Ecological Psychology最新文献_第6页

Affordance-Based Surgical Design Methods Considering Biomechanical Artifacts. 基于亲和力的手术设计方法，考虑到生物力学假象。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-07-21 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1792782

Wangdo Kim, Duarte Araujo, Sean S Kohles, Sang-Gook Kim, Helard Henry Alvarez Sanchez

Surgical design in personalized medicine is often based on native anatomy, which may not accurately reflect the interaction between native musculoskeletal tissues and biomechanical artifacts. To overcome this problem, researchers have developed alternative methods based on affordance-based design. The design process can be viewed in terms of action possibilities provided by the (biological) environment. Here, we use the affordance-based approach to address possibilities for action offered by biomechanical artifacts. In anterior crucial ligament (ACL) reconstruction, the design goal is to avoid ligament impingement while optimizing the placement of the tibial tunnel. Although in the current rationale for tibial tunnel placement roof impingement is minimized to avoid a negative affordance, we show that tibial tunnel placement can rather aim to constrain the target bounds with respect to a positive affordance. We describe the steps for identifying the measurable invariants and provide a mathematical framework for the surgery affordances within the knee.

个性化医疗中的手术设计通常基于原生解剖学，而原生解剖学可能无法准确反映原生肌肉骨骼组织与生物力学假体之间的相互作用。为了克服这一问题，研究人员开发了基于承受力设计的替代方法。设计过程可以从（生物）环境所提供的行动可能性的角度来看待。在这里，我们使用基于承受能力的方法来解决生物力学人工制品提供的行动可能性。在前关键韧带（ACL）重建中，设计目标是避免韧带撞击，同时优化胫骨隧道的位置。虽然目前的胫骨隧道放置原理是尽量减少顶端撞击，以避免负的承受能力，但我们的研究表明，胫骨隧道的放置可以以限制目标边界为目标，从而获得正的承受能力。我们描述了识别可测量不变因素的步骤，并提供了膝关节内手术承受能力的数学框架。

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引用次数: 0

Educating Older Adults’ Attention towards and Away from Gap-Specifying Information in a Virtual Road-Crossing Task 在虚拟过马路任务中教育老年人对缺口指示信息的注意和远离

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1826322

James Stafford, M. Rodger

Abstract Previous research has shown age-related declines in the use of specifying perceptual information to guide action decisions in traffic environments. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cross-modal cueing on perceptual training with older adults in a virtual road-crossing task. Specifically, we tested whether the visual information used to decide which inter-car gaps afforded crossing could be influenced by sound events which tracked either gap-specifying or non-specifying optic variables. Thirty-nine older adults were divided into three groups who practiced with auditory cues mapped to either the time-to-arrival of the approaching car (specifying group), its distance (non-specifying group), or no sounds (control group). Although all three groups reduced decision errors with training, analysis of which variables predicted crossing responses showed that the specifying group’s decisions became more attuned to the time-to-arrival information, whereas the non-specifying group became less attuned to this information and more to the distance information. Thus, attention for action decisions in older adults was re-educated towards either specifying or non-specifying visual information, depending on the optic variables highlighted by the auditory cues. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of designing perceptual learning studies and road safety interventions for the elderly.

先前的研究表明，在交通环境中，使用特定感知信息来指导行动决策的能力与年龄有关。在本研究中，我们研究了跨模态线索对老年人虚拟过马路任务中知觉训练的影响。具体来说，我们测试了用于决定哪些车厢间间隙提供交叉的视觉信息是否会受到跟踪间隙指定或非指定光学变量的声音事件的影响。39名老年人被分成三组，他们用听觉线索进行练习，这些听觉线索要么是接近的汽车到达的时间(指定组)，要么是距离(未指定组)，要么是没有声音(对照组)。虽然所有三组都通过训练减少了决策错误，但对预测交叉反应的变量的分析表明，指定组的决策更符合到达时间信息，而非指定组的决策更不符合到达时间信息，而更符合距离信息。因此，老年人对行动决策的注意被重新教育为特定或非特定的视觉信息，这取决于听觉线索所突出的视觉变量。这些发现的意义在设计知觉学习研究和道路安全干预老年人的背景下进行了讨论。

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引用次数: 2

Effects of Surface Luminance and Texture Discontinuities on Reachableness in Virtual Reality 虚拟现实中表面亮度和纹理不连续性对可达性的影响

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-10-08 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1820336

