Pub Date : 2021-08-17DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1965478
Keith S. Jones, Nicholas A. Garcia
Abstract A considerable amount of research has worked toward enabling robot caregivers to perform various tasks for individuals in need of assistance. However, little, if any, research has aimed to enable robot caregivers to determine when individuals need help performing tasks. One way to develop such robots is to start with what is already known about people determining whether other people can perform a task without help. Ecological Psychologists conceptualize that task in terms of people perceiving other people’s affordances. There is an extensive and growing literature concerning the perception of others’ affordances, which has provided many important insights. Hence, our long-term goal is to develop robot caregivers that perceive people’s affordances in ways that are similar to how people perceive others’ affordances, which will require a considerable amount of research. As a first step, we have carefully reviewed the Ecological Psychology literature concerning how people perceive other people’s affordances and discuss how such knowledge might inform the design of robot caregivers. In addition, we identify areas that, if further researched, would shed additional light on how to design robot caregivers that perceive people’s affordances, and move us toward a fuller understanding of how people perceive other people’s affordances.
{"title":"How Do People Perceive Other People’s Affordances, and How Might That Help Us Design Robots That Can Do So?","authors":"Keith S. Jones, Nicholas A. Garcia","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1965478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1965478","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A considerable amount of research has worked toward enabling robot caregivers to perform various tasks for individuals in need of assistance. However, little, if any, research has aimed to enable robot caregivers to determine when individuals need help performing tasks. One way to develop such robots is to start with what is already known about people determining whether other people can perform a task without help. Ecological Psychologists conceptualize that task in terms of people perceiving other people’s affordances. There is an extensive and growing literature concerning the perception of others’ affordances, which has provided many important insights. Hence, our long-term goal is to develop robot caregivers that perceive people’s affordances in ways that are similar to how people perceive others’ affordances, which will require a considerable amount of research. As a first step, we have carefully reviewed the Ecological Psychology literature concerning how people perceive other people’s affordances and discuss how such knowledge might inform the design of robot caregivers. In addition, we identify areas that, if further researched, would shed additional light on how to design robot caregivers that perceive people’s affordances, and move us toward a fuller understanding of how people perceive other people’s affordances.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"147 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42972007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-17DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1965477
E. Baggs
Abstract Ecological psychology is built on a perception-oriented ontology. The primary focus has been on explaining the perception and action behavior of individual animals. To accommodate social phenomena within the ecological approach, it is necessary to expand the ontology, however theorists have been unclear about how to do this. The paper presents a negative argument and a positive programmatic outline. The negative argument is against the use of the term ‘social affordance’, a term that confuses the perspective of the researcher with that of the animal. Instead, it is advocated that we adopt, as a working hypothesis, the claim that all affordances are social; that is, all affordances are public and are, in principle, observable by a third party. The programmatic outline then shows that affordances alone are insufficient for describing social meaning. An ecological social ontology requires new tools for describing interaction processes, symbolic meaning, and material culture as structures occurring within the populated environment.
{"title":"All Affordances Are Social: Foundations of a Gibsonian Social Ontology","authors":"E. Baggs","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1965477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1965477","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ecological psychology is built on a perception-oriented ontology. The primary focus has been on explaining the perception and action behavior of individual animals. To accommodate social phenomena within the ecological approach, it is necessary to expand the ontology, however theorists have been unclear about how to do this. The paper presents a negative argument and a positive programmatic outline. The negative argument is against the use of the term ‘social affordance’, a term that confuses the perspective of the researcher with that of the animal. Instead, it is advocated that we adopt, as a working hypothesis, the claim that all affordances are social; that is, all affordances are public and are, in principle, observable by a third party. The programmatic outline then shows that affordances alone are insufficient for describing social meaning. An ecological social ontology requires new tools for describing interaction processes, symbolic meaning, and material culture as structures occurring within the populated environment.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"257 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42162685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-17DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1965480
Remi Tison, Pierre Poirier
Abstract In this paper, we introduce an ecological account of communication according to which acts of communication are active inferences achieved by affecting the behavior of a target organism via the modification of its field of affordances. Constraining a target organism’s behavior constitutes a mechanism of socially extended active inference, allowing organisms to proactively regulate their inner states through the behavior of other organisms. In this general conception of communication, the type of cooperative communication characteristic of human communicative interaction is a way of constraining interaction dynamics toward the goals of a given joint action by constructing and altering shared fields of affordances. This account embraces a pragmatist view according to which communication is a form of action aiming to influence the behavior of a target, and stands against the traditional transmission view according to which communication fundamentally serves to convey information. Understanding acts of communication as active inference under an ecological interpretation allows us to link communicative and ultimately linguistic behavior to the biological imperative of minimizing free energy and to emphasize the action-oriented nature of communicative interaction.
