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Governing the ‘ungovernable’? Financialisation and the governance of transport infrastructure in the London ‘global city-region’ 治理“无法治理的”?金融化和伦敦“全球城市地区”的交通基础设施治理
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2018.02.001
Peter O’Brien , Andy Pike , John Tomaney
<div><p>The governance of infrastructure funding and financing at the city-region scale is a critical aspect of the continued search for mechanisms to channel investment into the urban landscape. In the context of the global financial crisis, austerity and uneven growth, national, sub-national and local state actors are being compelled to adopt the increasingly speculative activities of urban entrepreneurialism to attract new capital, develop ‘innovative’ financial instruments and models, and establish new or reform existing institutional arrangements for urban infrastructure governance. Amidst concerns about the claimed ‘ungovernability’ of ‘global’ cities and city-regions, governing urban infrastructure funding and financing has become an acute issue. Infrastructure renewal and development are interpreted as integral to urban growth, especially to underpin the size and scale of large cities and their significant contributions within national economies. Yet, overcoming fragmented local jurisdictions to improve the governance and economic, social and environmental development of major metropolitan areas remains a challenge. The complex, and sometimes conflicting and contested inter-relationships at stake raise important questions about the role of the state in wrestling with entrepreneurial <em>and</em> managerialist governance imperatives. City and government actors are simultaneously engaging with financial actors, the financialisation of the built environment, the enduring and integral position of the state in infrastructure given its particular characteristics, the transformation of infrastructure from a public good into an asset class through the agency of private and state interests, and what relationships, if any, exist between ‘effective’ urban governance systems and improved economic performance.</p><p>Contributing to theoretical debates about the apparent ‘ungovernability’ of global cities and city-regions, this paper presents analysis and findings from new research examining the financialisation and governance of transport infrastructure in the London global city-region. The continued rise in London’s population is placing significant demands upon existing infrastructure assets and systems and provoking debates about the extent and nature of growth in the UK’s capital, the development of and relationship between urban and sub-urban built environments, and the ability of national, sub-national and local actors to plan infrastructure renewal and investment both within London’s formal administrative boundary and wider city-region. Combining aspects of urban entrepreneurialism <em>and</em> managerialism amidst the challenges of governing a global city-region, the search for new infrastructure investment by state actors is leading to the revival of specific funding and financing mechanisms and practices. The mixing of existing and new funding and financing techniques as well as governance arrangements in distinct and, at times, hybrid ways,
城市-区域规模的基础设施融资治理是继续寻求将投资引入城市景观的机制的关键方面。在全球金融危机、财政紧缩和经济增长不平衡的背景下,国家、地方和地方政府的行为体正被迫采取越来越投机的城市创业活动,以吸引新资本,开发“创新”金融工具和模式,并建立新的或改革现有的城市基础设施治理制度安排。在对“全球”城市和城市地区所谓的“不可治理性”的担忧中,治理城市基础设施的资金和融资已成为一个紧迫的问题。基础设施更新和发展被认为是城市增长的组成部分,特别是巩固大城市的规模和规模及其对国民经济的重大贡献。然而,克服分散的地方管辖范围以改善主要大都市地区的治理和经济、社会和环境发展仍然是一项挑战。这种复杂的、有时是相互冲突的、有争议的相互关系,引发了一个重要的问题,即国家在与企业和管理主义治理要求角力时所扮演的角色。城市和政府行为者同时与金融行为者接触,建筑环境的金融化,国家在基础设施中的持久和不可或缺的地位,通过私人和国家利益的代理将基础设施从公共产品转变为资产类别,以及“有效”的城市治理系统和改善的经济绩效之间存在什么关系(如果有的话)。对于全球城市和城市地区明显的“不可治理性”的理论辩论,本文提出了对伦敦全球城市地区交通基础设施金融化和治理的新研究的分析和发现。伦敦人口的持续增长对现有的基础设施资产和系统提出了巨大的需求,并引发了关于英国首都增长的程度和性质的辩论,城市和郊区建筑环境的发展和关系,以及国家、次国家和地方行动者在伦敦正式行政边界和更广泛的城市区域内规划基础设施更新和投资的能力。在治理全球城市地区的挑战中,将城市企业家主义和管理主义的各个方面结合起来,国家行为体寻求新的基础设施投资正在导致特定资金和融资机制和实践的复兴。现有的和新的融资和融资技术以及治理安排以不同的、有时是混合的方式混合在一起,放大了负责伦敦治理的参与者和机构所面临的新挑战。
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引用次数: 27
A reinterpretation of Coase’s land monopoly model: Locational specificity and the betterment potential of land as de jure and de facto property 对科斯土地垄断模型的重新诠释:土地作为法律上和事实上的财产的区位特殊性和改善潜力
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2018.01.002
Lawrence W.C. Lai, K.W. Chau