Jonathan K. Doyon, Joseph D. Clark, A. Hajnal, G. Legradi

Abstract Perceiving distance is at the heart of everyday actions like reaching for a cup of coffee. This action depends on at least the biomechanical restrictions of the actor (i.e., arm-length) and the physical distance between the cup and the actor. Environmental variables may also impact perceived distances for reaching. For a given perceptual judgment, these variables might be thought of as static, i.e., stable or unchanging. But the perception-action process involves the unfolding of dynamic variables such as exploratory movement. Four experiments were conducted to investigate the roles of two “static” environmental variables (surface luminance and surface texture discontinuity) and two “dynamic” exploratory-movement-related variables (mean head displacement and multifractality of head movement) in an object-reachableness task in virtual reality. We found that surface texture discontinuities and surface luminance can make objects appear more reachable, but not always. We also found that in more complex scenarios, the inclusion of the dynamic variables improved model fits over the static models. We suggest that movement is the driver of perception and, that in attempting to model a given perceptual process, the researcher must consider the underlying characteristics of variables tested and seek out variables related to the unfolding dynamics of the perception-action cycle.

感知距离是日常行为的核心，比如伸手去拿一杯咖啡。这一动作至少取决于参与者的生物力学限制(即臂长)和杯子与参与者之间的物理距离。环境变量也可能影响到达的感知距离。对于给定的感知判断，这些变量可能被认为是静态的，即稳定或不变。但感知-行动过程涉及到探索运动等动态变量的展开。通过四个实验研究了两个“静态”环境变量(表面亮度和表面纹理不连续)和两个“动态”探索运动相关变量(平均头部位移和头部运动的多重分形)在虚拟现实中物体可达性任务中的作用。我们发现表面纹理不连续性和表面亮度可以使物体看起来更容易到达，但并非总是如此。我们还发现，在更复杂的场景中，包含动态变量的改进模型优于静态模型。我们认为，运动是感知的驱动因素，在试图模拟给定的感知过程时，研究人员必须考虑被测试变量的潜在特征，并寻找与感知-行动循环展开动力学相关的变量。

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引用次数: 6

A Brief Review on the Application of Lanchester’s Models of Combat in Nonhuman Animals Lanchester战斗模型在非人类动物中的应用综述

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1846456

Elizabeth Clifton

Abstract The Lanchester models of combat were originally created for human warfare. These models were inspired by advances in technology and automatic weaponry at the turn of the 20th century. They parameterize army group size and individual fighting ability to explain the mortality rate of soldiers in a group during battle. In the last few decades, they have been applied to conflicts involving interactions between groups of nonhuman animals of varying degrees of sociality. This review focuses on the predictions and applications of Lanchester laws to nonhuman animal contests. Behavioral researchers have used the Lanchester models to interpret a variety of life history strategies and behaviors, such as colony fission in army ants, size differences in native versus non-native ants, recruitment behavior in chimpanzees, and dominance hierarchies in birds. These researchers assumed that the Lanchester laws apply qualitatively, and sometimes quantitatively, to the specific circumstances studied. To increase their biological realism, mathematical modifications have been proposed. While applications suggest that these laws may explain a multitude of social behaviors, there are surprisingly few empirical tests. Thus, further empirical data are needed to fully assess the accuracy of the models in predicting outcomes in nonhuman animals and their usefulness to biological systems.

摘要兰彻斯特的作战模型最初是为人类战争而创建的。这些模型的灵感来自20世纪之交技术和自动武器的进步。他们参数化了军队的群体规模和个人战斗能力，以解释战斗中一个群体中士兵的死亡率。在过去的几十年里，它们被应用于不同社会性的非人类动物群体之间的冲突。这篇综述的重点是兰彻斯特定律在非人类动物竞赛中的预测和应用。行为研究人员使用兰彻斯特模型来解释各种生活史策略和行为，如军蚁的群体分裂、本地蚂蚁与非本地蚂蚁的大小差异、黑猩猩的招募行为以及鸟类的优势等级。这些研究人员假设兰彻斯特定律在质量上，有时在数量上适用于所研究的特定情况。为了增强它们的生物学真实性，已经提出了数学修改。虽然应用表明这些定律可以解释许多社会行为，但令人惊讶的是，很少有实证检验。因此，需要进一步的经验数据来充分评估模型在预测非人类动物结果方面的准确性及其对生物系统的有用性。

