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Networks, power and knowledge in the planning system: A case study of energy from waste 规划系统中的网络、权力和知识:废物能源的案例研究
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2015.12.001
Nick Hacking , Andrew Flynn

Understanding the nature of power relations has been integral to debates in planning theory and planning practice since the 1960s. Current theoretical approaches to planning and power have evolved to a state of pluralism which impacts upon how planning is conceived of and practiced. We seek to examine power relations and knowledge via a multidisciplinary case study of an energy-from-waste (EfW) development based in South Wales. Centred on a highly contested technology, incineration, this case study incorporates in-depth, longitudinal interview data with social network analysis to build up a picture of competing framings of environmental health risk. In local environmental debates, planners are expected to be able to help resolve competition between conflicting interests and yet, in reality, such conflicts often appear intractable and have long been dubbed wicked problems. This is especially the case for waste management. In our in-depth case study, significant pre-existing power relations existed between the local planning authority (LPA), which was also the lead co-developer in the EfW project, and the local community. In terms of methods, we have been keen to unearth data that allows us to explore the nature of institutional and networked power as it plays out within a community over time. It is our contention that too often the dynamics of power have been underplayed because it is studied as a snapshot rather than over time. Here we have utilised a variety of methods – from key person interviews to social network analysis – to examine the application for development, the operation of the EfW and the closure of the plant – over a ten year time frame. By drawing upon a rich database we can better understand the ways in which, in the case of particularly contentious developments, power relations greatly hampered efforts at public participation. Our nuanced methodological approach reveals empirical evidence for tensions in theoretical approaches to power relations in the planning arena and we can identify how debates can move forward based on a more geographically informed perspective.

自20世纪60年代以来,理解权力关系的本质一直是规划理论和规划实践辩论中不可或缺的一部分。目前关于规划和权力的理论方法已经发展到一种多元化的状态,这影响了规划的构思和实践。我们试图检查权力关系和知识通过一个多学科的案例研究,能源从废物(EfW)的发展基于南威尔士。本案例研究以高度竞争的焚烧技术为中心,将深入的纵向访谈数据与社会网络分析相结合,以建立环境健康风险竞争框架的图景。在当地的环境辩论中,规划者被期望能够帮助解决利益冲突之间的竞争,然而,在现实中,这种冲突往往看起来难以解决,长期以来一直被称为邪恶的问题。在废物管理方面尤其如此。在我们深入的案例研究中,当地规划当局(LPA)与当地社区之间存在着重要的预先存在的权力关系,LPA也是EfW项目的主要共同开发商。在方法方面,我们一直热衷于挖掘数据,使我们能够探索机构和网络权力的本质,因为它在一个社区中随着时间的推移而发挥作用。我们的论点是,权力的动态常常被低估,因为它是作为一个快照而不是随着时间的推移来研究的。在这里,我们使用了各种方法-从关键人物访谈到社会网络分析-来审查申请发展,EfW的运作和工厂的关闭-超过十年的时间框架。通过利用丰富的数据库,我们可以更好地理解,在特别有争议的发展的情况下,权力关系如何极大地阻碍了公众参与的努力。我们细致入微的方法方法揭示了规划领域权力关系理论方法中的紧张关系的经验证据,我们可以确定辩论如何基于更地理信息的视角向前推进。
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引用次数: 13
The distinctive nature of spatial development on small islands 小岛屿空间发展的独特性质
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2015.08.001
Ruben Fernandes, Paulo Pinho

This paper presents a critical literature review of spatial development perspectives in small island contexts. Despite the great diversity of island situations that can be found in the world, the main goal is to understand the extent to which the special status enjoyed by small islands with regard to development can be extended to include a more spatially based perspective of development. More specifically, by reviewing the scarce information available in the literature on the patterns and challenges of spatial development in small islands, the paper analyses whether the distinctiveness of islands – a condition that usually appears in the literature under the concept of islandness – translates into distinctive patterns of spatial development. Despite the sociocultural and political resilience of islands, the main theoretical findings of the paper suggest that the distinctive meaning of spatial development in small islands appears to be determined by a number of interrelated vulnerabilities, notably the scarcity of land-based resources, the ecological fragility of the natural environments, the smallness of the domestic market, or the need to surmount a water barrier in order to achieve access to the rest of the world.

本文对小岛屿环境下的空间发展前景进行了批判性的文献综述。尽管世界上的岛屿情况千变万化,但主要目标是了解小岛屿在发展方面享有的特殊地位可以扩大到何种程度,以包括更以空间为基础的发展观点。更具体地说,通过审查文献中关于小岛屿空间发展模式和挑战的稀缺信息,本文分析了岛屿的独特性是否转化为独特的空间发展模式-这是文献中通常出现在岛屿性概念下的情况。尽管岛屿具有社会文化和政治弹性,但本文的主要理论发现表明,小岛屿空间发展的独特意义似乎是由一些相互关联的脆弱性决定的,特别是陆地资源的稀缺性、自然环境的生态脆弱性、国内市场的狭小,或者为了实现进入世界其他地方而需要克服水障碍。
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引用次数: 52
Editorial Board /Aims and Scope 编辑委员会/目标和范围
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0305-9006(17)30025-9
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引用次数: 0
Editorial Board /Aims and Scope 编辑委员会/目标和范围
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0305-9006(16)30171-4
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引用次数: 0
Socio-spatial learning: A case study of community knowledge in participatory spatial planning 社会空间学习:参与式空间规划中社区知识的案例研究
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2015.06.002
Lucy Natarajan

