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“Only the Rivers Do Not Come Back”: Conservation Displacement and Rural Responses in Costa Rica “只有河流不会回来”:哥斯达黎加的保护性流离失所和农村应对措施
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.2
Joseph U. Lenti
Abstract Costa Rica’s environmental regime is world renowned, and since the mid-twentieth century, the country has protected its inestimable natural resources via land conservation expropriation. Through conservation Costa Rica ended the historical plague of deforestation, and its national parks and nature reserves buttress an ecotourism industry that is an important source of foreign revenue. But with every act of conservation, a human toll was also paid. As rural lands became protected areas, rural people lost access to places they depended on for survival. They hence became “victims” or, to some, “enemies” of conservation, and in nearly every setting, they resisted by carrying out land invasions; squatting; unauthorized ranching, farming, and mining; and even environmental banditry (as with the burning of La Casona in Santa Rosa National Park in 2001). Focusing on a handful of celebrated cases of land conservation, this analysis demonstrates how the creation of natural havens such as Corcovado National Park in 1975 displaced rural people and the various ways those people responded.
摘要哥斯达黎加的环境制度享誉世界,自20世纪中期以来,该国通过土地保护征用保护了其不可估量的自然资源。通过保护,哥斯达黎加结束了森林砍伐的历史瘟疫,其国家公园和自然保护区支持了生态旅游业,这是外国收入的重要来源。但每一次保护行动都会造成人员伤亡。随着农村土地成为保护区,农村人民失去了赖以生存的地方。因此,他们成为了保护的“受害者”,或者对一些人来说是“敌人”,几乎在任何情况下,他们都通过土地入侵进行抵抗;深蹲;未经授权的牧场、农业和采矿;甚至是环境土匪(如2001年圣罗莎国家公园的拉卡索纳被烧毁)。这项分析聚焦于少数著名的土地保护案例,展示了1975年科尔科瓦多国家公园等自然避难所的创建如何使农村人口流离失所,以及这些人的各种应对方式。
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引用次数: 0
Contexts Rather Than Close Readings of Latin American Literature – CORRIGENDUM 拉丁美洲文学的语境而非细读——CORRIGENDUM
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.21
S. Pollard
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引用次数: 1
Breaking the Televisual Consensus in Chile: Popular Subjectivity and Popular Revolt in the TV Series El reemplazante 打破智利电视共识:电视剧《El remeplazante》中的大众主体性与大众反抗
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.17
Luis Martin-Cabrera
This article presents a cultural analysis of the Chilean TV series El reemplazante (The substitute). The series ran on TVN (National Television of Chile) from 2012 to 2013, and it is currently available on Netflix. The show broke televisual consensus in Chile that made the production of TV series invested in promoting dissenting political viewpoints virtually impossible. As such, El reemplazante can be conceived as an antecedent of the 2019 social uprising and as an alternative model of critical TV in Chile and Latin America. The article first examines the mediation between the patriarchal and racist model of the superhero teacher and the construction of a popular subjectivity that disrupts said model. It then deals with the hyperrealist aesthetic of the show as a privileged mode of enacting a social critique on TV, and it addresses the representation of the city and its geographies of segregation as a gateway to unpacking the problematic of education in neoliberal Chile. The conclusion reflects on the abrupt cancellation of the show and the limits that the Chilean production model places on TV series with transformative intentions.
本文对智利电视剧《El remeplazante》进行了文化分析。该剧于2012年至2013年在TVN(智利国家电视台)播出,目前可在Netflix上观看。该节目打破了智利的电视共识,这使得投资于宣传不同政治观点的电视剧制作几乎不可能。因此,El remeplazante可以被视为2019年社会起义的先驱,也是智利和拉丁美洲批判电视的替代模式。本文首先考察了超级英雄教师的父权制和种族主义模式与颠覆该模式的大众主体性建构之间的中介作用。然后,它将该剧的超现实主义美学作为一种在电视上进行社会批判的特权模式,并将该市及其种族隔离地理的表现作为解开新自由主义智利教育问题的门户。这一结论反映了该剧的突然取消,以及智利制作模式对具有变革意图的电视剧的限制。
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引用次数: 0
A Review of the Progress and Potential of Energy Generation from Renewable Sources in Latin America 拉丁美洲可再生能源发电的进展和潜力综述
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.15
P. E. Escamilla-García, E. Fernández-Rodríguez, Martha E. Jiménez-Castañeda, Carlos O. Jiménez-González, José Antonio Morales-Castro
Abstract Sustainable energy economics in Latin America has become relevant due to the region’s dependence on the oil market and the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review of the ten major economies in the region based on gross domestic product is conducted. We primarily analyze production performance of hydro, wind, and solar energies, in terms of total gigawatt hours produced, current participation levels in energy matrices, and total installed capacity. Current and future trends and legal frameworks for each technology and country are discussed. Our analyses indicate that Latin America and the Caribbean can potentially increase the usage of renewable energy sources given a plethora of natural resources, favorable geographical and climatic conditions, and existing large-scale hydro installations to counteract the inconsistency of wind and solar projects. Therefore, governments in the region must overhaul sustainable policies to increase awareness and reduce energy dependence on foreign powers.