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引用次数: 12

Behavioral Consequences of Sensory System Constraints in the Firefly Photinus carolinus 萤火虫感觉系统约束的行为后果

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1846455

A. Moiseff, J. Copeland

Abstract Fireflies use bioluminescent flashes to establish a dialogue between conspecific males and females. Through this dialogue, receptive females attract conspecific males for mating. In most firefly species, the males act as independent agents. That is, as they fly and flash in search of a responding female they do not appear to coordinate their activities with other males. In marked contrast, the males of some firefly species coordinate their flashes to coincide with those of other conspecific flashing males, resulting in synchronous flashing across local populations. We propose that the need for synchrony in these species may be driven by constraints imposed by the female visual system. Since males are flying while flashing and may appear to flash from different spatial locations, the female must attend to flashes over a wide visual field. But doing so has a drawback. She may see the flashes of multiple males within her wide visual field and their flashes could interfere with her ability to respond to any single male. We present evidence of a sensitive period during which extraneous flashes interfere with a female’s response to a conspecific male and develop a model to predict how the number of independently flashing conspecific males affects the female’s responsiveness. By coordinating their flashing, the males reduce the chance that any of them will flash during the female’s sensitive period. This minimizes interference with establishing the male–female dialogue that would otherwise result by the presence of many patrolling males being in the female visual field. We conclude that the constraints imposed by the female visual system could be a factor driving the need for males to synchronize their flashing if they tend to fly and flash at high population density.

摘要萤火虫利用生物发光闪光在同种雄性和雌性之间建立对话。通过这种对话，善于接受的雌性吸引同种雄性交配。在大多数萤火虫物种中，雄性充当独立的代理。也就是说，当它们飞行和闪光寻找有反应的雌性时，它们似乎不会与其他雄性协调自己的活动。与此形成鲜明对比的是，一些萤火虫物种的雄性协调它们的闪光，以与其他同种闪光的雄性一致，从而导致当地种群同步闪光。我们提出，这些物种对同步性的需求可能是由女性视觉系统施加的限制所驱动的。由于雄性在闪光的同时飞行，并且可能从不同的空间位置出现闪光，因此雌性必须在宽视野内注意闪光。但这样做有一个缺点。她可能在广阔的视野中看到多只雄性的闪光，它们的闪光可能会干扰她对任何一只雄性的反应能力。我们提出了一个敏感期的证据，在此期间，外来闪光干扰了雌性对同种雄性的反应，并开发了一个模型来预测独立闪光的同种雄性数量如何影响雌性的反应。通过协调它们的闪光，雄性减少了在雌性敏感期闪光的机会。这最大限度地减少了对建立男女对话的干扰，否则，许多巡逻的男性会出现在女性视野中。我们得出的结论是，如果雄性倾向于在高种群密度下飞行和闪光，那么雌性视觉系统施加的限制可能是驱动它们需要同步闪光的一个因素。

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引用次数: 4

Ecological Psychology Meets Ecology: Apis mellifera as a Model for Perception-Action, Social Dynamics, and Human Factors 生态心理学与生态学:蜜蜂是感知-行动、社会动态和人为因素的模型

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1836966

M. Chiovaro, Alexandra Paxton

Abstract Previous ecological research on social dynamics has largely been conducted on human dyads; however, to provide support for Hume's touchstone, ecological psychologists must also investigate the perception-action and collective action capabilities of non-humans. This approach allows us to circumvent possible cognitivist interpretations of complex social phenomena by exploring social dynamics across organisms with a range of abilities. Here, we outline how the integration of ecology and ecological psychology will benefit ecological theory (i.e., by informing large scale human collective coordination) and the way we engineer collaborative human groups. To demonstrate the benefits of this avenue of research, we detail the well-studied communication system of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, and highlight the context-sensitivity and specificity of their communicative signals. We discuss two collective social phenomena in bees—swarming and task allocation—and how their study can inform human interpersonal dynamics. In order to use insects as a basis for improving human group coordination, we suggest that we must not only identify a suitable insect but also a particular phenomenon that shares the same values along critical dimensions of variability. We end by providing potential real-world implications of this disciplinary cross-pollination.

