While the Bureau of Labor Statistics has studied employee benefits, including retirement plans, for at least 100 of its 140-year history, more detailed information has been available during the last half century, coincident with the passage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. This article follows the many changes to Bureau of Labor Statistics retirement income studies and shows the challenges of providing statistics on such a varied and frequently evolving topic.
{"title":"ERISA at 50: BLS tracks the evolution of retirement benefits","authors":"W. Wiatrowski","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.13","url":null,"abstract":"While the Bureau of Labor Statistics has studied employee benefits, including retirement plans, for at least 100 of its 140-year history, more detailed information has been available during the last half century, coincident with the passage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. This article follows the many changes to Bureau of Labor Statistics retirement income studies and shows the challenges of providing statistics on such a varied and frequently evolving topic.","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141659997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Examining U.S. inflation across households grouped by equivalized income","authors":"Joshua Klick, A. Stockburger","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic altered consumer spending on public transportation, including both intracity (mass transit, taxi, and limousine) and intercity (air, ship, bus, and train). According to the Consumer Expenditure Surveys, spending on public and other transportation fell 66.3 percent in 2020. With shifts toward virtual work and school attendance, many commuters’ 2 hours to the office became 2 minutes to the kitchen table. This article examines changes in dollars spent for public transportation, mainly intracity mass-transit spending from January 2018 to December 2021, among various unique demographic groups: urban and rural residency, occupation type, educational attainment, and selected metropolitan statistical areas. Essential workers generally were unable to telework. Simultaneously, private-transportation costs declined in 2020 for all, while affordability rose for many. Gasoline prices fell 46 cents (17 percent) per gallon in 2020, according to the Consumer Price Index. Furthermore, average annual income fell for certain occupational groups and rose for others (income rose 2 percent for all consumer units). A model of indifference curves and budget constraints is used to show which members of specific education groups are likely to substitute private for public transportation. Results in 2020 show that income growth and lower private-transportation costs compared with those of public transportation resulted in increased private-transportation spending of up to 5 percent, with accompanying public-transportation spending reductions of 40 to 50 percent. Although intracity mass-transit spending rebounded in 2021, it did not reach prepandemic levels.
{"title":"Two hours to the office, two minutes to the kitchen table: trends in local public-transportation expenditures from 2018 to 2021","authors":"Shane Meyers","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.9","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic altered consumer spending on public transportation, including both intracity (mass transit, taxi, and limousine) and intercity (air, ship, bus, and train). According to the Consumer Expenditure Surveys, spending on public and other transportation fell 66.3 percent in 2020. With shifts toward virtual work and school attendance, many commuters’ 2 hours to the office became 2 minutes to the kitchen table. This article examines changes in dollars spent for public transportation, mainly intracity mass-transit spending from January 2018 to December 2021, among various unique demographic groups: urban and rural residency, occupation type, educational attainment, and selected metropolitan statistical areas. Essential workers generally were unable to telework. Simultaneously, private-transportation costs declined in 2020 for all, while affordability rose for many. Gasoline prices fell 46 cents (17 percent) per gallon in 2020, according to the Consumer Price Index. Furthermore, average annual income fell for certain occupational groups and rose for others (income rose 2 percent for all consumer units). A model of indifference curves and budget constraints is used to show which members of specific education groups are likely to substitute private for public transportation. Results in 2020 show that income growth and lower private-transportation costs compared with those of public transportation resulted in increased private-transportation spending of up to 5 percent, with accompanying public-transportation spending reductions of 40 to 50 percent. Although intracity mass-transit spending rebounded in 2021, it did not reach prepandemic levels.","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introducing Producer Price Index research series based on a geometric-mean formula","authors":"Sara Stanley","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141105094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The U.S. labor market continued to expand in 2023. Although there was an uptick in unemployment in the second half of the year, the national unemployment rate remained below 4 percent throughout 2023. The labor force participation rate, at 62.6 percent in the fourth quarter, increased over the year. Notable labor market improvements occurred among people of prime working age (those ages 25 to 54); these improvements were most pronounced among women.
{"title":"Unemployment rate inches up during 2023, labor force participation rises","authors":"Connor Borkowski, Rifat Kaynas, Megan Wilkins","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.7","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. labor market continued to expand in 2023. Although there was an uptick in unemployment in the second half of the year, the national unemployment rate remained below 4 percent throughout 2023. The labor force participation rate, at 62.6 percent in the fourth quarter, increased over the year. Notable labor market improvements occurred among people of prime working age (those ages 25 to 54); these improvements were most pronounced among women.","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141118376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measuring total-premium inflation for health insurance in the Consumer Price Index","authors":"Brett Matsumoto","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140665157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the release of January 2023 data on March 13, 2023, the Current Employment Statistics program revised the basis for industry classification for states and areas from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) to NAICS 2022. The conversion to NAICS 2022 resulted in revisions to data that reflected content and coding changes within the retail trade, information, mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other services sectors. In the revision process, the chief aim was to maintain the integrity of data and comparability across the redefined series.
{"title":"Reconstruction of CES time series: implementing the NAICS 2022 redefinitions","authors":"Albert Kleine, Christopher Nesseth","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.5","url":null,"abstract":"With the release of January 2023 data on March 13, 2023, the Current Employment Statistics program revised the basis for industry classification for states and areas from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) to NAICS 2022. The conversion to NAICS 2022 resulted in revisions to data that reflected content and coding changes within the retail trade, information, mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other services sectors. In the revision process, the chief aim was to maintain the integrity of data and comparability across the redefined series.","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seasonality in the Employment Cost Index","authors":"Michael Lettau","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140428912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores trends and highlights of 501(c)(3) organizations at the national level. An examination of total private employment and industry-level employment reveals that nonprofit organizations tend to employ more workers at an establishment than do their for-profit peers. These data also show that nonprofit employment grew at a steady rate from 2007 to 2017, including during the 2007–09 recession.
{"title":"Nonprofits: a look at national trends in establishment size and employment","authors":"Erik Friesenhahn","doi":"10.21916/mlr.2024.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2024.2","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores trends and highlights of 501(c)(3) organizations at the national level. An examination of total private employment and industry-level employment reveals that nonprofit organizations tend to employ more workers at an establishment than do their for-profit peers. These data also show that nonprofit employment grew at a steady rate from 2007 to 2017, including during the 2007–09 recession.","PeriodicalId":47215,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Labor Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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