On the grounds of two unique features of land, locational specificity and capacity for betterment through in-situ entrepreneurial transformation, this monograph uses three real world examples to qualify Coase’s idea, mentioned in two of his works on the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), that a state monopoly of land is undesirable for allocating land due to the huge transaction costs of non-price allocation. These two features of land enable the creation of institutional arrangements constraining such costs occasioned by rent-seeking or rent dissipation envisaged by Coase. Breaking new theoretical grounds in understanding planning beyond a matter of property rights assignment and attenuation, the three examples show that where the state has an effective monopoly of land supply, it does not behave like a private land monopoly but, subject to constrained rent-seeking, enables, and also possibly brings about the betterment of land and its redistribution by government planning. The examples, two of which testify to a Coase Theorem predicated on Coase’s first work on the FCC, also shed light on the question of property boundaries as an ex ante planning tool for de jure property or an ex post outcome of development. The monograph shows that the transaction costs of both dividing and recombining tradable land, as physically unitized into land parcels within a layout, are greater than partitioning and re-partitioning marketable segments of radio frequencies.

基于土地的两个独特特征,即区位特殊性和通过原位创业转型进行改善的能力,本专著使用了三个现实世界的例子来验证科斯在他关于联邦通信委员会(FCC)的两本著作中提到的观点,即由于非价格分配的巨大交易成本,国家对土地的垄断对土地分配是不可取的。土地的这两个特征使制度安排得以创造,以约束科斯所设想的寻租或租金耗散所引起的成本。这三个例子打破了理解规划的新理论基础,超越了产权分配和衰减的问题,表明在国家有效垄断土地供应的情况下,它的行为不像私人土地垄断,而是在受约束的寻租行为下,通过政府规划实现并可能带来土地的改善和再分配。这些例子,其中两个证明了科斯定理,这是科斯在联邦通信委员会的第一次工作中提出的,也揭示了财产边界作为法律财产的事前规划工具或发展的事后结果的问题。该专著表明,分割和重组可交易土地的交易成本,即在一个布局内物理上统一为地块的交易成本,大于分割和重新分割无线电频率的可交易部分。
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引用次数: 26
Path creation, global production networks and regional development: A comparative international analysis of the offshore wind sector 路径创建,全球生产网络和区域发展:海上风电部门的国际比较分析
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2018.01.001
Danny MacKinnon , Stuart Dawley , Markus Steen , Max-Peter Menzel , Asbjørn Karlsen , Pascal Sommer , Gard Hopsdal Hansen , Håkon Endresen Normann

The question of how regions and nations develop new sources of industrial growth is of recurring interest in economic geography and planning studies. From an evolutionary economic geography (EEG) perspective, new growth paths emerge out of existing economic activities and their associated assets and conditions. In response to the micro-economic and endogenous focus of much EEG research, this paper utilises a broader evolutionary perspective on path creation which stresses the dynamic interplay between four sets of factors: regional assets; key economic and organisational actors; mechanisms of path creation; and multi-scalar institutional environments and policy initiatives. Reflecting the importance of extra-regional networks and institutions, this framework is also informed by the Global Production Networks (GPN) approach, which highlights the process of strategic coupling between firms and regions and its political and institutional mediation by state institutions at different spatial scales. We deploy this framework to investigate regional path creation in the context of renewable energy technologies, focusing specifically on the offshore wind industry. We adopt a comparative cross-national approach, examining the evolution of offshore wind in Germany, the UK and Norway. Of the three cases, Germany has developed the most deep-rooted and holistic path to date, characterised by leading roles in both deployment and manufacturing. By contrast, path creation in the UK and Norway has evolved in more partial and selective ways. The UK’s growth path is developing in a relatively shallow manner, based largely upon deployment and ‘outside in’ investment, whilst Norway’s path is emerging in an exogenous, ‘inside-out’ fashion around a fairly confined set of actors and deployment and supply functions. In conclusion, the paper emphasises the important role of national states in orchestrating the strategic coupling of regional and national assets to particular mechanisms of path creation.

