism in inter-local collaboration remains unanswered. This study incorporates social identity theory into the institutional collective action framework to answer these questions and tests our hypotheses using an empirical case of the impact of provincial leadership turnover on inter-provincial watershed environmental collaboration in China. The results show that decision-makers engage in local favouritism in inter-local collaboration and that the reasons for such behaviour are related to decision-makers’ social identity with their hometowns. The social identity of local decision-makers with their hometowns enhances the utility they obtain when engaging in collaboration. This increased individual utility raises the perceived benefits of collaboration and makes decision-makers more likely to collaborate with their hometown jurisdictions.","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77297004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2023.2153431
Toby S. James
The close interconnectivity of political systems has long been the reality. Although states have never been entirely disconnected from one another, cultural, political, economic and technological ties were commonly thought to have rapidly increased as the twentieth century progressed and societal relations were increasingly described as an era of “globalisation”. The recognition of this interconnectivity led to a growth of interest in policy transfer several decades ago. Policy transfer was commonly taken to be “a process in which knowledge about policies, administrative arrangements, institutions, etc. in one time and/or place is used in the development of policies, administrative arrangements and institutions in another time and/or place” (Dolowitz and Marsh 1996, 344). As the challenges facing societies evolve, however, there are opportunities for the theory and praxis of policy transfer to revisited. Policy transfer has often been a focus of analysis which has been advanced in Policy Studies (Evans 2009; Marsh and Evans 2012; Gauja 2016) and articles in this issue follow in this tradition – with some focussing on the particular challenge posed by COVID. The pandemic laid bare the extent of another axis global interconnectedness, one which had not been as widely considered: the epidemiological.
政治制度的紧密联系早已成为现实。尽管各国之间从未完全隔绝，但人们普遍认为，随着20世纪的发展，文化、政治、经济和技术联系迅速增加，社会关系越来越多地被描述为“全球化”时代。几十年前，对这种相互联系的认识导致了对政策转移的兴趣的增长。政策转移通常被认为是“一个时间和/或地点的政策、行政安排、制度等知识被用于另一个时间和/或地点的政策、行政安排和制度发展的过程”(Dolowitz和Marsh 1996, 344)。然而，随着社会面临的挑战不断演变，政策转移的理论和实践有机会得到重新审视。政策转移通常是政策研究中提出的分析焦点(Evans 2009;Marsh and Evans 2012;Gauja 2016)和本期的文章遵循了这一传统，其中一些文章侧重于COVID带来的特殊挑战。大流行暴露了另一个全球相互联系轴心的程度，这一轴心没有得到广泛考虑:流行病学。
{"title":"Policy transfer during the COVID era","authors":"Toby S. James","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2023.2153431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2023.2153431","url":null,"abstract":"The close interconnectivity of political systems has long been the reality. Although states have never been entirely disconnected from one another, cultural, political, economic and technological ties were commonly thought to have rapidly increased as the twentieth century progressed and societal relations were increasingly described as an era of “globalisation”. The recognition of this interconnectivity led to a growth of interest in policy transfer several decades ago. Policy transfer was commonly taken to be “a process in which knowledge about policies, administrative arrangements, institutions, etc. in one time and/or place is used in the development of policies, administrative arrangements and institutions in another time and/or place” (Dolowitz and Marsh 1996, 344). As the challenges facing societies evolve, however, there are opportunities for the theory and praxis of policy transfer to revisited. Policy transfer has often been a focus of analysis which has been advanced in Policy Studies (Evans 2009; Marsh and Evans 2012; Gauja 2016) and articles in this issue follow in this tradition – with some focussing on the particular challenge posed by COVID. The pandemic laid bare the extent of another axis global interconnectedness, one which had not been as widely considered: the epidemiological.","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76474854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2022.2149724
I. Solorio, J. Tosun
ABSTRACT We assess whether different presidents have different “styles” of involving intermediary organizations such as trade unions or business associations in the policy process. Given that temporal variation in the relationship between presidents and intermediaries can be observed, to what extent can the intermediaries included in the policy process be explained by the respective president’s leadership style and/or political ideology? We concentrate on the process by which clean energy policies were formulated under three Mexican presidents between 2006 and 2022. We draw on original data collected through 18 semi-structured interviews carried out with intermediaries between January and July 2022. Our findings show that the different presidents had different policy styles and therefore varied in how they included climate intermediaries in the policy process. This finding has important implications for research on policy styles as well as climate intermediation. Regarding policy styles the results presented call for theorizing of the dynamics observed. As concerns climate intermediaries the corresponding literature is invited to pay more attention to the political context in which they operate.