摘要由于该地区对石油市场的依赖以及新冠肺炎疫情造成的破坏,拉丁美洲的可持续能源经济已变得重要。根据国内生产总值对该地区的十个主要经济体进行了系统审查。我们主要分析水力、风能和太阳能的生产性能,包括生产的总吉瓦时、当前在能源矩阵中的参与水平和总装机容量。讨论了每种技术和国家的当前和未来趋势以及法律框架。我们的分析表明,鉴于大量的自然资源、有利的地理和气候条件,以及现有的大型水力发电设施,拉丁美洲和加勒比地区有可能增加可再生能源的使用,以抵消风能和太阳能项目的不一致性。因此,该地区各国政府必须彻底改革可持续政策,以提高人们的认识,减少对外国能源的依赖。
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引用次数: 0
Cultura afrobarroca mexicana: Soberanía negra en las calles de la Ciudad de México, 1610 墨西哥非裔巴洛克文化:墨西哥城街头的黑人主权,1610年
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.13
Miguel A. Valerio
Resumen Este artículo estudia la cultura afrobarroca y la soberanía negra de los afromexicanos a través del análisis de la descripción de dos performances de “reyes negros” que se encuentran en la “Relación de las fiestas insignes que en la Ciudad de México se hicieron en la dedicación de la Iglesia de la Casa Profesa y beatificación de nuestro Santo Padre Ignacio” de 1610. La finalidad de este análisis es triple. Primero se busca distinguir estos reyes negros festivos de los presuntos reyes negros rebeldes. En segundo lugar, y más central al artículo, se busca exponer la cultura afrobarroca que los afrodescendientes desarrollaron en el México colonial, resaltando su agencia cultural, social y política en la formación de esa cultura. Por último, a luz de esa triple agencia, se teoriza sobre su soberanía, o autonomía y libertad en darle el carácter que quisieron a su cultura criolla.
摘要本文通过分析1610年《墨西哥城在我们的圣父伊格纳西奥的奉献和祝福之家教会的奉献中举行的杰出节日的关系》中对“黑人国王”的两次表演的描述,研究了非裔墨西哥人的非裔巴洛克文化和黑人主权。这一分析的目的有三个。首先是为了区分这些节日黑人国王和所谓的反叛黑人国王。第二,也是文章的中心,旨在展示殖民地墨西哥非洲人后裔发展的非洲巴洛克文化,强调他们在形成这种文化方面的文化、社会和政治机构。最后,鉴于这一三重机构,关于其主权、自治和自由的理论是赋予其克里奥尔文化所需的性质。
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引用次数: 0
The Fall of Virtuous Men: Mexican Film Noir, and the Crisis of Values in the Postrevolutionary State, 1950–1959 美德之人的堕落:墨西哥电影《黑色》与后革命国家的价值观危机,1950–1959
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.11
Daniel Chávez Landeros
International reconsideration of Mexican film noir is a recent phenomenon. For decades, Mexican film criticism tended to dismiss the importance of this tradition and even to deny its existence, often citing the presence of melodramatic elements in would-be noir films and the lack of a crime novel tradition for screen adaptations. By comparing two Mexican films to similar American productions and examining the local political and economic conditions of the former, this article argues that Mexican film noir had its own pessimistic viewpoints, which were borrowed from journalism and the illustrated press. These viewpoints were based on existing social ailments and delivered relevant criticism of the institutions, classism, and sexual norms of the postrevolutionary Mexican state of the 1940s and 1950s.
