Intervention policies for HIV/AIDS differ in their approaches, and acceptability to control the spread of the epidemics. We introduce a theoretical model to depict how several factors may determine an individual's maximum willingness to pay for any HIV/AIDS policy. Heterogeneous baseline risks, through risky sexual activities, operate so that those individuals with higher exposure to risky activities are inclined to pay for any policy that reduces the risk. However, given the epidemiological and economic context of a geographic region, the perceived effectiveness of a policy implies that it will reach some level of risk reduction outcome and then, not contribute any further to the control of epidemics. What comes into play is whether individuals observe the risk change generated by the policy and implications for behavioral changes. Finally, we also introduce altruistic motives as a determinant of the WTP.
{"title":"Willingness to pay for intervention policies related to HIV/AIDS: a theoretical framework with endogenous risk, perceived effectiveness and altruism","authors":"Mario Fernandez, W. Shaw","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1967161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967161","url":null,"abstract":"Intervention policies for HIV/AIDS differ in their approaches, and acceptability to control the spread of the epidemics. We introduce a theoretical model to depict how several factors may determine an individual's maximum willingness to pay for any HIV/AIDS policy. Heterogeneous baseline risks, through risky sexual activities, operate so that those individuals with higher exposure to risky activities are inclined to pay for any policy that reduces the risk. However, given the epidemiological and economic context of a geographic region, the perceived effectiveness of a policy implies that it will reach some level of risk reduction outcome and then, not contribute any further to the control of epidemics. What comes into play is whether individuals observe the risk change generated by the policy and implications for behavioral changes. Finally, we also introduce altruistic motives as a determinant of the WTP.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87224867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During and immediately after the recessions of 2001 and 2007-2009, tax amnesties in the American states rebounded in popularity. Is tax amnesty a good fiscal policy? To address this question, we review the experience of US state tax amnesty between 1982 and 2012 and identify the literature that support the argument that tax amnesties not only raise higher tax revenues for the state treasury in the short term, but also do not have negative effects on tax compliance in the long term. We then point out some of the statistical pitfalls in the literature and explain why they are important.
{"title":"Is a tax amnesty a good fiscal policy? a review of state experience in the usa","authors":"H. Luitel, Gerry J. Mahar","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2234663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2234663","url":null,"abstract":"During and immediately after the recessions of 2001 and 2007-2009, tax amnesties in the American states rebounded in popularity. Is tax amnesty a good fiscal policy? To address this question, we review the experience of US state tax amnesty between 1982 and 2012 and identify the literature that support the argument that tax amnesties not only raise higher tax revenues for the state treasury in the short term, but also do not have negative effects on tax compliance in the long term. We then point out some of the statistical pitfalls in the literature and explain why they are important.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79041554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What determines political candidates' election prospects? We match roll call votes of candidates for the majority elected upper house of parliament who were previously in the lower house with the preferences of their constituency as revealed in referenda. Thereby, we obtain a unique and direct measure of past congruence. Politicians who better represented the preferences of their constituency in the past exhibit a significantly and considerably higher probability of election. This provides first evidence for the direct retrospective voting rule, i.e. that voters elect politicians who represented their preferences well.
{"title":"Voters Elect Politicians Who Closely Matched Their Preferences","authors":"Marco Portmann, D. Stadelmann, R. Eichenberger","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2115362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2115362","url":null,"abstract":"What determines political candidates' election prospects? We match roll call votes of candidates for the majority elected upper house of parliament who were previously in the lower house with the preferences of their constituency as revealed in referenda. Thereby, we obtain a unique and direct measure of past congruence. Politicians who better represented the preferences of their constituency in the past exhibit a significantly and considerably higher probability of election. This provides first evidence for the direct retrospective voting rule, i.e. that voters elect politicians who represented their preferences well.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73695225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The historical centripetal behavior of the government has made the border regions as periphery of the central areas in Iran. The regional disparities in Iran root in the economic structure of the country. Iran is one of the main exporters of petroleum and natural gas. The huge revenues of natural resources have reduced the dependence of central government to domestic economic activities and made Iran one of the closest economies in the world. This paper studies the pattern and determinants of public budget allocation to the border regions in Iran over the period 1989?2007. The results show that different characteristics of the border provinces such as geographical position, economic conditions, type of borders, distances from the capital, and natural resource richness influence the level and trend of their realized budgets.
