Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000522
Agnieszka Pietraszkiewicz, Magdalena Formanowicz
Abstract. Agency and communion comprise the big two of social perception, with agency in general denoting goal orientation and communion orientation toward others. Both dimensions can be coded and detected in language through agentic and communal words, however, only agency through lexical classes, namely verbs. This research examines whether the link between semantic and lexical agency occurs in natural language, as past research was limited to pseudowords or single words. Using existing databases, Study 1 found that people rated verbs as more agentic than nouns. Using large textual datasets, Study 2 found verb use to be positively related to agentic – but not communal word – use. These findings contribute to the identification of agency in language and indicate its importance in social cognition.
{"title":"Verbs Are Associated With Agency","authors":"Agnieszka Pietraszkiewicz, Magdalena Formanowicz","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000522","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Agency and communion comprise the big two of social perception, with agency in general denoting goal orientation and communion orientation toward others. Both dimensions can be coded and detected in language through agentic and communal words, however, only agency through lexical classes, namely verbs. This research examines whether the link between semantic and lexical agency occurs in natural language, as past research was limited to pseudowords or single words. Using existing databases, Study 1 found that people rated verbs as more agentic than nouns. Using large textual datasets, Study 2 found verb use to be positively related to agentic – but not communal word – use. These findings contribute to the identification of agency in language and indicate its importance in social cognition.","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000529
Daniel Jolley, Jenny L. Paterson, Rebecca Thomas
Abstract: Conspiracy theorizing can motivate non-normative intentions (e.g., tax evasion and violence). However, less is known about the contributors of these conspiracy-inspired intentions or if they translate into behaviors. Two studies ( N = 1,155) found a positive correlation between loneliness and conspiracy theorizing, which in turn related to non-normative intentions. Study 3 ( n = 234) provided further evidence of these relationships through serial mediations: participants who remembered a lonely experience (vs. control) reported feeling lonelier, which was positively linked to conspiracy beliefs, and subsequently associated with non-normative intentions and a new behavioral measure (actual tax evasion). While our findings consistently link loneliness to conspiracy theorizing and non-normative actions, future research utilizing longitudinal designs would bolster confidence in our theoretical framework.
{"title":"Refusing to Pay Taxes","authors":"Daniel Jolley, Jenny L. Paterson, Rebecca Thomas","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000529","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Conspiracy theorizing can motivate non-normative intentions (e.g., tax evasion and violence). However, less is known about the contributors of these conspiracy-inspired intentions or if they translate into behaviors. Two studies ( N = 1,155) found a positive correlation between loneliness and conspiracy theorizing, which in turn related to non-normative intentions. Study 3 ( n = 234) provided further evidence of these relationships through serial mediations: participants who remembered a lonely experience (vs. control) reported feeling lonelier, which was positively linked to conspiracy beliefs, and subsequently associated with non-normative intentions and a new behavioral measure (actual tax evasion). While our findings consistently link loneliness to conspiracy theorizing and non-normative actions, future research utilizing longitudinal designs would bolster confidence in our theoretical framework.","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135687956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000513
Anna Shepelenko, Vladimir Kosonogov, Anna Shestakova
Abstract: Emotions play a pervasive role in determining advertising effectiveness. However, it is still a controversial question as to whether pleasant or unpleasant advertisements are more effective in attracting donations. We recorded self-reported valence and arousal, as well as physiological activity (skin conductance, heart rate, and facial electromyography), while 54 participants watched affective pictures of dogs and made decisions with regard to possible donations. More unpleasant pictures provoked larger donations. Corrugator EMG was the most closely related to donations. A change in heart rate and zygomaticus EMG also correlated with charitable giving, but to a lesser extent. Hence, corrugator EMG could be useful in studies of emotional influence on prosocial behavior. With regard to stimulus characteristics, homeless and sick dogs provoked a greater affective response and larger donations.
{"title":"How Emotions Induce Charitable Giving","authors":"Anna Shepelenko, Vladimir Kosonogov, Anna Shestakova","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000513","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Emotions play a pervasive role in determining advertising effectiveness. However, it is still a controversial question as to whether pleasant or unpleasant advertisements are more effective in attracting donations. We recorded self-reported valence and arousal, as well as physiological activity (skin conductance, heart rate, and facial electromyography), while 54 participants watched affective pictures of dogs and made decisions with regard to possible donations. More unpleasant pictures provoked larger donations. Corrugator EMG was the most closely related to donations. A change in heart rate and zygomaticus EMG also correlated with charitable giving, but to a lesser extent. Hence, corrugator EMG could be useful in studies of emotional influence on prosocial behavior. With regard to stimulus characteristics, homeless and sick dogs provoked a greater affective response and larger donations.","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000528
Teodora Spiridonova, Olga Stavrova, Anthony Evans, Ilja van Beest
Abstract: Cynicism – the belief that people are driven primarily by self-interest – has been predominantly associated with detrimental consequences for individuals and organizations. Less is known about its potentially positive implications. We investigated whether lay people consider cynicism helpful in preventing antisocial behavior and therefore see value in cynical leaders. We found that people viewed cynical (vs. trusting) leaders as better at detecting antisocial behavior and more punitive, and therefore, as better at preventing employees’ antisocial behavior (Study 1). Despite this, cynical (vs. trusting) leaders were less likely to be hired, were offered lower salaries, and were seen as less effective (Study 2). This aversion to cynical leaders was attenuated for jobs that emphasized the importance of preventing antisocial behavior (Study 3).