国际上对墨西哥黑色电影的重新审视是最近的一个现象。几十年来,墨西哥电影批评倾向于忽视这一传统的重要性,甚至否认其存在,经常引用潜在的黑色电影中存在情节剧元素,以及缺乏改编犯罪小说的传统。通过将两部墨西哥电影与美国同类电影进行比较,并考察前者的当地政治和经济状况,本文认为墨西哥黑色电影有其自身的悲观观点,这些观点借鉴了新闻和插图媒体。这些观点基于现有的社会疾病,并对20世纪40年代和50年代革命后的墨西哥州的制度、阶级主义和性规范提出了相关批评。
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引用次数: 0
Legislators’ Religiosity and Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America 拉丁美洲立法者的宗教信仰与同性婚姻
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.5
Valentina González-Rostani, Scott Morgenstern
Abstract Same-sex marriage has risen to the top of political agendas across Latin America, but it is still illegal in many countries. Public support about the issue varies greatly, and the roles of the courts, presidents, and legislatures have also differed. This article focuses on legislators because they are charged with representing the public and converting demands into policy. Although many legislatures have now voted on the issue, the literature has not intensively examined the policy makers’ attitudes toward same-sex marriage. This study applies a theoretical framework that extends theories considering context and social contact and uses a survey of the region’s legislators to study the correlates of support for same-sex marriage. Although the study also tests for individual-level variables (e.g., gender and ideology), the models focus on the contextual role of religiosity. The results show that having more secular colleagues encourages even pious legislators to support same-sex marriage.
同性婚姻已经上升到整个拉丁美洲政治议程的首位,但在许多国家仍然是非法的。公众对这一问题的支持有很大差异,法院、总统和立法机构的作用也各不相同。本文主要关注立法者,因为他们负责代表公众并将要求转化为政策。尽管许多立法机构现在已经就这个问题进行了投票,但文献并没有深入研究决策者对同性婚姻的态度。本研究采用了一个理论框架,扩展了考虑背景和社会接触的理论,并通过对该地区立法者的调查来研究支持同性婚姻的相关因素。虽然这项研究也测试了个人层面的变量(例如,性别和意识形态),但这些模型关注的是宗教信仰的背景作用。结果显示,拥有更多的非宗教同僚甚至会鼓励虔诚的立法者支持同性婚姻。
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引用次数: 0
How Much Have We Changed? Long-Term Determinants of Attitudes toward Homosexuality in Chile 我们改变了多少?智利对同性恋态度的长期决定因素
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.7
Miguel Paradela-López, J. Antón, Alexandra Jima-González
Abstract This study explores the evolution of individual attitudes toward homosexuality in Chile during the period 1998–2018. Based on microdata from the International Social Survey Programme, it finds evidence of a significant rise in the share of people accepting homosexual relationships, from 5.4 percent to 38.5 percent of the population. Observable individual-level socioeconomic characteristics are responsible for only 3.6 percentage points of this shift. In particular, the increase in educational attainment and generational replacement help to explain this trend and account for an increase of 2.6 percentage points (roughly 45 percent of the initial level of acceptance). Nevertheless, the bulk of this shift is due to structural changes in Chilean society, which may have increased acceptance across all the demographic subgroups considered in the analysis.
摘要本研究探讨了1998-2008年期间智利个人对同性恋态度的演变。根据国际社会调查计划的微观数据,它发现有证据表明,接受同性恋关系的人数比例显著上升,从人口的5.4%上升到38.5%。可观察到的个人层面的社会经济特征仅占这一转变的3.6个百分点。特别是,受教育程度的提高和代际更替有助于解释这一趋势,并占2.6个百分点(约为最初接受水平的45%)的增长。尽管如此,这种转变在很大程度上是由于智利社会的结构性变化,这可能增加了分析中考虑的所有人口亚组的接受度。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional Development in Main Colombian Cities: What Is Its Relation to Subjective Poverty? 哥伦比亚主要城市制度发展:与主观贫困的关系?
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2023.12
Diana Niño-Muñoz
Since a peace treaty in 2016, Colombia has faced a significant challenge to reduce poverty and strengthen its institutions. A few studies have analyzed the relationship between institutions and subjective poverty, but none has demonstrated this influence in the Colombian context at a municipal level. This article estimated a logit regression including a cluster effect to evidence the influence of municipal institutions over perceptions of poverty by the inhabitants of twelve main cities in Colombia in 2016. Findings include that having a better rule of law and fiscal performance, reducing political fragmentation to have better governance, guaranteeing property rights, fostering the benefits of metropolitan areas, and improving citizen participation reduce the probability of feeling poor.