地区和国家如何开发新的工业增长来源的问题是经济地理学和规划研究中反复出现的兴趣。从演化经济地理学的角度来看,新的增长路径是从现有的经济活动及其相关的资产和条件中产生的。针对许多脑电图研究的微观经济和内生焦点,本文采用更广泛的进化视角来研究路径创造,强调四组因素之间的动态相互作用:区域资产;主要的经济和组织参与者;路径创造机制;多尺度的制度环境和政策举措。全球生产网络(GPN)方法也反映了区域外网络和制度的重要性,该框架强调了企业和地区之间的战略耦合过程,以及国家机构在不同空间尺度上的政治和制度调解。我们利用这一框架来研究可再生能源技术背景下的区域路径创建,特别关注海上风电行业。我们采用比较的跨国方法,研究了德国、英国和挪威海上风电的发展。在这三个案例中,德国迄今为止发展出了最根深蒂固、最全面的道路,其特点是在部署和制造方面都处于领先地位。相比之下,英国和挪威的路径创造则以更局部和选择性的方式发展。英国的增长路径以一种相对肤浅的方式发展,主要基于部署和“由外而内”的投资,而挪威的增长路径则以一种外生的、“由内而外”的方式出现,围绕着一组相当有限的参与者、部署和供应功能。最后,本文强调了民族国家在协调区域和国家资产与特定路径创造机制的战略耦合方面的重要作用。
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引用次数: 92
Contesting the coast: Ecosystems as infrastructure in the Mississippi River Delta 争夺海岸:密西西比河三角洲生态系统作为基础设施
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2017.10.003
Joshua A. Lewis , Henrik Ernstson

We develop an analytical repertoire for understanding historical interrelationships between water infrastructure, regional environmental politics, and large-scale coastal ecosystems. In doing so, we scrutinize how notions of urban resilience, climate adaptation, and ecosystem-based infrastructure are influencing contemporary planning practice. Our account from New Orleans and the Mississippi River Delta traces several large-scale hydrological engineering projects with origins in the early 20th century, which aimed to restructure the landscape for more effective maritime transportation, flood protection, and urban drainage. The account then turns to a discussion of a massive and ongoing planning project, which aims to restore the historical dynamics of the Mississippi River Delta, diverting the river into nearby coastal wetlands to provide storm protection for vulnerable communities, most especially New Orleans. Our analysis shows how the development of water infrastructure systems in the region produced cleavages in the region’s body politic and eco-hydrology, generating disputes that threaten to slow or obstruct the plan’s implementation. The study shows how the forms and discourses of political contention in the present are deeply informed by past decisions regarding the placement, operation, and maintenance of water infrastructures in the region. The conflicts that emerge from these cleavages comprise the primary obstacle facing ecosystem-based strategies aimed at securing New Orleans and other major settlements in the region from storm surges. This raises fundamental challenges for planning practice, which are explored here through a discussion of situational dissensus, conflicting rationalities, and pathways for democratic institutional innovation.

