Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.1177/0034673x231222905
Wendy Cadge, Amy Lawton, Anna Holleman, J. Roso
Historically, congregational leaders did the work of chaplaincy. In the past century, the professions have diverged and chaplaincy has diversified in form and function. We ask which congregational leaders currently also serve as chaplains to identify the extent of overlap between these two types of religious leaders in the contemporary United States. We analyze data from the National Survey of Religious Leaders (NSRL), a nationally representative sample of 1,600 clergy collected in 2019 to 2020, to determine how many congregational leaders are also working or volunteering as chaplains. Though some overlap exists between the occupational roles of chaplains and congregational leaders, our study shows that they are largely distinct professions, with only 17.1% of primary congregational leaders also working or volunteering as chaplains. Catholic primary leaders and Hispanic primary leaders are more likely than their peers to also work as chaplains. Researchers studying each group should be attentive to the ways these professional groups overlap and diverge, and the corresponding possible confusion among religious practitioners and the general public. Theological educators should consider the specific training and support needs of the portion of clergy who serve as chaplains alongside of their congregational positions.
{"title":"Which U.S. Congregational Leaders Also Work as Chaplains? A National Overview","authors":"Wendy Cadge, Amy Lawton, Anna Holleman, J. Roso","doi":"10.1177/0034673x231222905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673x231222905","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, congregational leaders did the work of chaplaincy. In the past century, the professions have diverged and chaplaincy has diversified in form and function. We ask which congregational leaders currently also serve as chaplains to identify the extent of overlap between these two types of religious leaders in the contemporary United States. We analyze data from the National Survey of Religious Leaders (NSRL), a nationally representative sample of 1,600 clergy collected in 2019 to 2020, to determine how many congregational leaders are also working or volunteering as chaplains. Though some overlap exists between the occupational roles of chaplains and congregational leaders, our study shows that they are largely distinct professions, with only 17.1% of primary congregational leaders also working or volunteering as chaplains. Catholic primary leaders and Hispanic primary leaders are more likely than their peers to also work as chaplains. Researchers studying each group should be attentive to the ways these professional groups overlap and diverge, and the corresponding possible confusion among religious practitioners and the general public. Theological educators should consider the specific training and support needs of the portion of clergy who serve as chaplains alongside of their congregational positions.","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1177/0034673x231220386
Ronit Pinchas-Mizrachi, Zvika Orr, Beth G. Zalcman, Anat Romem
Many religious disaffiliates, similar to immigrants, experience health vulnerabilities. Yet, few studies address their ability to access the healthcare system. This article contributes to filling this void by examining the case of Israeli Jewish ultra-Orthodox disaffiliates. The study analyzes the barriers that hinder these disaffiliates’ access to the healthcare system, adversely affecting their well-being. This research is based on 36 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with ultra-Orthodox disaffiliates, analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Six barriers were identified: lack of health-related education and knowledge of the healthcare system, poverty and structural determinants of health, lack of respect for authority, communication gaps, lack of belonging, and stigmas, particularly in mental health. We recommend training healthcare providers and students to better understand and address these barriers and disaffiliates’ unique needs when providing care for them. Specifically, we suggest incorporating this overlooked subject in the frameworks of cultural competency and structural competency, encouraging collaboration between healthcare practitioners and religious disaffiliates to promote equitable and inclusive policies. Implications for community organizations include offering courses, simulations, peer guidance, and consultation for disaffiliates on health-related issues, as well as engaging disaffiliates in self-advocacy. We propose that this study is relevant to disaffiliates from varied insular, high-tension religious communities worldwide.