自2016年签署和平条约以来,哥伦比亚面临着减少贫困和加强机构建设的重大挑战。有几项研究分析了制度与主观贫困之间的关系,但没有一项研究表明这种影响在哥伦比亚市一级的情况下存在。本文估计了包含聚类效应的逻辑回归,以证明2016年哥伦比亚12个主要城市的居民对市政机构对贫困看法的影响。研究结果包括,拥有更好的法治和财政表现、减少政治分裂以实现更好的治理、保障财产权、促进大都市地区的利益以及提高公民参与,可以减少感到贫穷的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
The Many Faces of Slavery 奴隶制的多面性
IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-20 DOI: 10.1017/lar.2022.102
John C. Marquez
This essay reviews the following works: The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries. By Luiz Felipe de Alencastro. Translated by Gavin Adams and Luiz Felipe de Alencastro; revised by Michael Wolfers and Dale Tomich. Albany: SUNY Press, 2018. Pp. xx + 606. $95.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781438469294. Freedom’s Captives: Slavery and Gradual Emancipation on the Colombian Black Pacific. By Yesenia Barragan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. xviii + 326. $99.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781108832328. From the Galleons to the Highlands: Slave Trade Routes in the Spanish Americas. Edited by Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2020. Pp. x + 350. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826361165. Una historia de la emancipación negra: Esclavitud y abolición en la Argentina. By Magdalena Candioti. Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 2021. Pp. 272. Arg$3,892.00 paperback. ISBN: 9789878011134. Hiding in Plain Sight: Black Women, the Law, and the Making of a White Argentine Republic. By Erika Denise Edwards. Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2020. Pp. xvi + 168. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780817360313. Afro-Catholic Festivals in the Americas: Performance, Representation, and the Making of Black Atlantic Tradition. Edited by Cécile Fromont. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. Pp. 224. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780271083308. Constructing the Spanish Empire in Havana: State Slavery in Defense and Development, 1762–1835. By Evelyn P. Jennings. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2020. Pp. xiv + 283. $45.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780807173947. Africanos livres: A abolição do tráfico de escravos para o Brasil. By Beatriz G. Mamigonian. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2017. Pp. 625. R$74.90 paperback. ISBN: 9788535929331. The Story of Rufino: Slavery, Freedom, and Islam in the Black Atlantic. By João José Reis, Flávio dos Santos Gomes, and Marcus J. M. de Carvalho. Translated by H. Sabrina Gledhill. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. ix + 307. ISBN: 9780190224363. Captives of Conquest: Slavery in the Early Modern Spanish Caribbean. By Erin Woodruff Stone. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021. Pp. 235. $49.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812253108.
本文回顾了以下作品:《生者的贸易:巴西在南大西洋的形成,16至17世纪》。作者:Luiz Felipe de Alencastro加文·亚当斯、路易斯·费利佩·德·阿伦卡斯特罗译;由Michael Wolfers和Dale Tomich修订。奥尔巴尼:纽约州立大学出版社,2018。Pp. xx + 606。精装书95.00美元。ISBN: 9781438469294。自由的俘虏:哥伦比亚黑人太平洋上的奴隶制和逐渐解放。叶塞尼亚·巴拉干著。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,2021。第xviii + 326页。精装书99.99美元。ISBN: 9781108832328。从加隆号到高地:西班牙美洲的奴隶贸易路线。编辑:Alex Borucki, David Eltis和David Wheat。阿尔伯克基:新墨西哥大学出版社,2020年。Pp. x + 350。34.95美元的平装书。ISBN: 9780826361165。Una history de la emancipación negra: Esclavitud y abolición en la Argentina。作者:Magdalena Candioti。布宜诺斯艾利斯:Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 2021。272页。Arg 3892美元平装书。ISBN: 9789878011134。《隐藏在众目睽睽之下:黑人妇女、法律和一个白人阿根廷共和国的建立》。埃里卡·丹尼斯·爱德华兹著。塔斯卡卢萨:阿拉巴马大学出版社,2020年。第16 + 168页。29.95美元的平装书。ISBN: 9780817360313。美洲的非裔天主教节日:表演、表现和大西洋黑人传统的形成。cameciile Fromont编辑。大学公园:宾夕法尼亚州立大学出版社,2019。224页。29.95美元的平装书。ISBN: 9780271083308。在哈瓦那建立西班牙帝国:1762-1835年防御和发展中的国家奴隶制。伊芙琳·p·詹宁斯著。巴吞鲁日:路易斯安那州立大学出版社,2020。第14 + 283页。精装书45.00美元。ISBN: 9780807173947。非洲人的生活:一个废除的 do tráfico de escravos para o brazil。作者:Beatriz G. Mamigonian。圣保罗:圣保罗公司,2017。625页。R平装书74.90美元。ISBN: 9788535929331。《鲁菲诺的故事:黑人大西洋上的奴隶制、自由和伊斯兰教》作者:jo o joss Reis, Flávio dos Santos Gomes, Marcus J. M. de Carvalho。H. Sabrina Gledhill翻译。纽约:牛津大学出版社,2020。Pp. ix + 307。ISBN: 9780190224363。征服的俘虏:近代早期西班牙加勒比地区的奴隶制。艾琳·伍德拉夫·斯通著。费城:宾夕法尼亚大学出版社,2021。235页。精装书49.95美元。ISBN: 9780812253108。
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引用次数: 0
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Latin American Research Review
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