我们开发了一个分析剧目来理解水基础设施、区域环境政治和大规模沿海生态系统之间的历史相互关系。在此过程中,我们仔细研究了城市弹性、气候适应和基于生态系统的基础设施的概念如何影响当代规划实践。我们对新奥尔良和密西西比河三角洲的记述追溯了几个起源于20世纪初的大型水文工程项目,这些项目旨在重建景观,以更有效地进行海上运输、防洪和城市排水。随后,本书开始讨论一项大规模的、正在进行的规划项目,该项目旨在恢复密西西比河三角洲的历史动态,将河流引到附近的沿海湿地,为脆弱的社区提供风暴保护,尤其是新奥尔良。我们的分析表明,该地区水基础设施系统的发展如何在该地区的政治和生态水文中产生裂痕,产生可能减缓或阻碍该计划实施的争端。该研究表明,当前政治争论的形式和话语如何深受过去有关该地区水基础设施的安置、运营和维护的决定的影响。从这些分裂中产生的冲突构成了以生态系统为基础的战略面临的主要障碍,这些战略旨在保护新奥尔良和该地区其他主要定居点免受风暴潮的影响。这为规划实践提出了根本性的挑战,本文通过讨论情景分歧、冲突的理性和民主制度创新的途径来探讨这些挑战。
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引用次数: 31
Residential location, commuting and non-work travel in two urban areas of different size and with different center structures 两个不同规模、不同中心结构的城市区域的居住位置、通勤和非工作出行
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2017.10.002
Petter Næss , Arvid Strand , Fitwi Wolday , Harpa Stefansdottir

There is an extensive literature on relationships between the built environment and travel, but the vast majority of such studies rely solely on statistical analyses of available travel survey data, with limited possibilities for demonstrating causality. This article presents findings from a methodologically novel study drawing on a combination of a tailor-made questionnaire survey and in-depth qualitative interviews, including cross-sectional as well as longitudinal analyses. Our mixed-methods approach offers stronger evidence of causal influences than in most previous studies on the built environment and travel. We illuminate such relationships in two metropolitan areas differing considerably in their size and urban structure: the relatively monocentric Norwegian capital Oslo and the smaller, predominantly polycentric Stavanger area. The study encompasses travel distances and modes for both commuting and intra-metropolitan non-work purposes. The paper thus offers a comparison of the influences of built environment characteristics on travel across metropolitan contexts as well as for different travel purposes.

关于建筑环境和旅行之间的关系有大量的文献,但绝大多数这样的研究仅仅依赖于对现有旅行调查数据的统计分析,证明因果关系的可能性有限。本文介绍了一项方法新颖的研究结果,该研究结合了量身定制的问卷调查和深入的定性访谈,包括横断面和纵向分析。我们的混合方法提供了比以往大多数关于建筑环境和旅行的研究更有力的因果影响证据。我们通过两个在规模和城市结构上有很大差异的大都市区来阐明这种关系:相对单一中心的挪威首都奥斯陆和较小的、以多中心为主的斯塔万格地区。这项研究包括通勤和都市内部非工作目的的旅行距离和方式。因此,本文比较了不同城市背景下以及不同旅行目的下的建筑环境特征对旅行的影响。
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引用次数: 77
Urban planning in vernacular governance: Land use planning and violations in Bangalore, India 地方治理中的城市规划:印度班加罗尔的土地利用规划和违规行为
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2017.10.001
Jayaraj Sundaresan

This paper examines the relationship between urban planning practice and planning violations in Bangalore. Through ethnography of the practice of planning networks, It demonstrates that the domain of urban planning in Bangalore is shaped by the ethos and practices of mutually contesting Public and Private interest associational networks working to achieve Public and Private interest outcomes respectively. This is demonstrated using ho w private interest networks shape planning through plan violations and planning for violations as well as how public interest networks shape planning through multiple political, legal and administrative interventions, both of which together prevents the formation of any ideal typical planning system for a Comprehensive Master Planning Regime. Rather than a deviation, violations are identified as the outcome of the particular kind of planning practice embedded within the political culture of democratic governance in India. Ethnographies of Indian state constantly points to the blurred boundaries between the categories of state and society in India. Findings from this research conform to this; actors from both inside and outside government rather than act to achieve the cause of their positions act in the interest of the networks within which they are associated with – public or private interest. Therefore, combining lessons from political systems and policy networks studies of the state and governance with ethnographies of the everyday state in India I propose a conceptual language of Vernacular Governance to trace the constantly changing shape of planning practice in Bangalore through its relationship with planning violations. This paper attempts to raise questions on theorizing planning practices as embedded within the political culture of particular contexts, rather than taking for granted dualist conceptualizations of state and society producing on the one hand theorizations of planning failures and on the other, informality, implementation failure and corruption.