{"title":"Communication as Socially Extended Active Inference: An Ecological Approach to Communicative Behavior","authors":"Remi Tison, Pierre Poirier","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1965480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1965480","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we introduce an ecological account of communication according to which acts of communication are active inferences achieved by affecting the behavior of a target organism via the modification of its field of affordances. Constraining a target organism’s behavior constitutes a mechanism of socially extended active inference, allowing organisms to proactively regulate their inner states through the behavior of other organisms. In this general conception of communication, the type of cooperative communication characteristic of human communicative interaction is a way of constraining interaction dynamics toward the goals of a given joint action by constructing and altering shared fields of affordances. This account embraces a pragmatist view according to which communication is a form of action aiming to influence the behavior of a target, and stands against the traditional transmission view according to which communication fundamentally serves to convey information. Understanding acts of communication as active inference under an ecological interpretation allows us to link communicative and ultimately linguistic behavior to the biological imperative of minimizing free energy and to emphasize the action-oriented nature of communicative interaction.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"197 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47923156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-16DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1965481
C. Woods, K. Davids
Abstract This inquiry explores a theoretical question, of applied practical relevance in fields like sport science, relating to how people come to know the performance landscapes they inhabit, and the dynamic opportunities for action they present. Here, we propose that how people come to know their performance landscapes, and how they learn to correspond with available affordances in them, is through dwelling. More specifically, through dwelling, people learn to resonate with the rhythms of information and affordances of a performance landscape, entangling with them to successfully find their way through the tasks, problems and challenges taken up with. To theoretically support our analysis, we draw on James Gibson’s different conceptualisations of knowledge, and Tim Ingold’s perspectives of enskilment – bringing practical applicability to our discussion by weaving in various ethnographic accounts of the growth of enskiled inhabitant knowledge. Through these transdisciplinary insights, we show that it is by asking questions, sharing stories, and following up lines of inquiry that people grow into their enskiled knowledge of places they inhabit.
{"title":"“You Look at an Ocean; I See the Rips, Hear the Waves, and Feel the Currents”: Dwelling and the Growth of Enskiled Inhabitant Knowledge","authors":"C. Woods, K. Davids","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1965481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1965481","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This inquiry explores a theoretical question, of applied practical relevance in fields like sport science, relating to how people come to know the performance landscapes they inhabit, and the dynamic opportunities for action they present. Here, we propose that how people come to know their performance landscapes, and how they learn to correspond with available affordances in them, is through dwelling. More specifically, through dwelling, people learn to resonate with the rhythms of information and affordances of a performance landscape, entangling with them to successfully find their way through the tasks, problems and challenges taken up with. To theoretically support our analysis, we draw on James Gibson’s different conceptualisations of knowledge, and Tim Ingold’s perspectives of enskilment – bringing practical applicability to our discussion by weaving in various ethnographic accounts of the growth of enskiled inhabitant knowledge. Through these transdisciplinary insights, we show that it is by asking questions, sharing stories, and following up lines of inquiry that people grow into their enskiled knowledge of places they inhabit.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"279 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48033768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1965482
Donghao Chen, G. Bingham, J. Pan
Abstract Throwing performance, throwability perception and subjectively felt heaviness all depend on object size and weight. Here we investigate how size and weight must be detected to perceive throwability. In previous studies, the size-weight relation was detected by hefting an object in the hand and looking at it. Thus, it could be that detecting the size-weight relation and perceiving throwability entail a visual-kinesthetic multisensory process. On the other hand, it may be that a task-specific, action-relevant perceptual organization is required, meaning that we must perform a hand-arm action that is analogous to throwing to detect the perceptual information for throwability. In this case, haptic detection of size and weight via hefting would be sufficient. We tested these alternative hypotheses by manipulating the hefting method and found that when participants visually detected size and kinesthetically detected weight, they perceived throwability less accurately and less precisely than when detecting size and weight just haptically. Only in the latter case was felt heaviness consistent with perceived throwability. Hefting with eyes open or closed led to equivalent affordance perception and thus, perceiving throwability did not require multisensory processing. These results supported the task-specific device theory.
