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Legacies of States and Social Revolutions 国家和社会革命的遗产
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241245895
Stathis N Kalyvas
Forty years after its publication, Theda Skocpol’s States and Social Revolutions confronts us with a series of questions: Are social revolutions different today compared with 50 years ago, and if yes in what ways and why? What is the state of the study of Revolutions in political science and sociology? More generally, how do we understand and relate to social revolutions in the post-Cold War world? Why do we pay more attention to civil wars now compared with then – and vice versa? If the 40th anniversary of Theda Skocpol’s path-breaking book forces these questions on us, answering them opens up fundamental concerns about how we approach the study of social phenomena and the way we are embedded, as social scientists, into the politics of our world.
塞达-斯科茨波尔的《国家与社会革命》在出版 40 年后,向我们提出了一系列问题:与 50 年前相比,今天的社会革命是否有所不同?政治学和社会学对革命的研究现状如何?更广泛地说,我们如何理解冷战后世界的社会革命并与之建立联系?为什么我们现在比过去更加关注内战--反之亦然?如果说 Theda Skocpol 的开创性著作问世 40 周年迫使我们提出了这些问题,那么回答这些问题则从根本上揭示了我们研究社会现象的方法,以及我们作为社会科学家融入世界政治的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Decolonising politics curricula: Exploring the experiences and views of racially minoritised students 政治课程非殖民化:探索少数种族学生的经历和观点
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241276065
Siobhan O’Neill
Through an exploration of the experiences and narratives of racially minoritised students, in this article, I argue that Politics curricula in the United Kingdom can largely be defined as epistemologically ignorant as a result of whiteness and Western-centrism. While there is a growing body of scholarship that has drawn attention to the whiteness and coloniality of Politics curricula, little, if any, has considered this from the perspective of racially minoritised students of Politics. This article addresses this gap in the literature and serves to prompt the Politics disciplines to look inwards and interrogate how whiteness and colonial logics continue to shape the study of Politics while also offering recommendations for curricula change based on students’ lived experiences. After briefly defining ‘the curriculum’, I outline the ways in which racially minoritised students defined Politics curricula as white and/or Western-centric and epistemologically ignorant. I then consider the role of teaching staff in curricula design and delivery and the potential for teaching practices to challenge curricula. Finally, before concluding, I explore what decolonising or ‘widening’ Politics curricula entails from the perspective of students.
在这篇文章中,我通过对少数种族学生的经历和叙述的探讨,认为英国的政治课程在很大程度上可以被定义为认识论上的无知,这是白人和西方中心主义的结果。尽管越来越多的学术研究关注政治学课程的白人性和殖民性,但很少有研究(如果有的话)从少数种族政治学学生的角度对此进行思考。本文探讨了文献中的这一空白,旨在促使政治学科向内看,审视白人和殖民逻辑如何继续塑造政治学研究,同时根据学生的生活经验提出课程改革建议。在简要定义了 "课程 "之后,我概述了少数种族学生如何将政治学课程定义为白人和/或西方中心主义以及认识论上的无知。然后,我考虑了教学人员在课程设计和实施中的作用,以及教学实践挑战课程的潜力。最后,在结束之前,我从学生的角度探讨了非殖民化或 "拓宽 "政治课程的含义。
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引用次数: 0
‘Importing’ the personal vote to maximise the party vote? ‘Parachute personalization’ in an intraparty preference electoral system "引进 "个人选票以最大限度地增加政党选票?党内优先选举制度中的 "伞式个人化
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241267754
David Arter, Corentin Poyet
This article seeks to contribute to the electoral and party politics debate in three main ways. The first is the claim that parachuting politicians into districts in which they have no prior connections is not a nomination practice that is the exclusive preserve of plurality electoral systems, nor does it necessarily engender the critical reaction of carpetbagging in the United States or ‘captain’s picks’ in Australia. Second, the practice of parachutage is tied to the personalisation literature but, in contrast to this literature, the article views [parachute] personalisation and party as complementary and mutually reinforcing rather than contradictory. Parachute personalisation serves party-based representative democracy rather than attenuates it. Third, the article questions the undue focus in the personal vote literature on a candidate’s personal-vote-seeking attributes. Rather, in concentrating on the transferability of the parachute vote as an electoral resource, the generic term ‘personal vote’ is viewed as comprising a mélange of party-vote-earning attributes – inter alia name-recognition and reputational status as a party office-holder – and personal-vote-earning attributes – name-recognition from outside party politics (sport, music, etc.). The central question addressed runs: When and why in an intraparty preference voting system – Finland is the focus – is parachute personalisation practised and with what result?