本文考察了班加罗尔城市规划实践与规划违规之间的关系。通过规划网络实践的民族志,它证明了班加罗尔的城市规划领域是由相互竞争的公共和私人利益协会网络的精神和实践塑造的,这些网络分别致力于实现公共和私人利益的结果。这可以通过私人利益网络如何通过违反规划和违反规划来影响规划,以及公共利益网络如何通过多种政治、法律和行政干预来影响规划来证明,这两者共同阻止了综合总体规划制度的任何理想的典型规划系统的形成。违规行为被认定为根植于印度民主治理的政治文化中的特定规划实践的结果,而不是偏离。印度邦族志不断指出印度邦族与社会范畴界限的模糊。本研究的结果与此相符;无论是政府内部还是外部的行为者,他们的行为不是为了实现他们立场的目标,而是为了与他们有联系的网络的利益——公共利益还是私人利益。因此,结合从国家和治理的政治制度和政策网络研究中获得的经验教训,以及印度日常国家的民族志,我提出了一种乡土治理的概念语言,通过与规划违规的关系来追踪班加罗尔规划实践的不断变化的形态。本文试图提出将规划实践理论化的问题,将其嵌入特定背景下的政治文化中,而不是理所当然地将国家和社会的二元论概念化,一方面产生规划失败的理论化,另一方面产生非正式性、实施失败和腐败。
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引用次数: 43
Street appeal: The value of street improvements 街道吸引力:街道改善的价值
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2017.09.001
Matthew Carmona, Tommaso Gabrieli, Robin Hickman, Terpsi Laopoulou, Nicola Livingstone

The planning for and design of streets around the world have been undergoing a radical change via a move from a network efficiency model to a movement and place-based one. This is a fundamental change, and it is important to understand both the benefits and drawbacks that result. This research represents an attempt to capture and understand these impacts and to address the question, what is the ‘value’, in the widest sense of the word, of place-based improvements in street design. The key features of the approach adopted here were, the use of pairwise comparisons of five improved and five unimproved streets across London, a holistic analytical framework to represent the complexity of urban streets, and the use of diverse qualitative and quantitative data to understand the diverse forms of value that might accrue from interventions. As well as important methodological innovations and insights, the research revealed that in relation to street improvements in the sorts of mixed local high street locations investigated, investments in the quality of the street environment return substantial value to the everyday users of streets, and to the occupiers of space (to business) and investors in surrounding property in multiple ways.

世界各地的街道规划和设计正在经历一场彻底的变革,从网络效率模式转向基于运动和地点的模式。这是一个根本性的变化,了解由此带来的好处和缺点非常重要。这项研究试图捕捉和理解这些影响,并解决一个问题,即在最广泛的意义上,街道设计中基于地点的改进的“价值”是什么。这里采用的方法的主要特点是,对伦敦五条改善和五条未改善的街道进行两两比较,采用整体分析框架来代表城市街道的复杂性,并使用各种定性和定量数据来理解干预可能产生的各种形式的价值。除了重要的方法创新和见解外,该研究还揭示了与所调查的各种混合本地商业街位置的街道改善有关的街道环境质量投资,以多种方式为街道的日常使用者,空间的占有者(商业)和周围财产的投资者带来了可观的价值。
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引用次数: 40
Ordering Principles in a Dynamic World of Change – On social complexity, transformation and the conditions for balancing purposeful interventions and spontaneous change 动态变化世界中的秩序原则-关于社会复杂性、转型以及平衡有目的干预和自发变化的条件
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2017.04.002
Gert de Roo

Consider autonomous, discontinuous and non-linear change a constant factor in the transformative world we humans are part of: Heraclitus revisited. What seems to be stable is nothing more than a temporary period of persistence, a frozen moment within a dynamic world, the lee-side of a world in flow. As there is no permanent stability, tensions, frictions, mismatches and breaks occur more or less constantly. Such a situation is not necessarily undesirable. On the contrary, these tensions, frictions and mismatches prove to be essential for development and progress. This contribution will construct a frame of reference for such a world of discontinuous change, proposing ordering principles that can guide planners and decision-makers in a world of non-linear change.

