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Left or centre? Theda Skocpol’s States and Social Revolutions from the French Revolution to today 左还是中?Theda Skocpol 的《从法国大革命到今天的国家与社会革命
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241245897
Hugo Drochon
Forty years on, Theda Skocpol’s account of the French Revolution remains remarkably robust. But how are we to think about political change today? Since Louis XVI walked up to the guillotine, we have been used to thinking of a left/right opposition driving political change, but this was not the only division at the time, nor indeed since: during the Terror, Robespierre was supported by the Montagnards, the deputies who sat on the highest benches of the Assembly, while the opposition was located at the bottom, in the Marais or the Plain. Like during la Terreur, today’s politics, from France to the United States, appears more to oppose a centre to an extreme, and this prism allows us to track Skocpol’s own evolution since 1979, from periphery to centre.
四十年过去了,泰达-斯科茨波尔关于法国大革命的论述依然十分有力。但今天我们该如何思考政治变革呢?自从路易十六走上断头台,我们就习惯于认为左右两派的对立推动了政治变革,但这并不是当时唯一的分歧,事实上也不是之后唯一的分歧:在恐怖时期,罗伯斯庇尔得到了蒙塔尼亚人的支持,他们是坐在议会最高层的议员,而反对派则位于底层,在马莱区或平原。与恐怖时期一样,今天的政治,从法国到美国,似乎更多的是中心与极端的对立,而这种棱镜让我们可以追踪斯科茨波尔自己自1979年以来从边缘到中心的演变。
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引用次数: 0
Floating on uncertain waters: navigating ‘sensitivity’ while teaching politics and international relations in Mainland China 漂浮在不确定的水域:在中国大陆教授政治和国际关系时的 "敏感性 "导航
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241236404
Ruairidh J Brown
This article gives autoethnographic sketch of teaching International Relations in Mainland China. Attention is given to the issue of ‘sensitivity’, a phenomenon typically associated with Chinese State censorship. The article will however argue that sensitivity is much more complex than a top-down State prohibition on certain topics, arguing instead that it is an opaque and continually in flux phenomenon produced by multiple actors within society. The article will further argue that the surest means of navigating this phenomenon for an academic is to listen to students and use insights gained from them as a means of navigating sensitivity. These insights can provide both further knowledge of how sensitivities are constructed as well as how to safely discuss them – an awareness that can serve as inspiration for critical discussions on political issues. In completing this sketch, the article fills the notable gap in pedagogical literature on Higher Education in China concerning both politics as a challenge to teaching in mainland China, most studies almost exclusively concerning themselves with the challenges posed by cultural Confucianism, and as content, previous studies being almost completely contained within disciplines such as Business Management and Foreign Languages.
本文以自述的方式描述了在中国大陆教授国际关系的情况。文章关注 "敏感性 "问题,这一现象通常与中国的国家审查制度联系在一起。但文章认为,"敏感性 "比国家自上而下地禁止某些话题要复杂得多,相反,它是一种不透明的、不断变化的现象,是由社会中的多方参与者产生的。文章还将进一步论证,对于一名学者来说,驾驭这一现象的最可靠方法就是倾听学生的心声,并将从他们那里获得的见解作为驾驭敏感性的一种手段。这些洞察力既能进一步了解敏感性是如何形成的,也能知道如何安全地讨论这些敏感性--这种意识可以为政治问题的批判性讨论提供灵感。在完成这一草图的过程中,文章填补了中国高等教育教学文献的一个显著空白,即政治既是对中国大陆教学的挑战,大多数研究几乎只关注文化儒学带来的挑战,也是教学内容的挑战,以往的研究几乎完全局限于商业管理和外语等学科。
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引用次数: 0
Ill-gotten gains: Partisan alignment, politicised grant transfers and English local election outcomes 不义之财:党派结盟、政治化拨款和英国地方选举结果
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241229375
Liam Clegg, Graeme AM Davies
Are grant flows from the Westminster government to local authorities influenced by political dynamics, and if so do these politicised transfers influence local election outcomes? John and Ward suggested that, through the 1980s and 1990s, Conservative central governments favoured politically aligned local authorities. We demonstrate the continuation of this trend across the cohort of Labour, coalition, and Conservative governments from 2007 to 2019, and also establish evidence of inter-party variation in the type of grant manipulation in existence. We also more substantively extend John and Ward’s work by demonstrating that electoral ‘ill-gotten gains’ follow from these politicised flows, with higher resource transfers being associated with marginally stronger incumbent electoral performance. Given the importance of central grants to subnational government in the UK, these findings are of significant contemporary policy relevance.