{"title":"Cynical, But Useful?","authors":"Teodora Spiridonova, Olga Stavrova, Anthony Evans, Ilja van Beest","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000528","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Cynicism – the belief that people are driven primarily by self-interest – has been predominantly associated with detrimental consequences for individuals and organizations. Less is known about its potentially positive implications. We investigated whether lay people consider cynicism helpful in preventing antisocial behavior and therefore see value in cynical leaders. We found that people viewed cynical (vs. trusting) leaders as better at detecting antisocial behavior and more punitive, and therefore, as better at preventing employees’ antisocial behavior (Study 1). Despite this, cynical (vs. trusting) leaders were less likely to be hired, were offered lower salaries, and were seen as less effective (Study 2). This aversion to cynical leaders was attenuated for jobs that emphasized the importance of preventing antisocial behavior (Study 3).","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135895176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000527
Warren A. Reich, Jason Young, Natalie Esses, Ashley R. Hannon
Abstract: We replicated and extended research on implicit simplicity: the tendency for personality judgments of acquaintances to be of lower dimensionality than those made for self or well-known others. Three hundred participants completed the Big Five Inventory for themselves, two well-known others, and two casual acquaintances, the latter four in a social and an academic/work setting. Correlations among the Big Five traits were higher for casual targets and close academic/work targets than for self or close social targets. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of BFI items showed that casual and close academic/work targets were predominantly defined by an evaluative dimension. MDS revealed that judgments of Conscientiousness and Openness were rendered in finer detail – perceived trait granularity – for self and close social targets.
{"title":"Content, Context, and Complexity in Personality Trait Perceptions","authors":"Warren A. Reich, Jason Young, Natalie Esses, Ashley R. Hannon","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000527","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: We replicated and extended research on implicit simplicity: the tendency for personality judgments of acquaintances to be of lower dimensionality than those made for self or well-known others. Three hundred participants completed the Big Five Inventory for themselves, two well-known others, and two casual acquaintances, the latter four in a social and an academic/work setting. Correlations among the Big Five traits were higher for casual targets and close academic/work targets than for self or close social targets. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of BFI items showed that casual and close academic/work targets were predominantly defined by an evaluative dimension. MDS revealed that judgments of Conscientiousness and Openness were rendered in finer detail – perceived trait granularity – for self and close social targets.","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89294245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000526
Mariola Laguna, Michał Kędra, Zofia Mazur-Socha
Abstract. The aim of our study was to test the effectiveness of the prosocial goals intervention in adolescents. We tested its effects on prosocial behavior as assessed by the decomposed game (DG) and the Efforts for Charity Index (ECI) capturing actual behavior leading to charitable donations. We applied a randomized controlled trial with four measurements. The results showed statistically significant effects of the intervention on the ECI, even when the baseline level of prosocial behavior and participants’ age were controlled for, but revealed no significant effects on the DG. The ECI proved to be a reliable and sensitive behavioral tool assessing changes in prosocial behavior. This short intervention facilitating prosocial goal realization may be useful for practitioners working with adolescents.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of the Prosocial Goals Intervention","authors":"Mariola Laguna, Michał Kędra, Zofia Mazur-Socha","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000526","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The aim of our study was to test the effectiveness of the prosocial goals intervention in adolescents. We tested its effects on prosocial behavior as assessed by the decomposed game (DG) and the Efforts for Charity Index (ECI) capturing actual behavior leading to charitable donations. We applied a randomized controlled trial with four measurements. The results showed statistically significant effects of the intervention on the ECI, even when the baseline level of prosocial behavior and participants’ age were controlled for, but revealed no significant effects on the DG. The ECI proved to be a reliable and sensitive behavioral tool assessing changes in prosocial behavior. This short intervention facilitating prosocial goal realization may be useful for practitioners working with adolescents.","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78376775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000525
Wiktoria Jędryczka, M. Misiak, H. Whitehouse
Abstract. Why are antiabortion attitudes more prevalent among conservatives? We show that people who prioritize courage, deference to authority, and caring for kin are more likely to oppose abortion and that these associations are mediated by conservatism. However, group loyalty, which is usually associated with conservatism, surprisingly predicts proabortion attitudes. In two studies ( N = 525), we disambiguate the effects of social dominance orientation and fusion from conservative ideology. These findings suggest that attitudes toward abortion are shaped by moral concerns that are then recruited by political ideologies. Understanding the relationships between morality and political ideology is crucial to managing the effects of divisive social issues on polarization.