{"title":"Barriers to the Healthcare System Faced by Ultra-Orthodox Religious Disaffiliates","authors":"Ronit Pinchas-Mizrachi, Zvika Orr, Beth G. Zalcman, Anat Romem","doi":"10.1177/0034673x231220386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673x231220386","url":null,"abstract":"Many religious disaffiliates, similar to immigrants, experience health vulnerabilities. Yet, few studies address their ability to access the healthcare system. This article contributes to filling this void by examining the case of Israeli Jewish ultra-Orthodox disaffiliates. The study analyzes the barriers that hinder these disaffiliates’ access to the healthcare system, adversely affecting their well-being. This research is based on 36 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with ultra-Orthodox disaffiliates, analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Six barriers were identified: lack of health-related education and knowledge of the healthcare system, poverty and structural determinants of health, lack of respect for authority, communication gaps, lack of belonging, and stigmas, particularly in mental health. We recommend training healthcare providers and students to better understand and address these barriers and disaffiliates’ unique needs when providing care for them. Specifically, we suggest incorporating this overlooked subject in the frameworks of cultural competency and structural competency, encouraging collaboration between healthcare practitioners and religious disaffiliates to promote equitable and inclusive policies. Implications for community organizations include offering courses, simulations, peer guidance, and consultation for disaffiliates on health-related issues, as well as engaging disaffiliates in self-advocacy. We propose that this study is relevant to disaffiliates from varied insular, high-tension religious communities worldwide.","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139381918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1177/0034673X231217066
Kar-yan Alison Hui, Natalie Chan
Dechurched Christians are believers who regularly attended church but later left church and maintained their Christian faith. Reasons for dechurching provide important learnings for the wider Christian community. This is a mixed method study that began with a quantitative survey that looked into the reasons for going to and leaving church. Quantitative results found that most Christian respondents go to church “to be closer to God.” Top reasons for dechurching are disappointment in church culture and not liking the way a church handles certain matters. In the subsequent qualitative study, 17 dechurched Christians were interviewed and results found that an additional reason for leaving was feeling that churches were out of touch. Interviewees shared that their best memories from church were when they experienced life together with brothers and sisters and learnt from in-depth sermon messages. Most respondents shared that they still maintained close relationship with God, hope to go back to church, and long to experience love and belong to spiritual companionship and experience presence of God. This study illustrates the importance of staying connected with dechurched Christians, and room for faith communities and fresh expression of churches to provide spiritual home for dechurched to belong.
{"title":"Believing and Wanting to Belong: A Mixed-Methods Study of Dechurched Christians in Hong Kong","authors":"Kar-yan Alison Hui, Natalie Chan","doi":"10.1177/0034673X231217066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X231217066","url":null,"abstract":"Dechurched Christians are believers who regularly attended church but later left church and maintained their Christian faith. Reasons for dechurching provide important learnings for the wider Christian community. This is a mixed method study that began with a quantitative survey that looked into the reasons for going to and leaving church. Quantitative results found that most Christian respondents go to church “to be closer to God.” Top reasons for dechurching are disappointment in church culture and not liking the way a church handles certain matters. In the subsequent qualitative study, 17 dechurched Christians were interviewed and results found that an additional reason for leaving was feeling that churches were out of touch. Interviewees shared that their best memories from church were when they experienced life together with brothers and sisters and learnt from in-depth sermon messages. Most respondents shared that they still maintained close relationship with God, hope to go back to church, and long to experience love and belong to spiritual companionship and experience presence of God. This study illustrates the importance of staying connected with dechurched Christians, and room for faith communities and fresh expression of churches to provide spiritual home for dechurched to belong.","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139219508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1177/0034673X231214274
Justin J. Hendricks, D. Dollahite, L. Marks, Julianna Herbst
Considerable social science research has illuminated religion’s profound and predominantly positive impact on individuals and families. Nevertheless, numerous noteworthy aspects of religion, including repentance, have not been explored in-depth from a social science perspective to understand their psychological and relational processes and implications. Further, the emphasis and importance of repentance across the Abrahamic faiths, combined with calls from social scientists to better understand processes of repentance and seeking divine forgiveness, indicate the benefit of repentance-focused research. Subsequently, we used team-based systematic qualitative coding to conduct secondary analyses of repentance processes in interviews with 127 exemplar US Jewish, Christian, and Muslim families (N = 218). Analyses explored the: (a) motivations and antecedents of repentance, (b) processes of repentance, (c) resources to aid in repentance, and (d) perceived outcomes of repentance. Additionally, some participants described repentance as negative, neutral, or ineffective. The article discusses psychological and relational benefits of repentance in religious families despite some potentially adverse consequences, highlights implications for practitioners and interventions that incorporate repentance, and suggests topics for future research.