{"title":"Presidents and intermediaries: insights from clean energy policy processes in Mexico","authors":"I. Solorio, J. Tosun","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2022.2149724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2022.2149724","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We assess whether different presidents have different “styles” of involving intermediary organizations such as trade unions or business associations in the policy process. Given that temporal variation in the relationship between presidents and intermediaries can be observed, to what extent can the intermediaries included in the policy process be explained by the respective president’s leadership style and/or political ideology? We concentrate on the process by which clean energy policies were formulated under three Mexican presidents between 2006 and 2022. We draw on original data collected through 18 semi-structured interviews carried out with intermediaries between January and July 2022. Our findings show that the different presidents had different policy styles and therefore varied in how they included climate intermediaries in the policy process. This finding has important implications for research on policy styles as well as climate intermediation. Regarding policy styles the results presented call for theorizing of the dynamics observed. As concerns climate intermediaries the corresponding literature is invited to pay more attention to the political context in which they operate.","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87980155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-06DOI: 10.1080/01442872.2022.2142205
F. Farstad, Anders Tønnesen, I. Christensen, Bård Sødal Grasbekk, Kristiane Brudevoll
ABSTRACT There is little knowledge of how policymakers manage governance networks (“metagovern”) within climate policy and especially at non-executive levels of public management. One strategy to metagovern is through using intermediary actors such as funding bodies. However, as novel actors within climate governance, such “climate intermediaries” are under-researched. We address these gaps by exploring the metagovernance through an intermediary actor, namely the Norwegian “Klimasats” Fund. We find that the logic of funding bodies lends itself to “carrots” as opposed to “sticks”, weakening the potential for transformation. Funding bodies can also increase existing differences in climate action between larger and smaller local authorities. However, funding bodies have a beneficial bi-directional functionality, incentivising local innovation whilst feeding lessons both up to and across government. Funding bodies also have the power to make local actors into intermediaries in their own right and can influence policy discourses. Thus, in assessing metagovernance at the non-executive level and using intermediary actors such as funding bodies, we reveal significant challenges, but also surprising opportunities, for the low-carbon transition.
{"title":"Metagoverning through intermediaries: the role of the Norwegian “Klimasats” Fund in translating national climate goals to local implementation","authors":"F. Farstad, Anders Tønnesen, I. Christensen, Bård Sødal Grasbekk, Kristiane Brudevoll","doi":"10.1080/01442872.2022.2142205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2022.2142205","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is little knowledge of how policymakers manage governance networks (“metagovern”) within climate policy and especially at non-executive levels of public management. One strategy to metagovern is through using intermediary actors such as funding bodies. However, as novel actors within climate governance, such “climate intermediaries” are under-researched. We address these gaps by exploring the metagovernance through an intermediary actor, namely the Norwegian “Klimasats” Fund. We find that the logic of funding bodies lends itself to “carrots” as opposed to “sticks”, weakening the potential for transformation. Funding bodies can also increase existing differences in climate action between larger and smaller local authorities. However, funding bodies have a beneficial bi-directional functionality, incentivising local innovation whilst feeding lessons both up to and across government. Funding bodies also have the power to make local actors into intermediaries in their own right and can influence policy discourses. Thus, in assessing metagovernance at the non-executive level and using intermediary actors such as funding bodies, we reveal significant challenges, but also surprising opportunities, for the low-carbon transition.","PeriodicalId":47179,"journal":{"name":"Policy Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74538112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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