摘要以往关于社会动力学的生态学研究主要是对人类二元体进行的；然而，为了支持休谟的试金石，生态心理学家还必须研究非人类的感知行动和集体行动能力。这种方法使我们能够通过探索具有一系列能力的生物体之间的社会动力学来规避对复杂社会现象可能的认知主义解释。在这里，我们概述了生态学和生态心理学的结合将如何有利于生态学理论（即，通过为大规模的人类集体协调提供信息），以及我们设计协作人类群体的方式。为了证明这一研究途径的好处，我们详细介绍了西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera经过充分研究的通信系统，并强调了它们通信信号的上下文敏感性和特异性。我们讨论了蜜蜂的两种集体社会现象——群集和任务分配——以及它们的研究如何为人类的人际动态提供信息。为了利用昆虫作为改善人类群体协调的基础，我们建议，我们不仅必须确定一种合适的昆虫，还必须确定一个在变异性的关键维度上具有相同价值的特定现象。最后，我们提供了这一学科交叉授粉的潜在现实意义。

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引用次数: 0

Action Coordination in Non-Human Self-Organizing Collectives: Multidisciplinary Lessons From Living and Nonliving Systems 非人类自组织集体中的行动协调：生活系统和非生活系统的多学科经验教训

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1842136

M. Chiovaro, Alexandra Paxton

Abstract While interpersonal coordination, collective intelligence, and self-organization have been fundamental in the study of human social interaction over the past several decades, these phenomena have a rich history in non-human systems as well. This special issue aims to unite disciplines studying inter-entity coordination of action in shared conversation. Here, we bring together ecological psychologists, ecologists, biologists, neuroethologists, and chemists, all working toward understanding the fundamentals of group coordination. We believe that contact among these different perspectives is essential for continuing to expand the impact of the ecological perspective to other fields. While this multidisciplinary special issue takes an explicitly non-human view of collective behavior, we hope it will not only improve our basic understanding of inter-entity dynamics but also spark curiosity and inspire new approaches in the study of human collectives.

摘要尽管在过去的几十年里，人际协调、集体智能和自组织一直是人类社会互动研究的基础，但这些现象在非人类系统中也有着丰富的历史。本特刊旨在联合研究共享对话中实体间行动协调的学科。在这里，我们汇集了生态心理学家、生态学家、生物学家、神经行为学家和化学家，他们都致力于理解群体协调的基本原理。我们认为，这些不同视角之间的接触对于继续将生态视角的影响扩大到其他领域至关重要。虽然这本多学科特刊对集体行为采取了明确的非人类观点，但我们希望它不仅能提高我们对实体间动力学的基本理解，还能激发好奇心，激发人类集体研究的新方法。

引用次数: 1

Collective Dissipative Structures, Force Flow Reciprocity, and the Foundations of Perception–Action Mutuality 集体耗散结构、力流互易性和感知的基础——行动互易性

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1820337

Benjamin De Bari, D. Kondepudi, B. Kay, J. Dixon

Abstract Physical systems maintained far from equilibrium exhibit self-organization of structure and behavior. These dissipative structures can exhibit life-like qualities and activities, such as collective and coordinated behaviors. We review such collective behaviors in electrical and chemical dissipative structures. Electrical dissipative structures can functionally coordinate their behaviors to maximize the rate of entropy production. Coupled oscillating electrical dissipative structures exhibit in-phase and anti-phase coordinative modes characteristic of biological coupled oscillators. Chemical swimmers form collective flocks with emergent properties, including sensitivities to magnetic and thermal fields, and rudimentary navigational capabilities. We review previously published work on electrical and chemical dissipative structures in the context of functional coordination. We also present a novel study of the functional coordination within the electrical dissipative structure. These collective behaviors are enabled by coupling of dissipative entities through diffuse energetic fields. We propose that the causal structure of the physics underlying these collective phenomena may be the same as that supporting coordination between organisms. We draw analogies between thermodynamic forces and flows driving the non-living dissipative structures and the perception–action mutuality which supports biological behavior.