{"title":"Personal and Relational Processes of Repentance in Religious Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Families","authors":"Justin J. Hendricks, D. Dollahite, L. Marks, Julianna Herbst","doi":"10.1177/0034673X231214274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X231214274","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable social science research has illuminated religion’s profound and predominantly positive impact on individuals and families. Nevertheless, numerous noteworthy aspects of religion, including repentance, have not been explored in-depth from a social science perspective to understand their psychological and relational processes and implications. Further, the emphasis and importance of repentance across the Abrahamic faiths, combined with calls from social scientists to better understand processes of repentance and seeking divine forgiveness, indicate the benefit of repentance-focused research. Subsequently, we used team-based systematic qualitative coding to conduct secondary analyses of repentance processes in interviews with 127 exemplar US Jewish, Christian, and Muslim families (N = 218). Analyses explored the: (a) motivations and antecedents of repentance, (b) processes of repentance, (c) resources to aid in repentance, and (d) perceived outcomes of repentance. Additionally, some participants described repentance as negative, neutral, or ineffective. The article discusses psychological and relational benefits of repentance in religious families despite some potentially adverse consequences, highlights implications for practitioners and interventions that incorporate repentance, and suggests topics for future research.","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139215775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1177/0034673X231215275
J. Kregting, P. Scheepers, P. Vermeer, R. Eisinga
The process of secularization in Western societies, in terms of the decline of individual religiosity, is often explained by way of cohort and period effects. In addition, there are many studies that focus on micro-level life course events that are considered to change individual religiosity. In this article, we use excellent panel data for the years 2009 to 2020 to distinguish the effects of 10 life course events on individual religiosity from cohort and period effects. Our object of study is the Netherlands, a forerunner in the process of secularization. The analyses, that is, mixed-effect regression models with almost 42,000 observations, reveal that completing an education, getting married or divorced, starting to cohabite, and receiving a higher income all affect individual religiosity. However, period effects and cohort differences are more important for Dutch secularization than life course events.
{"title":"Explanations for Individual Secularization: Exploring the Effects of Life Course Events on Religious Decline in the Netherlands Between 2009 and 2020","authors":"J. Kregting, P. Scheepers, P. Vermeer, R. Eisinga","doi":"10.1177/0034673X231215275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X231215275","url":null,"abstract":"The process of secularization in Western societies, in terms of the decline of individual religiosity, is often explained by way of cohort and period effects. In addition, there are many studies that focus on micro-level life course events that are considered to change individual religiosity. In this article, we use excellent panel data for the years 2009 to 2020 to distinguish the effects of 10 life course events on individual religiosity from cohort and period effects. Our object of study is the Netherlands, a forerunner in the process of secularization. The analyses, that is, mixed-effect regression models with almost 42,000 observations, reveal that completing an education, getting married or divorced, starting to cohabite, and receiving a higher income all affect individual religiosity. However, period effects and cohort differences are more important for Dutch secularization than life course events.","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139245175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1177/0034673X231215280
Amy Lawton, Wendy Cadge
The chaplain’s role, as perceived by chaplains, is well-studied. The ways in which care-recipients understand the chaplain’s role is not. This article analyzes interviews with 38 people who interacted with chaplains. We find that respondents understood the chaplain’s job to be multidimensional. We describe this multidimensionality through a “jobs to be done” framework showing that chaplains offer social listening, emotional comfort, and functional practical religious support. From the perspective of care recipients, religion defines the master status of chaplains, a perspective different from that of chaplains themselves. Respondents felt that religion was the least ambiguous part of their interaction with a chaplain. These findings complicate scholarly and personal narratives that center “presence” rather than religion when talking about chaplaincy and spiritual care. We suggest that chaplains could mitigate professional identity tensions by centering desires for religious and spiritual care.
{"title":"The Persistence of Religion as a Master Status for Chaplains","authors":"Amy Lawton, Wendy Cadge","doi":"10.1177/0034673X231215280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X231215280","url":null,"abstract":"The chaplain’s role, as perceived by chaplains, is well-studied. The ways in which care-recipients understand the chaplain’s role is not. This article analyzes interviews with 38 people who interacted with chaplains. We find that respondents understood the chaplain’s job to be multidimensional. We describe this multidimensionality through a “jobs to be done” framework showing that chaplains offer social listening, emotional comfort, and functional practical religious support. From the perspective of care recipients, religion defines the master status of chaplains, a perspective different from that of chaplains themselves. Respondents felt that religion was the least ambiguous part of their interaction with a chaplain. These findings complicate scholarly and personal narratives that center “presence” rather than religion when talking about chaplaincy and spiritual care. We suggest that chaplains could mitigate professional identity tensions by centering desires for religious and spiritual care.","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139247438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1177/0034673X231213950
Laura Upenieks, Scott Schieman
Theoretical and empirical work within social psychology has highlighted the impact of the sense of distributive injustice—the evaluation of unfairness in the distribution of outcomes or rewards—and adverse mental health outcomes. Drawing on a sample of Canadian workers from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health Study (CAN-WSH; N = 2,376), we consider whether three facets of religiosity—perceived divine control, religious attendance, and prayer—have stress buffering potency when it comes to perceived underpayment. We also test whether these associations vary by gender. Our results suggest that for men who reported being underpaid, higher levels of divine control were protective for psychological distress. By contrast, weekly religious attendance was a stress buffer for women who were underpaid. We draw from research at the intersection of sociology of religion and gender to interpret our findings. Taken as a whole, our findings underscore the importance of assessing religiously-based resources for individuals who perceive they are underpaid and speak to how understanding the effectiveness of coping resources, including those found within religious life, are contingent upon social status—a hallmark of the sociological tradition.