{"title":"Pattern and determinants of public budget allocation to border regions in Iran","authors":"H. Hosseini, S. Kaneko","doi":"10.15027/32034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15027/32034","url":null,"abstract":"The historical centripetal behavior of the government has made the border regions as periphery of the central areas in Iran. The regional disparities in Iran root in the economic structure of the country. Iran is one of the main exporters of petroleum and natural gas. The huge revenues of natural resources have reduced the dependence of central government to domestic economic activities and made Iran one of the closest economies in the world. This paper studies the pattern and determinants of public budget allocation to the border regions in Iran over the period 1989?2007. The results show that different characteristics of the border provinces such as geographical position, economic conditions, type of borders, distances from the capital, and natural resource richness influence the level and trend of their realized budgets.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81674936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2007-2008, this paper presents estimates of the burden of undiagnosed pre-diabetes and racial disparities of the same in the US population. The true burden of undiagnosed pre-diabetes is found to be considerably more than the numbers estimated by the American Diabetes Association. Men are found to be more likely to have undiagnosed pre-diabetes. Prevalence rates vary considerably between different racial, gender, and age groups. There is no strong evidence that systematic racial disparities exist. There is weak evidence that members of the minority communities may have slightly lower likelihood of suffering from undiagnosed prediabetes compared to non-Hispanic whites. This evidence is more pronounced for men than for women. Higher prevalence of undiagnosed pre-diabetes among minorities especially in the early stages of lives may be partially responsible for overall racial disparities in diabetes in the country. Stopping 50% of the undiagnosed pre-diabetes cases from developing into diabetes will save US over $600 billion in current dollars.
{"title":"Prevalence Rates and Racial disparities in undiagnosed pre-diabetes in the US population: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey of 2007-08","authors":"Achintya Ray","doi":"10.13016/WCIQ-U6HM","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13016/WCIQ-U6HM","url":null,"abstract":"Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2007-2008, this paper presents estimates of the burden of undiagnosed pre-diabetes and racial disparities of the same in the US population. The true burden of undiagnosed pre-diabetes is found to be considerably more than the numbers estimated by the American Diabetes Association. Men are found to be more likely to have undiagnosed pre-diabetes. Prevalence rates vary considerably between different racial, gender, and age groups. There is no strong evidence that systematic racial disparities exist. There is weak evidence that members of the minority communities may have slightly lower likelihood of suffering from undiagnosed prediabetes compared to non-Hispanic whites. This evidence is more pronounced for men than for women. Higher prevalence of undiagnosed pre-diabetes among minorities especially in the early stages of lives may be partially responsible for overall racial disparities in diabetes in the country. Stopping 50% of the undiagnosed pre-diabetes cases from developing into diabetes will save US over $600 billion in current dollars.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82467520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the Time Varying Dynamic Conditional Correlations (TVDCC)among the returns of short term Money Market Rates, Real Effective Exchange Rates, and of other asset classes including, Stock Market (SM) indices and REIT indices during the Dot-com Bubble (2000) and Recent Global Financial Crisis (2008-2009). We employ DCC GARCH model using monthly data from January, 1999 to May, 2011 for 14 OECD markets. The results show that correlation between US FFR (Federal Funds Rate) and the MMR for the rest of the OECD countries is positive, the highest correlation is found between US FFR and Switzerland MMR where as lowest correlation exists between US FFR and Japan MMR. By the end of 2001 correlations increased significantly except for Norway. During Global Financial crisis(20008-2009) correlation get distorted by first decline and then rise in correlation . The the average TVDCC between US FFFR and REIT indices are positive for all the countries, and same is the case for US FFR and SM. TVDCC between MMR and REIT indices are also found to be positive for all the countries under study except for Canada, Japan, Sweden and Norway. The average TVDCC between MMR and SM are positive for all the countries except Canada, Japan, UK and Sweden. Finally we find that SMs in each OECD country are more correlated (in absolute terms) to US FFR than the MMR in their own country. We also find similar results for REER and REITs except New Zealand.
{"title":"Identifying interdependency among monetary policy, exchange rates, reits and stock markets during the period of global financial crisis in oecd countries","authors":"I. Kazi, H. Wagan, Farhan Akbar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1973090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1973090","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the Time Varying Dynamic Conditional Correlations (TVDCC)among the returns of short term Money Market Rates, Real Effective Exchange Rates, and of other asset classes including, Stock Market (SM) indices and REIT indices during the Dot-com Bubble (2000) and Recent Global Financial Crisis (2008-2009). We employ DCC GARCH model using monthly data from January, 1999 to May, 2011 for 14 OECD markets. The results show that correlation between US FFR (Federal Funds Rate) and the MMR for the rest of the OECD countries is positive, the highest correlation is found between US FFR and Switzerland MMR where as lowest correlation exists between US FFR and Japan MMR. By the end of 2001 correlations increased significantly except for Norway. During Global Financial crisis(20008-2009) correlation get distorted by first decline and then rise in correlation . The the average TVDCC between US FFFR and REIT indices are positive for all the countries, and same is the case for US FFR and SM. TVDCC between MMR and REIT indices are also found to be positive for all the countries under study except for Canada, Japan, Sweden and Norway. The average TVDCC between MMR and SM are positive for all the countries except Canada, Japan, UK and Sweden. Finally we find that SMs in each OECD country are more correlated (in absolute terms) to US FFR than the MMR in their own country. We also find similar results for REER and REITs except New Zealand.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77196877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper investigates if the most popular alternative to the purchasing parity power approach (PPP) to estimate equilibrium exchange rates, the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) influences exchange rate dynamics in the long run. For a large panel of industrialized and emerging countries and on the period 1982-2007, we detect the presence of unit roots in the series of real effective exchange rates and in the series of FEERs. We find and estimate a cointegration relationship between real effective exchange rates and FEERs. The results show that the FEER has a positive and significant influence on exchange rate dynamics in the long run.