把自主的、不连续的和非线性的变化看作是我们人类所处的变革世界中的一个恒定因素:重新审视赫拉克利特。看似稳定的不过是一段短暂的坚持,是动态世界中的一个冻结时刻,是流动世界的背风面。由于没有永久的稳定,紧张、摩擦、不匹配和破裂或多或少地不断发生。这种情况不一定是不可取的。相反,事实证明,这些紧张、摩擦和不匹配对发展和进步至关重要。这一贡献将为这样一个不连续变化的世界构建一个参考框架,提出可以在非线性变化的世界中指导规划者和决策者的排序原则。
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引用次数: 16
Stories of tragedy, trust and transformation? A case study of education-centered community development in post-earthquake Haiti 悲剧、信任和转变的故事?海地震后以教育为中心的社区发展个案研究
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2017.04.001
Jayne Engle
<div><p>Haiti’s catastrophic earthquake of 2010 left approximately 200,000 people dead, 1.5 million homeless and most government buildings destroyed. Even pre-disaster, Haiti’s outcomes on the UN Human Development Index were among the lowest in the world, and since the quake the country has fallen into further decline. Today, most Haitians continue to lack basic services, struggle with daily survival, and confront daunting challenges in their change efforts. Many have called for reconstruction of society, and argue that local civil society organizations should lead the way in these efforts by valuing local knowledge, and building on small-scale community successes. This research investigates one community’s change efforts toward a new form of community development and potential pathway to transformation in Haiti. We aim to apply learning from this case to inform development practice and policy in Haiti and similar contexts.</p><p>The case study community, Bellevue-La-Montagne, is applying an education-centered community development approach which has placed construction of a new school and education at the heart of collaborative rebuilding efforts by local residents and organizations, primarily Haiti Partners. Education and participatory practices are embedded in all aspects of the community development, including: social entrepreneurship, healthcare, environmental stewardship, community agriculture, planning and construction. These efforts involve participation of people and organizations (local and international) in dialogical negotiations that aim to share power and build capabilities of local people, and to create, change, or preserve structures and institutions consistent with the interests of local people. Participatory and phronesis research methodologies reveal nuanced understandings of the community development and its meaning for local people. In spite of substantial progress in development projects, findings reveal tension points that potentially threaten long-term sustainability, such as: the highly fragile nature of state-society relations, lack of a sense of agency of local people despite strong levels of participation, and differences between outcomes for the community as a whole and individual households.</p><p>Moving from revealed <em>community</em> change in this case to a broader and deeper <em>social</em> transformation will require key ‘levers of transformation’, identified in this case as: 1) education; 2) place identity, networks, and research; 3) social entrepreneurship and social innovation; and 4) state-society trust and accountability. These levers can be activated through participatory and education-centered community development strategies that provide important roles for local people and civil society, and a nuanced role for international organizations which is sensitive to power dynamics. Such development strategies would give ‘voice’ to communities in their struggles for change. Strengthening, networking and scalin
海地2010年的灾难性地震造成大约20万人死亡,150万人无家可归,大部分政府建筑被毁。即使在灾难发生前,海地在联合国人类发展指数上的表现也是世界上最低的,而且自地震以来,海地的状况进一步恶化。今天,大多数海地人仍然缺乏基本服务,为日常生存而挣扎,在他们的变革努力中面临着艰巨的挑战。许多人呼吁重建社会,并认为地方民间社会组织应该在这些努力中发挥带头作用,重视地方知识,并以小规模社区的成功为基础。本研究调查了海地一个社区的变革努力,以一种新的社区发展形式和潜在的转型途径。我们的目标是从这个案例中吸取教训,为海地和类似情况下的发展实践和政策提供信息。案例研究社区Bellevue-La-Montagne正在采用以教育为中心的社区发展方法,将新学校的建设和教育置于当地居民和组织(主要是海地合作伙伴)合作重建工作的核心。教育和参与性做法融入社区发展的各个方面,包括:社会创业、保健、环境管理、社区农业、规划和建设。这些努力包括人民和组织(地方和国际)参与对话谈判,旨在分享权力,建设当地人民的能力,创造、改变或维护符合当地人民利益的结构和制度。参与式和实践式的研究方法揭示了对社区发展及其对当地人民意义的细微理解。尽管在发展项目方面取得了重大进展,但调查结果揭示了可能威胁到长期可持续性的紧张点,例如:国家-社会关系的高度脆弱性;尽管参与程度很高,但当地人缺乏能动性;以及整个社区和个别家庭的结果存在差异。在这种情况下,从揭示的社区变化到更广泛和更深层次的社会转型将需要关键的“转型杠杆”,在这种情况下确定为:1)教育;2)地点认同、网络和研究;3)社会创业与社会创新;4)国家与社会的信任与责任。可以通过参与性和以教育为中心的社区发展战略来激活这些杠杆,这些战略为当地人民和民间社会提供重要作用,并为对权力动态敏感的国际组织提供微妙的作用。这样的发展战略会让社区在争取变革的斗争中发出“声音”。加强、建立网络和扩大社区一级的创新,如贝尔维尤-拉-蒙塔涅的例子,将有助于海地努力形成一种新的叙述,并有助于发展国际发展规划政策和实践。
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引用次数: 14
Spatial inequalities and policies in South Africa: Place-based or people-centred? 南非的空间不平等与政策:以地方为基础还是以人为中心?
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2017.03.001
Alison Todes , Ivan Turok