This monograph looks at experiences of communities with spatial planning and applies those empirics to an underexplored area of participatory theory. While issues of power and communication have been well examined this work rests on the argument that the associated production of knowledge needs to be better understood. Theories of engagement draw on issues of ‘voice’ and the means to achieving deeper democracy. Similarly, participatory planning theories frame the debate in terms of communicative processes or competing rationalities. Within that body of work, however knowledge is seen as an adjunct of power and there is little focus on the spatial particularity of knowledges. In particular there has not as yet been a thorough study of how understandings of space are produced in a spatial planning context that includes lay participants. This monograph starts to broach that gap, conceptualising a potential ‘socio-spatial learning’ where community engagement is framed as a collaborative learning arena within spatial planning. Through an English case study it unpacks the dynamics between different types of knowledge around spatial planning where there is lay participation. This draws on two years of embedded observation within a joint planning unit and a review of the North Northamptonshire Core Strategy of 2008, which culminated in substantial community engagement work early in 2011. Findings indicate that local knowledge has a distinctive spatiality and that there is a clear role for lay knowledge in the context of spatial strategy-making. It is hoped that this work can help in understanding the production of planning knowledge, help identify non-tokenist engagement of the public, and inform interactions between communities and policy makers.

这本专著着眼于社区空间规划的经验,并将这些经验应用于参与性理论的一个未被充分探索的领域。虽然权力和交流的问题已经得到了很好的研究,但这项工作的基础是需要更好地理解相关的知识生产。参与理论涉及“声音”问题和实现更深层次民主的手段。类似地,参与式规划理论从沟通过程或竞争理性的角度来框定辩论。然而,在这一工作体系中,知识被视为权力的附属品,很少关注知识的空间特殊性。特别是在包括外行参与者在内的空间规划背景下,对空间的理解是如何产生的,目前还没有一个彻底的研究。这本专著开始触及这一差距,将潜在的“社会空间学习”概念化,其中社区参与被框架为空间规划中的协作学习舞台。通过一个英语案例研究,它揭示了围绕空间规划的不同类型的知识之间的动态,在那里有外行人的参与。该报告借鉴了联合规划单位两年的深入观察和对2008年北安普顿郡核心战略的审查,该战略在2011年初以大量社区参与工作为高潮。研究结果表明,地方知识具有独特的空间性,外行知识在空间战略制定中具有明确的作用。希望这项工作可以帮助理解规划知识的产生,帮助确定公众的非象征性参与,并为社区和政策制定者之间的互动提供信息。
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引用次数: 74
Editorial Board /Aims and Scope 编辑委员会/目标和范围
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2016-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0305-9006(16)30139-8
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引用次数: 0
Pursuing design excellence: Urban design governance on Toronto's waterfront 追求卓越设计:多伦多滨水区的城市设计治理
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2016-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2015.06.001
James T. White

This paper explores the governance of urban design on Toronto's waterfront. It examines the formation, mandate and powers of the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (TWRC) – now branded Waterfront Toronto – and critically evaluates the urban design policies, tools and mechanisms that have been put in place to support waterfront redevelopment and pursue a goal of ‘design excellence’ since 1999. The paper traces the key decisions that led to the creation of the TWRC by the federal, provincial and municipal governments and details the ambitious planning and design vision that emerged for the waterfront, but also argues that the TWRC was awarded a limited institutional mandate to fulfil its aims and objectives. The latter sections of the paper describe how a series of design-sensitive tools and mechanisms were introduced alongside the statutory planning framework for the waterfront to counter the governance and financial challenges faced by the Corporation. The paper contends that the Corporation is currently overseeing a broadly positive redevelopment programme that has been able to deliver a high quality public realm on the waterfront and facilitate design-led real estate development. An innovative public engagement strategy has been coupled with neighbourhood ‘precinct’ planning and design peer review to achieve these outcomes. It is argued that these positive shifts have begun to counter the long history of faltering post-industrial development and ‘jurisdictional gridlock’ that has plagued Toronto's waterfront since the 1960s.