{"title":"Does Perceiving Throwabiliy Require a Task Specific Device?","authors":"Donghao Chen, G. Bingham, J. Pan","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1965482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1965482","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Throwing performance, throwability perception and subjectively felt heaviness all depend on object size and weight. Here we investigate how size and weight must be detected to perceive throwability. In previous studies, the size-weight relation was detected by hefting an object in the hand and looking at it. Thus, it could be that detecting the size-weight relation and perceiving throwability entail a visual-kinesthetic multisensory process. On the other hand, it may be that a task-specific, action-relevant perceptual organization is required, meaning that we must perform a hand-arm action that is analogous to throwing to detect the perceptual information for throwability. In this case, haptic detection of size and weight via hefting would be sufficient. We tested these alternative hypotheses by manipulating the hefting method and found that when participants visually detected size and kinesthetically detected weight, they perceived throwability less accurately and less precisely than when detecting size and weight just haptically. Only in the latter case was felt heaviness consistent with perceived throwability. Hefting with eyes open or closed led to equivalent affordance perception and thus, perceiving throwability did not require multisensory processing. These results supported the task-specific device theory.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"236 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44601557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1942877
M. Pacheco, Fernando G. Santos, G. Tani
Abstract Through the view of the search strategies approach to skill acquisition–and its dynamic systems theoretical background–non-local changes in behavior are expected to emerge through a process of decreased stability (increased variability) of the ongoing movement pattern as to allow exploration of new regions of the perceptual-motor workspace. However, previous studies have not found such relation; only in non-redundant tasks. We believe that such issue occurs because these previous studies have focused on the movement pattern variability while in redundant tasks the variability that matters is at the task space level. Therefore, we analyzed the data of 15 individuals that practiced a throwing task for five days in terms of their movement patterns and release parameters to test whether increased variability at the task level was predictive of non-local changes in practice. We found that, for non-local changes at both release parameters and movement pattern levels, performance and performance variability were significant predictors. We discuss these results highlighting that they support a strong assumption of the search strategies approach, corroborate to the dynamical systems view on motor learning, and pointing the lack of consideration of non-local changes in other theories of motor learning.
{"title":"Searching Strategies in Practice: The Role of Stability in the Performer-Task Interaction","authors":"M. Pacheco, Fernando G. Santos, G. Tani","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1942877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1942877","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Through the view of the search strategies approach to skill acquisition–and its dynamic systems theoretical background–non-local changes in behavior are expected to emerge through a process of decreased stability (increased variability) of the ongoing movement pattern as to allow exploration of new regions of the perceptual-motor workspace. However, previous studies have not found such relation; only in non-redundant tasks. We believe that such issue occurs because these previous studies have focused on the movement pattern variability while in redundant tasks the variability that matters is at the task space level. Therefore, we analyzed the data of 15 individuals that practiced a throwing task for five days in terms of their movement patterns and release parameters to test whether increased variability at the task level was predictive of non-local changes in practice. We found that, for non-local changes at both release parameters and movement pattern levels, performance and performance variability were significant predictors. We discuss these results highlighting that they support a strong assumption of the search strategies approach, corroborate to the dynamical systems view on motor learning, and pointing the lack of consideration of non-local changes in other theories of motor learning.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"173 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10407413.2021.1942877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49233480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2022.2050912
Andrew D. Wilson
Abstract A recent philosophical literature has developed a taxonomy of scientific explanations, models, and the two basic research programmes that produce them. The first programme takes some capacity of a system and maps out how it works by breaking it down into various sub-capacities, each with their own distinct characteristics. The end goal is a functional model, a ‘how-possibly’ box-and-arrow type map of the functional organisation of the capacity. The second programme instead focuses on analytically decomposing a proposed mechanism that produces a phenomenon into real parts and processes. The end goal is a dynamical mechanistic model, a ‘how-actually’ explanation in which each model part explicitly represents the dynamics of those real parts or processes. Mechanistic models are better explanations of phenomena. Ecological psychology has, so far, widely resisted becoming a mechanistic science. This is in part due to our objections to mechanistic, Cartesian ontologies, and more recently because it’s not clear we can meaningfully decompose the systems we study in order to develop such models. I will argue here that both of these concerns are unfounded, that ecological psychology is actually perfectly capable of developing mechanistic models, and that therefore we should do so, in order to gain the benefits.