{"title":"Divine Compensation? Gender, Religiosity, and the Link Between Feeling Underpaid and Psychological Distress","authors":"Laura Upenieks, Scott Schieman","doi":"10.1177/0034673X231213950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X231213950","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical and empirical work within social psychology has highlighted the impact of the sense of distributive injustice—the evaluation of unfairness in the distribution of outcomes or rewards—and adverse mental health outcomes. Drawing on a sample of Canadian workers from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health Study (CAN-WSH; N = 2,376), we consider whether three facets of religiosity—perceived divine control, religious attendance, and prayer—have stress buffering potency when it comes to perceived underpayment. We also test whether these associations vary by gender. Our results suggest that for men who reported being underpaid, higher levels of divine control were protective for psychological distress. By contrast, weekly religious attendance was a stress buffer for women who were underpaid. We draw from research at the intersection of sociology of religion and gender to interpret our findings. Taken as a whole, our findings underscore the importance of assessing religiously-based resources for individuals who perceive they are underpaid and speak to how understanding the effectiveness of coping resources, including those found within religious life, are contingent upon social status—a hallmark of the sociological tradition.","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139267001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1177/0034673X231214434
Kan Feng
This commentary attends to religion and the body as a philosophical approach to decentering Western and Christian traditions in understanding of spiritual healing. Prior soul-centered shamanic soul retrieval theories cannot explain the beliefs and practices of modern Chinese shamans. This commentary draws upon phenomenology of the body to assert that soul retrieval of Chinese shamans is not a purely spiritual mystical event or a purely material event. Rather, it is both. Shamans utilize a body technique to adjust, configure, and reposition the dislocated state of the patient’s body by temporarily sharing a body (einleibung) with the patient. Providing this context can foster new approaches to understanding religious and spiritual healing.
{"title":"Using the Body to Retrieve the Soul: Learning From Modern Chinese Shaman Phenomenology of the Body","authors":"Kan Feng","doi":"10.1177/0034673X231214434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X231214434","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary attends to religion and the body as a philosophical approach to decentering Western and Christian traditions in understanding of spiritual healing. Prior soul-centered shamanic soul retrieval theories cannot explain the beliefs and practices of modern Chinese shamans. This commentary draws upon phenomenology of the body to assert that soul retrieval of Chinese shamans is not a purely spiritual mystical event or a purely material event. Rather, it is both. Shamans utilize a body technique to adjust, configure, and reposition the dislocated state of the patient’s body by temporarily sharing a body (einleibung) with the patient. Providing this context can foster new approaches to understanding religious and spiritual healing.","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139272184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1177/0034673x231208898
Nick Andre, Laura Upenieks, Rebecca Bonhag
{"title":"Does Religious Service Attendance Condition the Link between Relationship Status and Mattering to Others? Evidence From the United States during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Nick Andre, Laura Upenieks, Rebecca Bonhag","doi":"10.1177/0034673x231208898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673x231208898","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1177/0034673x231208695
Rachel J. Bacon, Elly Cathrin Svendsen Bjerknes, Philip Skipitaris, Madison A. Sherwood-Walter, Laura A. Shults, F. LeRon Shults
{"title":"The Norwegian Memory Tasks: Using Pensioner Auto-Biographies to Study Religion in a Secularizing Country","authors":"Rachel J. Bacon, Elly Cathrin Svendsen Bjerknes, Philip Skipitaris, Madison A. Sherwood-Walter, Laura A. Shults, F. LeRon Shults","doi":"10.1177/0034673x231208695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673x231208695","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47205,"journal":{"name":"Review of Religious Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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