本文探讨了多伦多滨水区的城市设计治理。它考察了多伦多滨水区振兴公司(TWRC)的形成、授权和权力——现在被称为多伦多滨水区——并批判性地评估了自1999年以来为支持滨水区再开发和追求“卓越设计”目标而实施的城市设计政策、工具和机制。本文追溯了联邦、省和市政府创建TWRC的关键决策,详细介绍了滨水区出现的雄心勃勃的规划和设计愿景,但也认为TWRC获得了有限的机构授权,以实现其目标和目标。本文的后半部分描述了一系列对设计敏感的工具和机制是如何与海滨的法定规划框架一起引入的,以应对公司面临的治理和财务挑战。该论文认为,该公司目前正在监督一个广泛积极的重建计划,该计划已经能够在海滨提供高质量的公共领域,并促进以设计为主导的房地产开发。创新的公众参与策略与社区“分区”规划和设计同行评审相结合,以实现这些成果。有人认为,这些积极的转变已经开始对抗自20世纪60年代以来一直困扰多伦多滨水区的后工业发展和“司法僵局”的漫长历史。
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引用次数: 23
Editorial Board /Aims and Scope 编辑委员会/目标和范围
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0305-9006(16)30094-0
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引用次数: 0
How planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the goal achievement potential of plans: Experiences from strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities 规划者使用和不使用专业知识如何影响规划的目标实现潜力:来自三个斯堪的纳维亚城市的战略性土地使用和交通规划过程的经验
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2015.05.002
Aud Tennøy , Lisa Hansson , Enza Lissandrello , Petter Næss

This article addresses the question of how planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the content and goal achievement potential of plans, and discusses how changes in planners’ and researchers’ practices can contribute to improving goal achievement potential. These are questions that have been given surprisingly little attention in planning research. Although interesting discussions have emerged over recent years, few empirical studies have been presented. This article presents theory-based empirical research on these issues based on analyses of strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities where an aim is to limit or reduce traffic volumes and greenhouse gas emissions of transport. This is a highly relevant issue when analysing the effects of planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge. Goal achievement potential refers to whether plans (if implemented) contribute to achieving defined objectives, which in this paper mainly regards curbing or reducing urban traffic volumes. The expert knowledge in question concerns how land-use and transport systems development influence traffic volumes in urban regions.

The article concludes that whether planners use the expert knowledge in question or not, and how they use it, do affect the goal achievement potential of the plans they produce. This knowledge is the main basis for many planners’ knowing and acting. Planners use it to understand, explain and argue for how and why coordination is necessary, and for selecting traffic-reducing measures. All examined plans also include strategies and measures that reduce their goal achievement potential, and non-use of the expert knowledge is an important part of the explanation as to how and why this is the case. When competing objectives seem to call for traffic-increasing measures, planners tend not to take account of expert knowledge in explaining that these measures reduce the goal achievement potential of plans, and they do not turn to it for finding innovative ways of solving their planning problems. Instead, they rely on their embedded professional knowledge, which is sometimes outdated or misleading. In other cases, planners disregard the knowledge because it challenges planning agendas or compelling ideas, or they exercise self-censorship when finding that it conflicts with political agendas.

Considerable effort is required in ensuring higher goal achievement potential in future plans. Planners need to be more critical of their own tacit knowledge, and turn more actively to research-based knowledge. Researchers need to produce the knowledge planners need in ways that are useful and usable for them.

本文探讨了规划人员使用和不使用专家知识如何影响规划的内容和目标实现潜力的问题,并讨论了规划人员和研究人员的实践变化如何有助于提高目标实现潜力。这些问题在规划研究中得到的关注少得惊人。尽管近年来出现了有趣的讨论,但很少有实证研究提出。本文通过对三个斯堪的纳维亚城市的战略性土地利用和交通规划过程的分析,对这些问题进行了基于理论的实证研究,这些城市的目标是限制或减少交通运输量和温室气体排放。在分析规划人员使用和不使用专家知识的影响时,这是一个高度相关的问题。目标实现潜力是指计划(如果实施)是否有助于实现所确定的目标,本文主要涉及抑制或减少城市交通量。所讨论的专家知识涉及土地利用和运输系统的发展如何影响城市区域的交通量。这篇文章的结论是,计划者是否使用有问题的专家知识,以及他们如何使用这些知识,确实会影响他们制定的计划的目标实现潜力。这种认识是许多计划者认识和行动的主要基础。规划者用它来理解、解释和论证协调如何以及为什么是必要的,以及选择减少交通的措施。所有审查的计划还包括降低其目标实现潜力的战略和措施,而不使用专家知识是解释如何以及为什么会出现这种情况的重要部分。当相互竞争的目标似乎要求采取增加交通的措施时,规划者在解释这些措施会降低计划的目标实现潜力时往往不考虑专家知识,他们也不会求助于专家知识来寻找解决规划问题的创新方法。相反,他们依赖于他们固有的专业知识,这些知识有时是过时的或误导性的。在其他情况下,规划者无视这些知识,因为它挑战了规划议程或令人信服的想法,或者当他们发现它与政治议程相冲突时,他们会进行自我审查。在今后的计划中,要确保更高的目标实现潜力,需要付出相当大的努力。规划者需要更加批判自己的隐性知识,更积极地转向基于研究的知识。研究人员需要以对规划者有用和可用的方式提供他们所需的知识。
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引用次数: 68
Editorial Board /Aims and Scope 编辑委员会/目标和范围
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2016-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0305-9006(16)30075-7
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引用次数: 0
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Progress in Planning
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