{"title":"Ecological Mechanistic Research and Modelling","authors":"Andrew D. Wilson","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2022.2050912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2022.2050912","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A recent philosophical literature has developed a taxonomy of scientific explanations, models, and the two basic research programmes that produce them. The first programme takes some capacity of a system and maps out how it works by breaking it down into various sub-capacities, each with their own distinct characteristics. The end goal is a functional model, a ‘how-possibly’ box-and-arrow type map of the functional organisation of the capacity. The second programme instead focuses on analytically decomposing a proposed mechanism that produces a phenomenon into real parts and processes. The end goal is a dynamical mechanistic model, a ‘how-actually’ explanation in which each model part explicitly represents the dynamics of those real parts or processes. Mechanistic models are better explanations of phenomena. Ecological psychology has, so far, widely resisted becoming a mechanistic science. This is in part due to our objections to mechanistic, Cartesian ontologies, and more recently because it’s not clear we can meaningfully decompose the systems we study in order to develop such models. I will argue here that both of these concerns are unfounded, that ecological psychology is actually perfectly capable of developing mechanistic models, and that therefore we should do so, in order to gain the benefits.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"34 1","pages":"48 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49568113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1885978
Ludger van Dijk
Abstract As plastics circulate the oceans and animals lose their place in the world, the fragile and indeterminate aspects of the shared world become palpable. The concept of affordances, central to ecological psychology, means to capture the possibilities for action that the world offers. It suggests a pragmatic conceptualization of the world for human and non-human animals alike. As such it is perfectly positioned to foreground the fragility of a “multispecies entanglement,” a world shared with multiple species across generations. These indeterminate aspects of the world have so far however received little attention. By bringing together evolutionary thinking in ecological psychology and ethnographical work on animal extinction, this article explores one way for affordances to bring out the messy aspects of the shared world. On this view affordances help to achieve and maintain our shared world by inviting animals to participate in that world. Affordances are unfinished, perpetually in a process of co-becoming as world and animals take shape across multiple timescales. The article ends with two concrete examples that show the fragility that this view of affordances highlights, and the responsibility it requires of human life in a multispecies entanglement.
{"title":"Affordances in a Multispecies Entanglement","authors":"Ludger van Dijk","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1885978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1885978","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As plastics circulate the oceans and animals lose their place in the world, the fragile and indeterminate aspects of the shared world become palpable. The concept of affordances, central to ecological psychology, means to capture the possibilities for action that the world offers. It suggests a pragmatic conceptualization of the world for human and non-human animals alike. As such it is perfectly positioned to foreground the fragility of a “multispecies entanglement,” a world shared with multiple species across generations. These indeterminate aspects of the world have so far however received little attention. By bringing together evolutionary thinking in ecological psychology and ethnographical work on animal extinction, this article explores one way for affordances to bring out the messy aspects of the shared world. On this view affordances help to achieve and maintain our shared world by inviting animals to participate in that world. Affordances are unfinished, perpetually in a process of co-becoming as world and animals take shape across multiple timescales. The article ends with two concrete examples that show the fragility that this view of affordances highlights, and the responsibility it requires of human life in a multispecies entanglement.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"73 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10407413.2021.1885978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45194506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1885979
Silje Dahl Benum, F. V. D. van der Weel, A. V. D. van der Meer
Abstract Biathlon is an Olympic winter sport combining the endurance sport of cross-country skiing with precision rifle shooting. Here, the need to prepare the body for upcoming events is particularly evident. As a high heart rate can be detrimental to shooting performance, it might be beneficial for biathletes to decrease their heart rate when approaching the shooting range, whereas heart rate should ideally be increased at the start and when facing an uphill section to cater for physiological demands. Ten national-level, junior male biathletes skied 6–8 laps in a standardized 2 km biathlon course with competition intensity, where each lap was followed by 5 shots in the standing position. Electrocardiography was continuously measured, and changes in heart rate during the 30 s leading up to the start, the uphill section, and the shooting event were analyzed. Instantaneous heart rate (IHR) increased significantly before the start and before the beginning of the uphill, whereas IHR decreased significantly before arriving at the shooting range. These findings provide evidence that biathletes anticipate forthcoming events by prospectively adjusting their heart rate upwards and downwards depending on task demands. Being able to use perceptual predictive information to optimally prepare the body for challenges that lie ahead, may have implications for expert performance in several different sports, as well as in other fields where purposeful regulation of heart rate is important for success.