远离平衡的物理系统表现出结构和行为的自组织性。这些耗散结构可以表现出类似生命的品质和活动，例如集体和协调的行为。我们回顾了电学和化学耗散结构中的这种集体行为。电耗散结构可以在功能上协调它们的行为，以最大化熵产生率。耦合振荡电耗散结构表现出生物耦合振荡器的同相和反相协调模式特征。化学游泳运动员组成集体，具有突发特性，包括对磁场和热场的敏感性，以及基本的导航能力。我们在功能配位的背景下回顾了先前发表的关于电和化学耗散结构的工作。我们还提出了一个新的研究功能协调在电耗散结构。这些集体行为是通过耗散实体通过扩散能量场的耦合实现的。我们提出，这些集体现象背后的物理因果结构可能与支持生物体之间协调的结构相同。我们在驱动非生物耗散结构的热力学力和流动以及支持生物行为的感知-行动相互性之间进行了类比。

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引用次数: 8

Search Strategies in Practice: Testing the Effect of Inherent Variability on Search Patterns 实践中的搜索策略:测试内在变异性对搜索模式的影响

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-06-24 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1781536

M. Pacheco, Charley W. Lafe, K. Newell

Abstract To execute a motor solution to a given task, individuals search through the space of movement possibilities guided by information that arises from the interaction with task and environment. Through this search, individuals seek to avoid inappropriate solutions through local minima in the task space. The processes that lead to some but not all individuals avoiding local minima and finding solutions is not yet understood. Based on the tenets of ecological psychology for perception and action, we examined in two experiments the hypothesis that the incapacity to differentiate errors (performance of an inappropriate solution) from inherent variability would interfere with the perception of properties of the task space and result in a longer time performing an inappropriate solution for the task before exploration of other solutions. Inherent variability was shown to be a direct predictor of the changes in the search strategies. Also, we found that the specifics of the search patterns could predict the performance in the task. Thus, the pattern of motion through the task space affords perception of specific properties of this space guiding individuals in the evolving dynamics of exploration or exploitation.

为了执行给定任务的运动解决方案，个体在与任务和环境相互作用产生的信息的指导下，通过运动可能性空间进行搜索。通过这种搜索，个体寻求通过任务空间中的局部最小值来避免不合适的解决方案。导致部分个体(但不是所有个体)避免局部极小值并找到解的过程尚不清楚。基于感知和行动的生态心理学原则，我们在两个实验中检验了这样一个假设，即无法区分错误(执行不适当的解决方案)与固有变异性会干扰对任务空间属性的感知，并导致在探索其他解决方案之前更长的时间执行任务的不适当解决方案。内在变异性被证明是搜索策略变化的直接预测因子。此外，我们发现搜索模式的细节可以预测任务中的表现。因此，通过任务空间的运动模式提供了对该空间的特定属性的感知，指导个体在探索或开发的不断发展的动态中。

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引用次数: 8

Predictability and Variability of a Dynamic Environment Impact Affordance Judgments 动态环境影响可视性判断的可预测性和可变性

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Ecological Psychology

Pub Date : 2020-03-27 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1741323

Kathryn M. Lucaites, Roshan Venkatakrishnan, R. Venkatakrishnan, Ayush Bhargava, C. Pagano

Abstract A crucial component of locomotion and mobility is the successful navigation of apertures (e.g., doorways, lanes, corridors). While much research has studied perceptions of action capabilities in a static environment, far less work has considered how action capabilities change in a dynamic environment, particularly when the environment moves in unpredictable ways. The current experiment assessed actors’ perceptions of aperture passability for a dynamically moving gap. In an immersive virtual environment, participants were seated in a wheelchair rolling toward a sliding door while the door oscillated to various widths. The patterns of oscillation were manipulated in terms of their amplitude (sequence standard deviation), predictability (sequence sample entropy), and base width (sequence mean) in a within-participants design. Participants gave judgments of passability within a temporal occlusion paradigm. Results showed that both the amplitude and predictability of the oscillating door impacted the reliability of passability judgments. We suggest that these variables act to alter the salience of optical constraints (e.g., attractors and repellors) within a dynamical systems framework.

摘要运动和机动性的一个关键组成部分是成功导航孔隙（例如，门口、车道、走廊）。虽然许多研究研究了静态环境中对行动能力的感知，但很少有研究考虑行动能力在动态环境中如何变化，尤其是当环境以不可预测的方式移动时。目前的实验评估了演员对动态移动间隙的光圈可通过性的感知。在一个身临其境的虚拟环境中，参与者坐在轮椅上，朝着滑动门滚动，同时门摆动到不同的宽度。在参与者内部设计中，根据振幅（序列标准差）、可预测性（序列样本熵）和基底宽度（序列平均值）来操纵振荡模式。参与者在时间闭塞范式中给出了通过性的判断。结果表明，摆动门的振幅和可预测性都影响了通过性判断的可靠性。我们认为，在动力学系统框架内，这些变量的作用是改变光学约束（如吸引子和排斥子）的显著性。

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引用次数: 10