本文试图从三个主要方面为选举和政党政治辩论做出贡献。首先,文章认为,将政治家空降到他们之前没有任何关系的选区,并不是多党选举制度所独有的提名方式,也不一定会引起美国的 "地毯式 "选举或澳大利亚的 "队长选拔 "等批判性反应。其次,"降落伞 "做法与 "个性化"(personalisation)文献息息相关,但与这些文献不同的是,本文认为[降落伞]个性化与政党是相辅相成、相互促进的,而不是相互矛盾的。降落伞个性化服务于以政党为基础的代议制民主,而不是削弱代议制民主。第三,文章对个人选票文献过分关注候选人的个人选票寻求属性提出质疑。相反,在集中研究降落伞选票作为选举资源的可转移性时,"个人选票 "这一通用术语被视为由政党选票收益属性--特别是作为政党官员的知名度和声誉地位--和个人选票收益属性--政党政治(体育、音乐等)之外的知名度--组成的混合体。讨论的中心问题是在党内偏好投票系统中(芬兰是重点),何时以及为何会出现降落伞式个性化,结果如何?
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引用次数: 0
The European Union, immigration and the Left–Right divide: Explaining voting preferences for Western European radical right parties 欧盟、移民和左-右分歧:解释对西欧激进右翼政党的投票偏好
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241259135
Luca Carrieri, Marco Morini
In the past two decades, radical right parties gained ground, becoming relevant political actors in several European countries. This article presents an intriguing study on their voting preferences in Western Europe. It analyses whether and to what extent the effect of the distance between individual and party positions on the European Union, immigration and the Left–Right positioning has changed over time (between 2009 and 2019). This is examined by combining data from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and the European Election Studies. The results suggest that the distance between Left–Right self-positioning and party position has become more important in explaining voting for radical right parties over time.
在过去二十年中,激进右翼党派逐渐壮大,成为多个欧洲国家的重要政治力量。本文对激进右翼政党在西欧的投票偏好进行了深入研究。文章分析了随着时间的推移(2009 年至 2019 年),个人与政党在欧盟、移民和左右定位上的立场距离是否发生了变化,以及变化的程度如何。研究结合了来自 Chapel Hill 专家调查和欧洲选举研究的数据。结果表明,随着时间的推移,左翼-右翼自我定位与政党立场之间的距离在解释激进右翼政党投票方面变得更加重要。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on an anniversary 周年纪念反思
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241245898
Theda Skocpol
My first book, in many ways a lonely project at the time, is now part of a steadily growing body of comparative-historical scholarship in the social sciences. Studying socio-political changes of all kinds – including today’s democratic backsliding in the United States and beyond – is best done, as States and Social Revolutions helped to demonstrate, by probing and juxtaposing fully contextualised cases. It still makes sense for scholars to (directly or implicitly) compare historical trajectories, tease out the intersections of social inequalities and struggles over state power, and address the evolving global contexts as in local, regional, or national episodes play out. This way of studying political conflict and change is what I believe endures from States and Social Revolutions, as new generations of scholars go far beyond the arguments of that book born decades ago.
我的第一本书在很多方面在当时都是一个孤独的项目,但现在它已成为社会科学中稳步发展的比较历史学术研究的一部分。正如《国家与社会革命》(States and Social Revolutions)一书所证明的那样,研究各种社会政治变革--包括当今美国及其他国家的民主倒退--的最佳方法是通过探究和并置完全符合背景的案例。学者们(直接或隐含地)比较历史轨迹,找出社会不平等与国家权力斗争的交叉点,并在地方、地区或国家事件发生时探讨不断演变的全球背景,这仍然是有意义的。我认为,这种研究政治冲突和变革的方式正是《国家与社会革命》一书的精髓所在,因为新一代学者的研究远远超越了这本数十年前诞生的著作的论点。
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引用次数: 0
The methodological legacies of Theda Skocpol’s State and Social Revolutions: Locating the three pillars of comparative historical analysis Theda Skocpol 的《国家与社会革命》的方法论遗产:比较历史分析三大支柱的定位
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241245893
Marcus Kreuzer
Stein Rokkan and Barrington Moore revived comparative historical analysis (CHA) in Europe and the United States, respectively, during the 1960s without, however, elaborating its methodological underpinnings. Theda Skocpol’s State and Social Revolutions as well as her Visions and Methods Historical Sociology filled this gap. In her important essay with Margaret Somers, she identified three distinct strands of CHA that tackled macro-historical question in distinct but ultimately also complimentary ways. In doing so, she established the foundation for subsequent work on CHA methodology. The article elaborates the subsequent elaborations of Skopol and Somer’s CHA typology and the factors contributing to this evolution. It also underscores how many of those innovations were already implicit in Skocpol’s State and Social Revolutions even though she herself did not highlight it in her own methodological writings. Skocpol the empirical scholar thus turns out to have been methodologically more advanced than Skocpol the methodologist.