从威斯敏斯特政府流向地方政府的拨款是否受到政治动态的影响,如果是,这些政治化的拨款是否会影响地方选举结果?约翰(John)和沃德(Ward)认为,在 20 世纪 80 年代和 90 年代,保守党中央政府倾向于与政治保持一致的地方政府。我们证明了这一趋势在 2007 年至 2019 年的工党政府、联合政府和保守党政府中的延续,同时也确立了存在的补助金操纵类型跨党派差异的证据。我们还对约翰和沃德的研究进行了更实质性的扩展,证明了选举 "不义之财 "来自这些政治化的资金流,较高的资源转移与执政者略强的选举表现相关。鉴于中央拨款对英国地方政府的重要性,这些发现对当代政策具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Too little, too vague: How populist parties talk about deliberation in Europe 太少,太模糊:民粹主义政党如何谈论欧洲的审议工作
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241231803
Sergiu Gherghina, Bettina Mitru
Populist parties place the people at the centre of polity and politics. Such parties refer to direct democracy as a suitable avenue to involve people in the decision-making process but much less is known about their approaches towards deliberation. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature and analyses how populist parties talk about deliberation in their election manifestos. It tests empirically how much they speak about deliberation and whether they have a generic discourse as opposed to specific references to forms of deliberation and levels of implementation. Our qualitative content analysis draws on the election manifestos of 84 political parties from the Manifesto Project Dataset in 23 European democracies in the national elections between 1996 and 2021. The results indicate that populists talk considerably less and use vague language about the levels of implementation compared to non-populists.
民粹主义政党将人民置于政体和政治的中心。这些政党将直接民主作为让人民参与决策过程的合适途径,但人们对他们的审议方法却知之甚少。本文试图填补文献中的这一空白,分析民粹主义政党如何在其竞选宣言中谈论审议。文章从实证角度检验了他们对商议的谈论程度,以及他们是否有一般性的论述,而不是具体提及商议的形式和实施水平。我们的定性内容分析借鉴了宣言项目数据集中 23 个欧洲民主国家的 84 个政党在 1996 年至 2021 年全国大选中发表的竞选宣言。结果表明,与非民粹主义者相比,民粹主义者对实施水平的谈论要少得多,使用的语言也模糊不清。
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引用次数: 0
COVID capitalism: The contested logistics of migrant labour supply chains in the double crisis COVID 资本主义:双重危机下有争议的移民劳工供应链物流
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241229377
Stephan Scheel, Soledad Álvarez Velasco, Nicholas De Genova
The introduction to the special issue (SI) lays out the agenda and key concepts of the SI ‘COVID Capitalism: The Contested Logistics of Migrant Labour Supply Chains in the Double Crisis’. The contributions to the SI focus on the reconfiguration of the means and methods of the exploitation of migrant labour during the COVID-19 pandemic and the related reorganisation of contemporary border and migration regimes. They all focus, more or less explicitly, on the adaptation and reorganisation of migrant labour supply chains which were disrupted through the ‘double crisis’ of public health and existing border and mobility regimes during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this way, the SI seeks to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of COVID-capitalism, understood as a form of disaster capitalism, in which fractions of capital try to turn the multiple crises implicated by the pandemic into a source of profit. If and how they succeed with these endeavours is, however, not guaranteed from the outset but an empirical question. The study of migrant labour supply chains does thus not only help to develop a more nuanced understanding of disaster capitalism but also contributes to debates on the logistification of migration management.
特刊(SI)导言阐述了特刊 "COVID 资本主义:双重危机下有争议的移民劳工供应链物流"。本专题(SI)的文章重点关注 COVID-19 大流行期间剥削移民劳工的手段和方法的重新配置,以及当代边境和移民制度的相关重组。它们都或多或少地明确关注移民劳动力供应链的调整和重组,这些供应链在 COVID-19 大流行期间因公共卫生和现有边境及流动制度的 "双重危机 "而受到破坏。通过这种方式,《社会科学国际》力图帮助人们更细致地理解 COVID 资本主义,将其理解为一种灾难资本主义形式,在这种资本主义形式中,部分资本试图将疫情带来的多重危机转化为利润来源。然而,这些努力能否成功以及如何成功,从一开始就无法保证,而是一个经验问题。因此,对移民劳工供应链的研究不仅有助于对灾难资本主义形成更细致入微的理解,还有助于对移民管理物流化的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Unpacking the politics of ‘sportswashing’: It takes two to tango 揭秘“体育丑闻”的政治:探戈需要两个人一起跳
3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1177/02633957231207387
Jonathan Grix, Adam Dinsmore, Paul Michael Brannagan
The concept of ‘sportswashing’ serves as a short-hand way of criticising non-democratic regimes for using investment in sport, sports clubs, and sports events to detract from illiberal practices in their home countries. This article makes a contribution to the extant literature and debates on ‘sportswashing’ in three key ways by (1) showing that, paradoxically, without the encouragement and opportunities afforded by notionally democratic global capitalism and the ‘West’, ‘sportswashing’ strategies would not be available to non-democratic regimes; (2) highlighting the ‘mechanisms’ by which ‘sportswashing’ actually occurs and how it ought to be understood as an initial step on a long-term journey towards ‘soft power’ gains. The article does this by (3) examining two empirical examples of ‘sportswashing’: first, the 2022 Qatar World Cup and the broader international sports investment strategies pursued by Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Second, we introduce the WWE partnership with Saudi Arabia to demonstrate that ‘sports washing’ can be rendered bidirectional such that both participants reap a reputational boost, inverting the presumed reputational damage that otherwise constitutes the main disincentive to participation by Western capital. Such a process embeds non-democratic regimes in the sports industry leading to their becoming ‘normalised’ in international business.