{"title":"Explaining Political Polarization Over Abortion","authors":"Wiktoria Jędryczka, M. Misiak, H. Whitehouse","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000525","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Why are antiabortion attitudes more prevalent among conservatives? We show that people who prioritize courage, deference to authority, and caring for kin are more likely to oppose abortion and that these associations are mediated by conservatism. However, group loyalty, which is usually associated with conservatism, surprisingly predicts proabortion attitudes. In two studies ( N = 525), we disambiguate the effects of social dominance orientation and fusion from conservative ideology. These findings suggest that attitudes toward abortion are shaped by moral concerns that are then recruited by political ideologies. Understanding the relationships between morality and political ideology is crucial to managing the effects of divisive social issues on polarization.","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78560676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000523
Noa Boker Segal, Shira Ran, Danfei Hu, E. Halperin, Maya Tamir, Michal Reifen-Tagar
Abstract. Parents vary in the extent to which they want their children to feel empathy toward different groups. In the current investigation, we tested whether Jewish–Israeli mothers’ motivation to have their children feel group-based empathy toward members of their ingroup (Jews) and outgroup (Arabs) differed as a function of the types of group identification mothers experience with their own group – namely attachment to and glorification of Israel. We found that the more mothers identified with Israel, both in terms of attachment and glorification, the more they wanted their child to feel empathy toward ingroup members. However, only to the extent that mothers glorified their group, did they want their child to feel less empathy toward outgroup members. Our findings point to potential importance of considering mothers' group identity as related to the transmission of intergroup empathy and the perpetuation of intergroup conflict across generations.
{"title":"Mothers’ Motivation for Group-Based Empathy in Their Children as a Function of Type and Extent of Group Identification","authors":"Noa Boker Segal, Shira Ran, Danfei Hu, E. Halperin, Maya Tamir, Michal Reifen-Tagar","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000523","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Parents vary in the extent to which they want their children to feel empathy toward different groups. In the current investigation, we tested whether Jewish–Israeli mothers’ motivation to have their children feel group-based empathy toward members of their ingroup (Jews) and outgroup (Arabs) differed as a function of the types of group identification mothers experience with their own group – namely attachment to and glorification of Israel. We found that the more mothers identified with Israel, both in terms of attachment and glorification, the more they wanted their child to feel empathy toward ingroup members. However, only to the extent that mothers glorified their group, did they want their child to feel less empathy toward outgroup members. Our findings point to potential importance of considering mothers' group identity as related to the transmission of intergroup empathy and the perpetuation of intergroup conflict across generations.","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87828183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000524
Carlo Pistoni, Adriano Mauro Ellena, G. Aresi, E. Marta, M. Pozzi
Abstract. This study tested the Politicized Identification Model of Intention to Vote as an integrated model of political participation and self-determination theory to understand what motivates young people to vote and inform policy and communication efforts. The results of path analyses on survey data from a representative sample of 1,960 young Italians (age range, 20–35 years) revealed that participative efficacy positively and negatively predicted internalized motivation and amotivation, respectively. In addition, politicized identification mediated the positive relation between the internalized motivations and intention to vote. Finally, amotivation negatively predicted voting intention. Civic education campaigns should promote young people’s awareness that they can contribute to society by voting (i.e., participative efficacy) and support internalized motivations to vote.
{"title":"Self-Determined Intention to Vote and the Mediating Role of Politicized Identification","authors":"Carlo Pistoni, Adriano Mauro Ellena, G. Aresi, E. Marta, M. Pozzi","doi":"10.1027/1864-9335/a000524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000524","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study tested the Politicized Identification Model of Intention to Vote as an integrated model of political participation and self-determination theory to understand what motivates young people to vote and inform policy and communication efforts. The results of path analyses on survey data from a representative sample of 1,960 young Italians (age range, 20–35 years) revealed that participative efficacy positively and negatively predicted internalized motivation and amotivation, respectively. In addition, politicized identification mediated the positive relation between the internalized motivations and intention to vote. Finally, amotivation negatively predicted voting intention. Civic education campaigns should promote young people’s awareness that they can contribute to society by voting (i.e., participative efficacy) and support internalized motivations to vote.","PeriodicalId":47278,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84551361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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