Stein Rokkan 和 Barrington Moore 在 20 世纪 60 年代分别在欧洲和美国复兴了比较历史分析(CHA),但没有详细阐述其方法论基础。Theda Skocpol 的《国家与社会革命》以及她的《历史社会学的愿景与方法》填补了这一空白。在她与玛格丽特-萨默斯(Margaret Somers)共同撰写的重要文章中,她指出了三股不同的历史社会学,它们以不同但最终也是互补的方式处理宏观历史问题。这样,她就为后来的 CHA 方法论工作奠定了基础。这篇文章阐述了斯科波尔和索默的 CHA 类型学的后续发展以及促成这一演变的因素。文章还强调了斯科波尔的《国家与社会革命》中已经隐含了许多创新,尽管她本人并未在自己的方法论著作中强调这一点。因此,实证学者斯科茨波尔在方法论上要比方法论学者斯科茨波尔更先进。
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引用次数: 0
Left or centre? Theda Skocpol’s States and Social Revolutions from the French Revolution to today 左还是中?Theda Skocpol 的《从法国大革命到今天的国家与社会革命
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241245897
Hugo Drochon
Forty years on, Theda Skocpol’s account of the French Revolution remains remarkably robust. But how are we to think about political change today? Since Louis XVI walked up to the guillotine, we have been used to thinking of a left/right opposition driving political change, but this was not the only division at the time, nor indeed since: during the Terror, Robespierre was supported by the Montagnards, the deputies who sat on the highest benches of the Assembly, while the opposition was located at the bottom, in the Marais or the Plain. Like during la Terreur, today’s politics, from France to the United States, appears more to oppose a centre to an extreme, and this prism allows us to track Skocpol’s own evolution since 1979, from periphery to centre.
四十年过去了,泰达-斯科茨波尔关于法国大革命的论述依然十分有力。但今天我们该如何思考政治变革呢?自从路易十六走上断头台,我们就习惯于认为左右两派的对立推动了政治变革,但这并不是当时唯一的分歧,事实上也不是之后唯一的分歧:在恐怖时期,罗伯斯庇尔得到了蒙塔尼亚人的支持,他们是坐在议会最高层的议员,而反对派则位于底层,在马莱区或平原。与恐怖时期一样,今天的政治,从法国到美国,似乎更多的是中心与极端的对立,而这种棱镜让我们可以追踪斯科茨波尔自己自1979年以来从边缘到中心的演变。
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引用次数: 0
Ill-gotten gains: Partisan alignment, politicised grant transfers and English local election outcomes 不义之财:党派结盟、政治化拨款和英国地方选举结果
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241229375
Liam Clegg, Graeme AM Davies
Are grant flows from the Westminster government to local authorities influenced by political dynamics, and if so do these politicised transfers influence local election outcomes? John and Ward suggested that, through the 1980s and 1990s, Conservative central governments favoured politically aligned local authorities. We demonstrate the continuation of this trend across the cohort of Labour, coalition, and Conservative governments from 2007 to 2019, and also establish evidence of inter-party variation in the type of grant manipulation in existence. We also more substantively extend John and Ward’s work by demonstrating that electoral ‘ill-gotten gains’ follow from these politicised flows, with higher resource transfers being associated with marginally stronger incumbent electoral performance. Given the importance of central grants to subnational government in the UK, these findings are of significant contemporary policy relevance.