“体育洗白”的概念是批评非民主政权利用对体育、体育俱乐部和体育赛事的投资来减损其本国的不自由做法的一种简略方式。本文以三个关键的方式对现存的关于“体育清洗”的文献和辩论做出了贡献:(1)表明,矛盾的是,如果没有名义上民主的全球资本主义和“西方”提供的鼓励和机会,“体育清洗”战略将无法用于非民主政权;(2)强调“体育欺诈”实际发生的“机制”,以及如何将其理解为获得“软实力”的长期旅程的第一步。本文通过(3)研究两个“体育清洗”的实证例子来做到这一点:首先,2022年卡塔尔世界杯以及卡塔尔和沙特阿拉伯追求的更广泛的国际体育投资战略。其次,我们介绍了WWE与沙特阿拉伯的合作伙伴关系,以证明“体育洗涤”可以是双向的,这样双方参与者都可以获得声誉提升,扭转了假定的声誉损害,否则将构成西方资本参与的主要障碍。这一过程将非民主政权嵌入体育产业,导致他们在国际商业中变得“正常化”。
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引用次数: 1
Ideology, organisation, and path dependency: The use of violence among Egyptian Islamist movements 意识形态、组织和路径依赖:埃及伊斯兰运动中的暴力使用
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/02633957231195456
Bruno Schmidt-Feuerheerd
Does ideology prevent social movements from resorting to violence? Structuralist, organisational, or political economy theories are widely agnostic on the relationship between ideology and the use of violence. In contrast, this article argues that founding ideologies indirectly shape social movements’ long-run decisions regarding the use violence, primarily by influencing the kind of individuals who join the movement to begin with. A path dependency develops as new members reinforce the initial ideology, as individuals who might tip the ideological-organisational equilibrium towards utilising new tactics join other organisations instead. Over time, ideology morphes from being initially an endogenous factor into an exogenous constraint how the group can behave. The article compares the mainstream Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), al-Jama‘a al-Islamiyya (IG) and the Jihad Organisation (JO), studying individual biographies, the groups’ recruitment patterns and their corresponding ideologies. The article thereby explains why the MB, with some minor exceptions, remained committed to non-violent activism, in contrast with the JO that resorted to violent means only and the IG that applied both violent and non-violent means. In the conclusion, the article addresses cases in Algeria and Madagascar to indicate the relevance of this argument beyond Egyptian Islamist movements to future comparative work.
意识形态是否阻止社会运动诉诸暴力?结构主义、组织主义或政治经济学理论对意识形态和暴力使用之间的关系普遍持不可知论态度。相比之下,本文认为,创始意识形态间接影响了社会运动关于使用暴力的长期决策,主要是通过影响最初加入运动的个人。路径依赖随着新成员强化最初的意识形态而发展,因为可能将意识形态组织平衡推向使用新策略的个人会加入其他组织。随着时间的推移,意识形态从最初的内生因素演变为群体行为的外生约束。这篇文章比较了主流的埃及穆斯林兄弟会(MB)、伊斯兰圣战组织(IG)和圣战组织(JO),研究了个人传记、这些组织的招募模式及其相应的意识形态。因此,文章解释了为什么除了一些小的例外,MB仍然致力于非暴力激进主义,而JO只采用暴力手段,IG同时采用暴力和非暴力手段。在结论中,文章介绍了阿尔及利亚和马达加斯加的案例,以表明埃及伊斯兰运动之外的这一论点与未来的比较工作的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Polarisation over the meaning of democracy: The case of political parties in Turkey 民主意义的两极分化:以土耳其政党为例
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.1177/02633957231191445
Sema Akboga, O. Şahin, E. Arik
As the primary means of political organisation, political parties remain vital to contemporary democracies, making it important to investigate their understanding of democracy. This study explores the themes with which five largest political parties in Turkey associate democracy. We studied tweets posted by official accounts of these parties’ headquarters and branches, as well as by other Twitter accounts that are institutionally linked to these parties. We found significant differences between the government bloc and the opposition bloc as well as between People Alliance and Nation Alliance in terms of the themes with which they associate democracy. The government bloc and People Alliance use themes such as national will and military coups while referring to democracy. The opposition bloc and Nation Alliance emphasise themes such as equality, freedom of the press, and justice. We conclude that parties’ and blocs’ different attitudes towards democracy are indicators of political polarisation in Turkey.