{"title":"In a Heartbeat: Prospective Control of Cardiac Responses for Upcoming Action Demands during Biathlon","authors":"Silje Dahl Benum, F. V. D. van der Weel, A. V. D. van der Meer","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1885979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1885979","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biathlon is an Olympic winter sport combining the endurance sport of cross-country skiing with precision rifle shooting. Here, the need to prepare the body for upcoming events is particularly evident. As a high heart rate can be detrimental to shooting performance, it might be beneficial for biathletes to decrease their heart rate when approaching the shooting range, whereas heart rate should ideally be increased at the start and when facing an uphill section to cater for physiological demands. Ten national-level, junior male biathletes skied 6–8 laps in a standardized 2 km biathlon course with competition intensity, where each lap was followed by 5 shots in the standing position. Electrocardiography was continuously measured, and changes in heart rate during the 30 s leading up to the start, the uphill section, and the shooting event were analyzed. Instantaneous heart rate (IHR) increased significantly before the start and before the beginning of the uphill, whereas IHR decreased significantly before arriving at the shooting range. These findings provide evidence that biathletes anticipate forthcoming events by prospectively adjusting their heart rate upwards and downwards depending on task demands. Being able to use perceptual predictive information to optimally prepare the body for challenges that lie ahead, may have implications for expert performance in several different sports, as well as in other fields where purposeful regulation of heart rate is important for success.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"90 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10407413.2021.1885979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47072659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-27DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1908142
M. Kimmel
Abstract This article introduces a micro-phenomenological method for interpersonal synergy research, which operates on a sub-second timescale or slightly higher. This is illustrated by two short sequences of joint creativity from Contact Improvisation (CI), a dance where duets produce spontaneous interaction patterns in constant flow and with deep connection of their bodies – their synergies stretch across body boundaries. My aim was to systematically take stock of components of these synergies, to describe sharing patterns, and to reconstruct how joint functionalities such as acrobatic lifts may spontaneously emerge. One focus concerns synergy dynamics, from micro-scale processes of interactive synergy build-up to transitions and larger “flows” in which one synergy evolves into another. A complementary focus concerns how a duet structurally organizes its “collective physics” (weight sharing, skeletal alignment, inter-body muscle chains, etc.) and adjusts them for regulation purposes. The proposed method strikes a balance between subjective meanings and biomechanic descriptiveness, thus providing applied benefits (e.g., for trainers), scholarly benefits (e.g., for modeling improvised synergies), and benefits for interdisciplinary discourse.
{"title":"The Micro-Genesis of Interpersonal Synergy. Insights from Improvised Dance Duets","authors":"M. Kimmel","doi":"10.1080/10407413.2021.1908142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2021.1908142","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article introduces a micro-phenomenological method for interpersonal synergy research, which operates on a sub-second timescale or slightly higher. This is illustrated by two short sequences of joint creativity from Contact Improvisation (CI), a dance where duets produce spontaneous interaction patterns in constant flow and with deep connection of their bodies – their synergies stretch across body boundaries. My aim was to systematically take stock of components of these synergies, to describe sharing patterns, and to reconstruct how joint functionalities such as acrobatic lifts may spontaneously emerge. One focus concerns synergy dynamics, from micro-scale processes of interactive synergy build-up to transitions and larger “flows” in which one synergy evolves into another. A complementary focus concerns how a duet structurally organizes its “collective physics” (weight sharing, skeletal alignment, inter-body muscle chains, etc.) and adjusts them for regulation purposes. The proposed method strikes a balance between subjective meanings and biomechanic descriptiveness, thus providing applied benefits (e.g., for trainers), scholarly benefits (e.g., for modeling improvised synergies), and benefits for interdisciplinary discourse.","PeriodicalId":47279,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"106 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10407413.2021.1908142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44453266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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