从威斯敏斯特政府流向地方政府的拨款是否受到政治动态的影响,如果是,这些政治化的拨款是否会影响地方选举结果?约翰(John)和沃德(Ward)认为,在 20 世纪 80 年代和 90 年代,保守党中央政府倾向于与政治保持一致的地方政府。我们证明了这一趋势在 2007 年至 2019 年的工党政府、联合政府和保守党政府中的延续,同时也确立了存在的补助金操纵类型跨党派差异的证据。我们还对约翰和沃德的研究进行了更实质性的扩展,证明了选举 "不义之财 "来自这些政治化的资金流,较高的资源转移与执政者略强的选举表现相关。鉴于中央拨款对英国地方政府的重要性,这些发现对当代政策具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Too little, too vague: How populist parties talk about deliberation in Europe 太少,太模糊:民粹主义政党如何谈论欧洲的审议工作
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241231803
Sergiu Gherghina, Bettina Mitru
Populist parties place the people at the centre of polity and politics. Such parties refer to direct democracy as a suitable avenue to involve people in the decision-making process but much less is known about their approaches towards deliberation. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature and analyses how populist parties talk about deliberation in their election manifestos. It tests empirically how much they speak about deliberation and whether they have a generic discourse as opposed to specific references to forms of deliberation and levels of implementation. Our qualitative content analysis draws on the election manifestos of 84 political parties from the Manifesto Project Dataset in 23 European democracies in the national elections between 1996 and 2021. The results indicate that populists talk considerably less and use vague language about the levels of implementation compared to non-populists.
民粹主义政党将人民置于政体和政治的中心。这些政党将直接民主作为让人民参与决策过程的合适途径,但人们对他们的审议方法却知之甚少。本文试图填补文献中的这一空白,分析民粹主义政党如何在其竞选宣言中谈论审议。文章从实证角度检验了他们对商议的谈论程度,以及他们是否有一般性的论述,而不是具体提及商议的形式和实施水平。我们的定性内容分析借鉴了宣言项目数据集中 23 个欧洲民主国家的 84 个政党在 1996 年至 2021 年全国大选中发表的竞选宣言。结果表明,与非民粹主义者相比,民粹主义者对实施水平的谈论要少得多,使用的语言也模糊不清。
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引用次数: 0
COVID capitalism: The contested logistics of migrant labour supply chains in the double crisis COVID 资本主义:双重危机下有争议的移民劳工供应链物流
IF 1.8 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1177/02633957241229377
Stephan Scheel, Soledad Álvarez Velasco, Nicholas De Genova
The introduction to the special issue (SI) lays out the agenda and key concepts of the SI ‘COVID Capitalism: The Contested Logistics of Migrant Labour Supply Chains in the Double Crisis’. The contributions to the SI focus on the reconfiguration of the means and methods of the exploitation of migrant labour during the COVID-19 pandemic and the related reorganisation of contemporary border and migration regimes. They all focus, more or less explicitly, on the adaptation and reorganisation of migrant labour supply chains which were disrupted through the ‘double crisis’ of public health and existing border and mobility regimes during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this way, the SI seeks to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of COVID-capitalism, understood as a form of disaster capitalism, in which fractions of capital try to turn the multiple crises implicated by the pandemic into a source of profit. If and how they succeed with these endeavours is, however, not guaranteed from the outset but an empirical question. The study of migrant labour supply chains does thus not only help to develop a more nuanced understanding of disaster capitalism but also contributes to debates on the logistification of migration management.
特刊(SI)导言阐述了特刊 "COVID 资本主义:双重危机下有争议的移民劳工供应链物流"。本专题(SI)的文章重点关注 COVID-19 大流行期间剥削移民劳工的手段和方法的重新配置,以及当代边境和移民制度的相关重组。它们都或多或少地明确关注移民劳动力供应链的调整和重组,这些供应链在 COVID-19 大流行期间因公共卫生和现有边境及流动制度的 "双重危机 "而受到破坏。通过这种方式,《社会科学国际》力图帮助人们更细致地理解 COVID 资本主义,将其理解为一种灾难资本主义形式,在这种资本主义形式中,部分资本试图将疫情带来的多重危机转化为利润来源。然而,这些努力能否成功以及如何成功,从一开始就无法保证,而是一个经验问题。因此,对移民劳工供应链的研究不仅有助于对灾难资本主义形成更细致入微的理解,还有助于对移民管理物流化的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
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Politics
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