作为政治组织的主要手段,政党对当代民主仍然至关重要,因此调查他们对民主的理解非常重要。本研究探讨了土耳其五大政党与民主相关的主题。我们研究了这些政党总部和分支机构的官方账户发布的推文,以及与这些政党有制度联系的其他Twitter账户。我们发现,政府集团和反对派集团之间,以及人民联盟和民族联盟之间,在与民主有关的主题方面存在显著差异。执政集团和国民联合在提及民主主义时,经常以“国民意志”、“军事政变”等为主题。反对党集团和民族联盟强调平等、新闻自由和正义等主题。我们的结论是,政党和团体对民主的不同态度是土耳其政治两极分化的指标。
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引用次数: 0
Parliamentary candidates and their campaign messages at the 2019 General Election 议会候选人及其在2019年大选中的竞选信息
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/02633957231186384
Siim Trumm, Caitlin Milazzo, Alan Duggan
The 2019 General Election brought about a significant change in the parliamentary balance of power. There has already been much attention devoted to how parties and their leaders campaigned in the run up to the polling day. Using original leaflet data from the OpenElections project, this study extends the focus to individual candidates by exploring the nature of local campaign communications. We find that candidates make little effort to promote their personal traits, with personalisation of leaflets remaining largely limited to offering visual cues in the shape of candidate photos. We also find that while negative campaign messages are common, they tend to relate to an opposing party more generally. Similarly, we find that highlighting the tactical situation in the constituency remains a rare practice. Our findings suggest that there is still considerable room for candidates to tailor their campaign materials to their personal attributes and the local electoral context.
2019年大选使议会权力平衡发生了重大变化。人们已经非常关注政党及其领导人在投票日前的竞选活动。本研究利用OpenElections项目的原始传单数据,通过探索当地竞选宣传的性质,将重点扩展到个人候选人。我们发现,候选人几乎没有努力提升自己的个人特质,传单的个性化在很大程度上仍然局限于以候选人照片的形式提供视觉提示。我们还发现,虽然负面的竞选信息很常见,但它们往往更普遍地与反对党有关。同样,我们发现,强调选区的战术局势仍然是一种罕见的做法。我们的调查结果表明,候选人仍有相当大的空间根据个人特点和当地选举背景定制竞选材料。
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引用次数: 0
From the screens to the streets? Social media use and participation in the Yellow Vests protests 从屏幕到街道?社交媒体在黄背心抗议活动中的使用和参与
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-22 DOI: 10.1177/02633957231185225
Caterina Froio, Xavier Romero‐Vidal
This article takes the Yellow Vests (YVs, Gilets Jaunes) movement as a case in point to study the mechanisms by which social media can enhance protest participation. Building on the literature on social media and protest behaviour, we study the association between different political experiences on social media and protest engagement. We rely on novel survey data from the project YELLOWPOL collected in France in 2019 during a period characterised by the mobilisation of the YVs. We find that individuals’ experiences on social media play a role in connecting general social media use with their participation in protests. Specifically, we show that simply using social media cannot predict protest behaviour, but seeking content from the accounts of decision-makers and activists and using social media to express opinions contributes to protest participation. These findings enhance the understanding of the individual-level mechanisms linking social media use and protest behaviour in first-wave democracies, expanding existing knowledge on the use and consequences of Internet-mediated technology on political participation and political change.
本文以黄背心运动为例,研究社交媒体增强抗议参与的机制。在关于社交媒体和抗议行为的文献的基础上,我们研究了社交媒体上的不同政治经历与抗议参与之间的联系。我们依赖于2019年在法国收集的YELLOWPOL项目的新调查数据,该期间的特点是YV的动员。我们发现,个人在社交媒体上的经历在将一般社交媒体的使用与他们参与抗议活动联系起来方面发挥了作用。具体而言,我们表明,仅仅使用社交媒体无法预测抗议行为,但从决策者和活动家的账户中寻求内容,并使用社交媒体表达意见,有助于参与抗议。这些发现增进了对第一波民主国家中社交媒体使用和抗议行为之间联系的个人层面机制的理解,扩大了关于互联网技术的使用及其对政治参与和政治变革的影响的现有知识。
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引用次数: 0
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Politics
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