There is a robust international debate about how best to tackle spatial inequalities within nations and regions. The paper discusses three contrasting approaches: spatial rebalancing, space-neutral and place-based. They vary in the scope and purpose of government policy, from redistributing economic activity, to facilitating aggregate growth, and realising the economic potential of less-developed regions. The paper applies this framework to analyse South Africa’s five decades of experience of spatial policies. The context is one of stark spatial inequalities, uneven institutional capabilities, and mounting political pressure for change. Under apartheid, spatial targeting was highly instrumental and played a role in reproducing social divisions at considerable financial cost. Since the end of apartheid there has been much experimentation with spatial initiatives, but without any overarching vision or policy framework. A cautionary conclusion is that there are risks of extravagant spending in marginal locations when political pressures are strong, public institutions are weak and economic disciplines are lacking. Another is that place-based policies have potential, but require stronger vertical and horizontal policy alignment to stand any chance of tackling entrenched spatial divides. Enhanced local institutions involving private sector and community stakeholders are also essential for spatial policies to respond to the specific challenges and opportunities encountered in each place.

关于如何最好地解决国家和地区内部的空间不平等问题,国际上展开了激烈的辩论。本文讨论了三种对比方法:空间再平衡、空间中性和基于地点。它们在政府政策的范围和目的上各不相同,从重新分配经济活动到促进总体增长,再到实现欠发达地区的经济潜力。本文运用这一框架分析了南非50年的空间政策经验。当前的背景是空间不平等、机构能力参差不齐,以及要求变革的政治压力越来越大。在种族隔离制度下,空间目标是非常重要的工具,在以相当大的财政代价再现社会分裂方面发挥了作用。自从种族隔离结束以来,已经有了很多空间倡议的实验,但没有任何总体愿景或政策框架。一个值得警惕的结论是,在政治压力大、公共机构薄弱、缺乏经济纪律的边缘地区,存在奢侈消费的风险。另一个原因是,基于地方的政策有潜力,但需要更强的纵向和横向政策协调,才能有机会解决根深蒂固的空间鸿沟。加强包括私营部门和社区利益攸关方在内的地方机构,对于空间政策应对每个地方遇到的具体挑战和机遇也至关重要。
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引用次数: 84
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Progress in Planning
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