{"title":"Exchange Rate Dynamics and Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rates","authors":"Jamel Saadaoui","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1933305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1933305","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates if the most popular alternative to the purchasing parity power approach (PPP) to estimate equilibrium exchange rates, the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) influences exchange rate dynamics in the long run. For a large panel of industrialized and emerging countries and on the period 1982-2007, we detect the presence of unit roots in the series of real effective exchange rates and in the series of FEERs. We find and estimate a cointegration relationship between real effective exchange rates and FEERs. The results show that the FEER has a positive and significant influence on exchange rate dynamics in the long run.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83659004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the secret reservation price in eBay auctions. Under the assumptions of secret and public reservation price, the bidders choose the optimal bidding function and the seller selects equilibrium reservation price. This model argues that the choice of secret reservation price is rational for the seller, as they can generate higher revenue in certain conditions. It predicts that, under endogenous entry, secret reservation price leads to higher revenue since it attracts more bidders to the auction. This effect is more noticeable for luxury goods. However, secret and public reservation prices generate identical revenue for the seller if entry is exogenous. Furthermore, the results are supported by numerous recent empirical works.
{"title":"Bidding behaviors in eBay auctions: secret reservation price and endogenous entry","authors":"Feng Jiao","doi":"10.22610/jebs.v3i5.286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i5.286","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the secret reservation price in eBay auctions. Under the assumptions of secret and public reservation price, the bidders choose the optimal bidding function and the seller selects equilibrium reservation price. This model argues that the choice of secret reservation price is rational for the seller, as they can generate higher revenue in certain conditions. It predicts that, under endogenous entry, secret reservation price leads to higher revenue since it attracts more bidders to the auction. This effect is more noticeable for luxury goods. However, secret and public reservation prices generate identical revenue for the seller if entry is exogenous. Furthermore, the results are supported by numerous recent empirical works.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84501371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-25DOI: 10.1163/156914911X582431
M. Dao
This paper empirically estimates the effect of determinants of changes in human development in developing countries. Based on data from the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme, we use a sample of twenty-nine developing economies and find that cross-country changes in human development may be explained by per capita GDP growth, the length of land boundaries, the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months, the under-5 mortality rate, the ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education, the prevalence of HIV, the national average distance to the capital city, and the income share held by the lowest 10% of population. We observe that the coefficient estimates of three independent variables do not have the anticipated sign due to the severe degree of multicollinearity among statistically significant explanatory variables. Statistical results of such empirical examination will assist governments in those countries identify areas that need to be improved upon in order to stimulate human development.
{"title":"Changes in human development in developing countries: an empirical assessment","authors":"M. Dao","doi":"10.1163/156914911X582431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156914911X582431","url":null,"abstract":"This paper empirically estimates the effect of determinants of changes in human development in developing countries. Based on data from the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme, we use a sample of twenty-nine developing economies and find that cross-country changes in human development may be explained by per capita GDP growth, the length of land boundaries, the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months, the under-5 mortality rate, the ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education, the prevalence of HIV, the national average distance to the capital city, and the income share held by the lowest 10% of population. We observe that the coefficient estimates of three independent variables do not have the anticipated sign due to the severe degree of multicollinearity among statistically significant explanatory variables. Statistical results of such empirical examination will assist governments in those countries identify areas that need to be improved upon in order to stimulate human development.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87140609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the food insecurity status and coping strategies among the households in the Northern Bangladesh. A three stage stratified random sampling followed by a structured questionnaire was employed to collect primary data from nine different primary sampling units. Locally adjusted reduced consumption coping strategy index is used to quantify the food security status, especially for mainland and flood affected riverbanks of the study areas. Nine explanatory variables are considered for an interval regression to assess the impacts of these predictors on changing reduced consumption coping strategy index score. Moreover, body mass index of household heads and dependency ratio of respective households are analyzed to compare strata-wise food insecurity.
{"title":"Climate Risks, Seasonal Food Insecurity and Consumption Coping Strategies: Evidences from a Micro-level Study from Northern Bangladesh","authors":"M. Ahamad, Rezai Karim Khondker","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1585586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1585586","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the food insecurity status and coping strategies among the households in the Northern Bangladesh. A three stage stratified random sampling followed by a structured questionnaire was employed to collect primary data from nine different primary sampling units. Locally adjusted reduced consumption coping strategy index is used to quantify the food security status, especially for mainland and flood affected riverbanks of the study areas. Nine explanatory variables are considered for an interval regression to assess the impacts of these predictors on changing reduced consumption coping strategy index score. Moreover, body mass index of household heads and dependency ratio of respective households are analyzed to compare strata-wise food insecurity.","PeriodicalId":47355,"journal":{"name":"Economics Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2010-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76469784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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